Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract market
Market status and development trend of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract market as:
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Black Ginger Powder
Yellow Ginger powder
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food
Medicine
Other
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Pioneer herb
Honsea
Greenutra
Inner natural
Natural ex
Xian East
World way
Xuhuang
Lincao
Kangdao
Pure Source
Yongyuan
Lvli
Yuanhang
CNK
Layn
Xian Orient
Kangcare
Lyle
Topnutra
Engreen
Sanherb
Xian Sihuan
Tianyang
Chukang
Shenzhen Fangrun
Xian Rongsheng
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract market
Market status and development trend of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract market as:
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Black Ginger Powder
Yellow Ginger powder
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food
Medicine
Other
China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Pioneer herb
Honsea
Greenutra
Inner natural
Natural ex
Xian East
World way
Xuhuang
Lincao
Kangdao
Pure Source
Yongyuan
Lvli
Yuanhang
CNK
Layn
Xian Orient
Kangcare
Lyle
Topnutra
Engreen
Sanherb
Xian Sihuan
Tianyang
Chukang
Shenzhen Fangrun
Xian Rongsheng
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
1.1 Definition of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
1.2.1 Black Ginger Powder
1.2.2 Yellow Ginger powder
1.3 Downstream Application of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
1.3.1 Food
1.3.2 Medicine
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Pioneer herb
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.1.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pioneer herb
7.2 Honsea
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.2.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Honsea
7.3 Greenutra
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.3.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Greenutra
7.4 Inner natural
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.4.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Inner natural
7.5 Natural ex
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.5.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Natural ex
7.6 Xian East
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.6.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xian East
7.7 World way
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.7.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of World way
7.8 Xuhuang
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.8.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xuhuang
7.9 Lincao
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.9.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lincao
7.10 Kangdao
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.10.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kangdao
7.11 Pure Source
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.11.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pure Source
7.12 Yongyuan
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.12.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yongyuan
7.13 Lvli
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.13.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lvli
7.14 Yuanhang
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.14.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yuanhang
7.15 CNK
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.15.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CNK
7.16 Layn
7.17 Xian Orient
7.18 Kangcare
7.19 Lyle
7.20 Topnutra
7.21 Engreen
7.22 Sanherb
7.23 Xian Sihuan
7.24 Tianyang
7.25 Chukang
7.26 Shenzhen Fangrun
7.27 Xian Rongsheng
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
8.1 Industry Chain of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
1.2.1 Black Ginger Powder
1.2.2 Yellow Ginger powder
1.3 Downstream Application of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
1.3.1 Food
1.3.2 Medicine
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Pioneer herb
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.1.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pioneer herb
7.2 Honsea
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.2.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Honsea
7.3 Greenutra
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.3.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Greenutra
7.4 Inner natural
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.4.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Inner natural
7.5 Natural ex
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.5.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Natural ex
7.6 Xian East
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.6.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xian East
7.7 World way
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.7.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of World way
7.8 Xuhuang
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.8.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xuhuang
7.9 Lincao
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.9.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lincao
7.10 Kangdao
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.10.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kangdao
7.11 Pure Source
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.11.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pure Source
7.12 Yongyuan
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.12.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yongyuan
7.13 Lvli
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.13.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lvli
7.14 Yuanhang
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.14.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yuanhang
7.15 CNK
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Product
7.15.3 Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CNK
7.16 Layn
7.17 Xian Orient
7.18 Kangcare
7.19 Lyle
7.20 Topnutra
7.21 Engreen
7.22 Sanherb
7.23 Xian Sihuan
7.24 Tianyang
7.25 Chukang
7.26 Shenzhen Fangrun
7.27 Xian Rongsheng
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
8.1 Industry Chain of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF GINGER POWDER AND GINGER EXTRACT
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
