China Chinese Rice Wine Market Research Report 2018

April 2018 | 102 pages | ID: C98C291F3C0EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Chinese Rice Wine market is valued at XX million USD in 2017 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

China plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2017 and will be xx million USD in 2025, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Chinese Rice Wine development status and future trend in China, focuses on top players in China, also splits Chinese Rice Wine by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in China market include

• China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp
• Kuaijishan
• Jinfeng Wine
• PAGOOA
• Nuerhong
• Jimo
• Jiashan
• Shazhou
• Shanhao
• Guyueloutai

Geographically, this report splits the China market into six regions,

• South China
• East China
• Southwest China
• Northeast China
• North China
• Central China
• Northwest China

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume (K MT), revenue (Million USD), product price (USD/MT), market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Glutinous Rice Wine
• Millet Rice Wine
• Red Kojic Rice Wine
• Rice Wine
• Others

On the basis of the end users/application, this report covers

• Commercial Use
• Home Use

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

China Chinese Rice Wine Market Research Report 2018

1 CHINESE RICE WINE OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Chinese Rice Wine
1.2 Classification of Chinese Rice Wine by Product Category
  1.2.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Market Share by Type in 2017
  1.2.3 Glutinous Rice Wine
  1.2.4 Millet Rice Wine
  1.2.5 Red Kojic Rice Wine
  1.2.6 Rice Wine
  1.2.7 Others
1.3 China Chinese Rice Wine Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Commercial Use
  1.3.3 Home Use
1.4 China Chinese Rice Wine Market by Region
  1.4.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 South China Chinese Rice Wine Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 East China Chinese Rice Wine Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 Southwest China Chinese Rice Wine Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 Northeast China Chinese Rice Wine Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 North China Chinese Rice Wine Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 Central China Chinese Rice Wine Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Chinese Rice Wine (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
  1.5.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)

2 CHINA CHINESE RICE WINE MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.3 China Chinese Rice Wine Average Price (USD/MT) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.4 China Chinese Rice Wine Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Chinese Rice Wine Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 CHINA CHINESE RICE WINE SALES AND REVENUE BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 China Chinese Rice Wine Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2013-2018)

4 CHINA CHINESE RICE WINE SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2013-2018)

4.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2013-2018)
4.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 China Chinese Rice Wine Price (USD/MT) by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)

5 CHINA CHINESE RICE WINE SALES BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 CHINA CHINESE RICE WINE PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Kuaijishan
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Kuaijishan Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Jinfeng Wine
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Jinfeng Wine Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 PAGOOA
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 PAGOOA Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Nuerhong
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Nuerhong Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Jimo
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Jimo Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Jiashan
  6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.7.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Jiashan Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Shazhou
  6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.8.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Shazhou Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Shanhao
  6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.9.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Shanhao Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Guyueloutai
  6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.10.2 Chinese Rice Wine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Guyueloutai Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 CHINESE RICE WINE MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Chinese Rice Wine Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Chinese Rice Wine

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Chinese Rice Wine Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Chinese Rice Wine Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 CHINA CHINESE RICE WINE MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2013-2025)
Table Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure Product Picture of Chinese Rice Wine
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2017
Figure Glutinous Rice Wine Product Picture
Figure Millet Rice Wine Product Picture
Figure Red Kojic Rice Wine Product Picture
Figure Rice Wine Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Chinese Rice Wine by Application in 2017
Figure Commercial Use Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Commercial Use
Figure Home Use Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Home Use
Figure South China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure East China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Northeast China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure North China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Central China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Chinese Rice Wine Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure China Market Chinese Rice Wine Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Chinese Rice Wine Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Chinese Rice Wine Product Category
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2017
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Chinese Rice Wine by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Chinese Rice Wine by Type in 2017
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Price (USD/MT) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) by Applications (2013-2018)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2017
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Table China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure China Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group Corp Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Kuaijishan Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Kuaijishan Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Kuaijishan Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Kuaijishan Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Kuaijishan Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Jinfeng Wine Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Jinfeng Wine Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Jinfeng Wine Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Jinfeng Wine Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Jinfeng Wine Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table PAGOOA Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table PAGOOA Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure PAGOOA Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure PAGOOA Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure PAGOOA Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Nuerhong Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Nuerhong Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Nuerhong Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Nuerhong Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Nuerhong Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Jimo Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Jimo Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Jimo Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Jimo Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Jimo Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Jiashan Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Jiashan Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Jiashan Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Jiashan Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Jiashan Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Shazhou Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Shazhou Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Shazhou Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Shazhou Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Shazhou Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Shanhao Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Shanhao Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Shanhao Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Shanhao Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Shanhao Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Guyueloutai Chinese Rice Wine Basic Information List
Table Guyueloutai Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Guyueloutai Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Guyueloutai Chinese Rice Wine Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Guyueloutai Chinese Rice Wine Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Chinese Rice Wine
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Chinese Rice Wine
Figure Chinese Rice Wine Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Chinese Rice Wine Major Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Chinese Rice Wine
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2025
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2025
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Table China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Chinese Rice Wine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources