Global Food Grade Nylon Market Research Report 2021-2025
Food grade nylon is one of the most adaptable and commonly-used thermoplastic materials. Its reasonable price and physical properties combine to make it a popular option for a wide range of applications. In the context of China-US trade war and COVID-19 epidemic, it will have a big influence on this market. Food Grade Nylon Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2025 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Food Grade Nylon market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Food Grade Nylon basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Industrial Brushware Industries
Cast Nylon India
Ganesh Brush Manufacturer
Aetna Plastics
BASF SE
AdvanSix Inc.
Lanxess AG,
DOMO Chemicals
Huntsman Corporation
Invista
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
Nylon 6
Nylon 66
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Food Grade Nylon for each application, including-
Food & Beverage Packaging
Engineering Plastics
In this report, the global Food Grade Nylon market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Food Grade Nylon basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Industrial Brushware Industries
Cast Nylon India
Ganesh Brush Manufacturer
Aetna Plastics
BASF SE
AdvanSix Inc.
Lanxess AG,
DOMO Chemicals
Huntsman Corporation
Invista
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
Nylon 6
Nylon 66
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Food Grade Nylon for each application, including-
Food & Beverage Packaging
Engineering Plastics
PART I FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Food Grade Nylon Definition
1.2 Food Grade Nylon Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Food Grade Nylon Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Food Grade Nylon Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Food Grade Nylon Application Analysis
1.3.1 Food Grade Nylon Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Food Grade Nylon Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Food Grade Nylon Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Food Grade Nylon Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Food Grade Nylon Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Food Grade Nylon Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Food Grade Nylon Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Food Grade Nylon Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Food Grade Nylon Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Food Grade Nylon Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Food Grade Nylon Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Food Grade Nylon Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO FOOD GRADE NYLON UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Food Grade Nylon Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Food Grade Nylon Product Development History
3.2 Asia Food Grade Nylon Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Food Grade Nylon Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Food Grade Nylon Product Development History
7.2 North American Food Grade Nylon Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Food Grade Nylon Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Food Grade Nylon Product Development History
11.2 Europe Food Grade Nylon Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Food Grade Nylon Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Food Grade Nylon Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Food Grade Nylon Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Food Grade Nylon Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN FOOD GRADE NYLON NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Food Grade Nylon Market Analysis
17.2 Food Grade Nylon Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Food Grade Nylon New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Food Grade Nylon Definition
1.2 Food Grade Nylon Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Food Grade Nylon Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Food Grade Nylon Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Food Grade Nylon Application Analysis
1.3.1 Food Grade Nylon Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Food Grade Nylon Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Food Grade Nylon Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Food Grade Nylon Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Food Grade Nylon Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Food Grade Nylon Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Food Grade Nylon Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Food Grade Nylon Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Food Grade Nylon Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Food Grade Nylon Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Food Grade Nylon Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Food Grade Nylon Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO FOOD GRADE NYLON UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Food Grade Nylon Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Food Grade Nylon Product Development History
3.2 Asia Food Grade Nylon Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Food Grade Nylon Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Food Grade Nylon Product Development History
7.2 North American Food Grade Nylon Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Food Grade Nylon Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Food Grade Nylon Product Development History
11.2 Europe Food Grade Nylon Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Food Grade Nylon Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN FOOD GRADE NYLON MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Food Grade Nylon Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Food Grade Nylon Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Food Grade Nylon Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN FOOD GRADE NYLON NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Food Grade Nylon Market Analysis
17.2 Food Grade Nylon Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Food Grade Nylon New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Food Grade Nylon Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL FOOD GRADE NYLON INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
