Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole North America and Regional Market Size of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America, with company and product introduction, position in the Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages market
Market status and development trend of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages market as:
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
United States
Canada
Mexico
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Oxygen Scavengers
Moisture Controllers
Ethylene Absorbers
Edible Films
Antimicrobial Agents
Others
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Milk
Bottled Water
Soft Drinks
Wine
Others
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Checkpoint Systems
Colormatrix Group Inc.
Constar International
Thinfilm
Novamont Spa
Paksense Inc.
Plascon Group
Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.
Toshiba Tec Corp.
Toyo Ink Group
Unitika Ltd.
Vacuum Pouch Co. Ltd. (The)
Viskase Companies
Watson Foods Co. Inc.
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Crown Holdings Inc.
Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. (Dnp)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole North America and Regional Market Size of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America, with company and product introduction, position in the Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages market
Market status and development trend of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages market as:
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
United States
Canada
Mexico
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Oxygen Scavengers
Moisture Controllers
Ethylene Absorbers
Edible Films
Antimicrobial Agents
Others
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Milk
Bottled Water
Soft Drinks
Wine
Others
North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Checkpoint Systems
Colormatrix Group Inc.
Constar International
Thinfilm
Novamont Spa
Paksense Inc.
Plascon Group
Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.
Toshiba Tec Corp.
Toyo Ink Group
Unitika Ltd.
Vacuum Pouch Co. Ltd. (The)
Viskase Companies
Watson Foods Co. Inc.
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Crown Holdings Inc.
Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. (Dnp)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
1.1 Definition of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
1.2.1 Oxygen Scavengers
1.2.2 Moisture Controllers
1.2.3 Ethylene Absorbers
1.2.4 Edible Films
1.2.5 Antimicrobial Agents
1.2.6 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
1.3.1 Milk
1.3.2 Bottled Water
1.3.3 Soft Drinks
1.3.4 Wine
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages 2013-2023
1.5.1 North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in United States 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in Canada 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in Mexico 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole North America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Types
3.2 North America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in United States
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Canada
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Mexico
3.3 Market Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Types
CHAPTER 4 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in United States
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in Canada
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in Mexico
4.3 Market Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
5.1 North America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN NORTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Checkpoint Systems
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.1.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Checkpoint Systems
7.2 Colormatrix Group Inc.
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.2.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Colormatrix Group Inc.
7.3 Constar International
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.3.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Constar International
7.4 Thinfilm
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.4.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Thinfilm
7.5 Novamont Spa
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.5.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Novamont Spa
7.6 Paksense Inc.
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.6.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Paksense Inc.
7.7 Plascon Group
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.7.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Plascon Group
7.8 Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.8.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.
7.9 Toshiba Tec Corp.
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.9.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toshiba Tec Corp.
7.10 Toyo Ink Group
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.10.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toyo Ink Group
7.11 Unitika Ltd.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.11.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Unitika Ltd.
7.12 Vacuum Pouch Co. Ltd. (The)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.12.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Vacuum Pouch Co. Ltd. (The)
7.13 Viskase Companies
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.13.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Viskase Companies
7.14 Watson Foods Co. Inc.
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.14.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Watson Foods Co. Inc.
7.15 Weyerhaeuser Co.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.15.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Weyerhaeuser Co.
7.16 Crown Holdings Inc.
7.17 Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. (Dnp)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
8.1 Industry Chain of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
1.2.1 Oxygen Scavengers
1.2.2 Moisture Controllers
1.2.3 Ethylene Absorbers
1.2.4 Edible Films
1.2.5 Antimicrobial Agents
1.2.6 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
1.3.1 Milk
1.3.2 Bottled Water
1.3.3 Soft Drinks
1.3.4 Wine
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages 2013-2023
1.5.1 North America Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in United States 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in Canada 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in Mexico 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole North America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Types
3.2 North America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in United States
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Canada
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Mexico
3.3 Market Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Types
CHAPTER 4 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in United States
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in Canada
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Downstream Industry in Mexico
4.3 Market Forecast of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
5.1 North America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN NORTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages in North America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Checkpoint Systems
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.1.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Checkpoint Systems
7.2 Colormatrix Group Inc.
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.2.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Colormatrix Group Inc.
7.3 Constar International
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.3.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Constar International
7.4 Thinfilm
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.4.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Thinfilm
7.5 Novamont Spa
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.5.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Novamont Spa
7.6 Paksense Inc.
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.6.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Paksense Inc.
7.7 Plascon Group
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.7.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Plascon Group
7.8 Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.8.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.
7.9 Toshiba Tec Corp.
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.9.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toshiba Tec Corp.
7.10 Toyo Ink Group
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.10.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toyo Ink Group
7.11 Unitika Ltd.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.11.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Unitika Ltd.
7.12 Vacuum Pouch Co. Ltd. (The)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.12.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Vacuum Pouch Co. Ltd. (The)
7.13 Viskase Companies
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.13.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Viskase Companies
7.14 Watson Foods Co. Inc.
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.14.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Watson Foods Co. Inc.
7.15 Weyerhaeuser Co.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Product
7.15.3 Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Weyerhaeuser Co.
7.16 Crown Holdings Inc.
7.17 Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. (Dnp)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
8.1 Industry Chain of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Active Packaging for Foods and Beverages
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE PACKAGING FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
