Global Natural Olive Oil Market Research Report 2023-2027
In the context of China-US trade war and COVID-19 epidemic, it will have a big influence on this market. Natural Olive Oil Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2027 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Natural Olive Oil market is valued at USD XX million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2027, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2023 to 2027.
The report firstly introduced the Natural Olive Oil basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Lamasia
Sovena Group
Gallo
Grup Pons
Maeva Group
Ybarra
Jaencoop
Deoleo
Carbonell
Hojiblanca
Mueloliva
Borges
Olivoila
BETIS
Minerva
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
Organic Olive Oil
Non-organic Olive Oil
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Natural Olive Oil for each application, including-
Pharmaceuticals
Food industry
Cosmetics
In this report, the global Natural Olive Oil market is valued at USD XX million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2027, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2023 to 2027.
The report firstly introduced the Natural Olive Oil basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Lamasia
Sovena Group
Gallo
Grup Pons
Maeva Group
Ybarra
Jaencoop
Deoleo
Carbonell
Hojiblanca
Mueloliva
Borges
Olivoila
BETIS
Minerva
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
Organic Olive Oil
Non-organic Olive Oil
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Natural Olive Oil for each application, including-
Pharmaceuticals
Food industry
Cosmetics
PART I NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Natural Olive Oil Definition
1.2 Natural Olive Oil Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Natural Olive Oil Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Natural Olive Oil Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Natural Olive Oil Application Analysis
1.3.1 Natural Olive Oil Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Natural Olive Oil Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Natural Olive Oil Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Natural Olive Oil Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Natural Olive Oil Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Natural Olive Oil Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Natural Olive Oil Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Natural Olive Oil Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Natural Olive Oil Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Natural Olive Oil Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Natural Olive Oil Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Natural Olive Oil Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO NATURAL OLIVE OIL UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Natural Olive Oil Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Natural Olive Oil Product Development History
3.2 Asia Natural Olive Oil Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Natural Olive Oil Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2018-2023 ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
4.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
4.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
4.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
6.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
6.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
6.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Natural Olive Oil Product Development History
7.2 North American Natural Olive Oil Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Natural Olive Oil Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2018-2023 NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
8.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
8.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
8.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
10.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
10.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
10.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Natural Olive Oil Product Development History
11.2 Europe Natural Olive Oil Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Natural Olive Oil Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2018-2023 EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
12.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
12.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
12.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
14.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
14.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
14.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Natural Olive Oil Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Natural Olive Oil Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Natural Olive Oil Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN NATURAL OLIVE OIL NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Natural Olive Oil Market Analysis
17.2 Natural Olive Oil Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Natural Olive Oil New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2018-2023 GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
18.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
18.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
18.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
19.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
19.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
19.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Natural Olive Oil Definition
1.2 Natural Olive Oil Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Natural Olive Oil Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Natural Olive Oil Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Natural Olive Oil Application Analysis
1.3.1 Natural Olive Oil Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Natural Olive Oil Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Natural Olive Oil Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Natural Olive Oil Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Natural Olive Oil Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Natural Olive Oil Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Natural Olive Oil Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Natural Olive Oil Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Natural Olive Oil Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Natural Olive Oil Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Natural Olive Oil Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Natural Olive Oil Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO NATURAL OLIVE OIL UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Natural Olive Oil Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Natural Olive Oil Product Development History
3.2 Asia Natural Olive Oil Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Natural Olive Oil Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2018-2023 ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
4.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
4.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
4.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
6.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
6.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
6.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Natural Olive Oil Product Development History
7.2 North American Natural Olive Oil Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Natural Olive Oil Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2018-2023 NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
8.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
8.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
8.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
10.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
10.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
10.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Natural Olive Oil Product Development History
11.2 Europe Natural Olive Oil Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Natural Olive Oil Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2018-2023 EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
12.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
12.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
12.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
14.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
14.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
14.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN NATURAL OLIVE OIL MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Natural Olive Oil Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Natural Olive Oil Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Natural Olive Oil Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN NATURAL OLIVE OIL NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Natural Olive Oil Market Analysis
17.2 Natural Olive Oil Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Natural Olive Oil New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2018-2023 GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
18.2 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
18.4 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
18.6 2018-2023 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Overview
19.2 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Demand Overview
19.4 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Import Export Consumption
19.6 2023-2027 Natural Olive Oil Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL NATURAL OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
