Simple Syrup-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Simple Syrup-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Simple Syrup industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Simple Syrup 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Simple Syrup worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Simple Syrup market
Market status and development trend of Simple Syrup by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Simple Syrup, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Simple Syrup market as:
Global Simple Syrup Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Simple Syrup Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Liquid
Syrup
Other
Global Simple Syrup Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Family
Other
Global Simple Syrup Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Simple Syrup Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Humco (USA)
Heathglen (USA)
Stiring Flavors (USA)
Nunaturals (USA)
Cahoots (Canada)
Guangdong Bangmin (China)
Sinphar (China)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Simple Syrup-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Simple Syrup industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Simple Syrup 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Simple Syrup worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Simple Syrup market
Market status and development trend of Simple Syrup by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Simple Syrup, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Simple Syrup market as:
Global Simple Syrup Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Simple Syrup Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Liquid
Syrup
Other
Global Simple Syrup Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Family
Other
Global Simple Syrup Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Simple Syrup Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Humco (USA)
Heathglen (USA)
Stiring Flavors (USA)
Nunaturals (USA)
Cahoots (Canada)
Guangdong Bangmin (China)
Sinphar (China)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SIMPLE SYRUP
1.1 Definition of Simple Syrup in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Simple Syrup
1.2.1 Liquid
1.2.2 Syrup
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Simple Syrup
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Family
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Simple Syrup
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Simple Syrup 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Simple Syrup Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Simple Syrup Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Simple Syrup 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Simple Syrup 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Simple Syrup 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Simple Syrup by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Simple Syrup by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Simple Syrup by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Simple Syrup by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Simple Syrup by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Simple Syrup by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYRUP
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Simple Syrup Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SIMPLE SYRUP MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Simple Syrup by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Simple Syrup by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Simple Syrup by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Simple Syrup Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Simple Syrup Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SIMPLE SYRUP MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Humco (USA)
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.1.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Humco (USA)
12.2 Heathglen (USA)
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.2.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Heathglen (USA)
12.3 Stiring Flavors (USA)
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.3.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Stiring Flavors (USA)
12.4 Nunaturals (USA)
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.4.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nunaturals (USA)
12.5 Cahoots (Canada)
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.5.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cahoots (Canada)
12.6 Guangdong Bangmin (China)
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.6.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Guangdong Bangmin (China)
12.7 Sinphar (China)
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.7.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sinphar (China)
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYRUP
13.1 Industry Chain of Simple Syrup
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYRUP
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Simple Syrup
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Simple Syrup
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Simple Syrup
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Simple Syrup
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Simple Syrup in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Simple Syrup
1.2.1 Liquid
1.2.2 Syrup
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Simple Syrup
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Family
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Simple Syrup
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Simple Syrup 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Simple Syrup Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Simple Syrup Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Simple Syrup 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Simple Syrup by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Simple Syrup 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Simple Syrup 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Simple Syrup by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Simple Syrup by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Simple Syrup by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Simple Syrup by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Simple Syrup by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Simple Syrup by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Simple Syrup Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Simple Syrup Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYRUP
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Simple Syrup Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SIMPLE SYRUP MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Simple Syrup by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Simple Syrup by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Simple Syrup by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Simple Syrup Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Simple Syrup Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SIMPLE SYRUP MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Humco (USA)
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.1.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Humco (USA)
12.2 Heathglen (USA)
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.2.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Heathglen (USA)
12.3 Stiring Flavors (USA)
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.3.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Stiring Flavors (USA)
12.4 Nunaturals (USA)
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.4.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nunaturals (USA)
12.5 Cahoots (Canada)
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.5.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cahoots (Canada)
12.6 Guangdong Bangmin (China)
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.6.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Guangdong Bangmin (China)
12.7 Sinphar (China)
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Simple Syrup Product
12.7.3 Simple Syrup Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sinphar (China)
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYRUP
13.1 Industry Chain of Simple Syrup
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYRUP
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Simple Syrup
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Simple Syrup
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Simple Syrup
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Simple Syrup
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
