Dairy Products and Alternatives in Thailand
Inflationary pressures continue in 2023, although to a lesser extent than seen in 2022. Within this context, various players decided to increase their prices in order to protect their margins from their own higher costs – especially so in drinking milk, cheese, and butter, all of which have been aggressively affected by inflation. That said, the majority of players have stated they will not increase their prices again over the forecast period, and those who did not increase their prices have sta...
Euromonitor International's Dairy Products and Alternatives in Thailand report offers in-depth knowledge of the market at a national level, providing local insight and understanding unavailable elsewhere. In addition to the latest retail sales data 2018-2022, it identifies the leading companies, brands and retail outlets, and assesses the key trends and demographic shifts behind consumer demand and sales growth. How key trends such as health and wellness, sustainability and recovery from the pandemic are shaping the market in <|Year|> directly informs our forecasts to 2027, clearly indicating how the market is expected to change.
Product coverage: Baby Food, Dairy, Plant-based Dairy.
Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.
Why buy this report?
Euromonitor International's Dairy Products and Alternatives in Thailand report offers in-depth knowledge of the market at a national level, providing local insight and understanding unavailable elsewhere. In addition to the latest retail sales data 2018-2022, it identifies the leading companies, brands and retail outlets, and assesses the key trends and demographic shifts behind consumer demand and sales growth. How key trends such as health and wellness, sustainability and recovery from the pandemic are shaping the market in <|Year|> directly informs our forecasts to 2027, clearly indicating how the market is expected to change.
Product coverage: Baby Food, Dairy, Plant-based Dairy.
Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.
Why buy this report?
- Get a detailed picture of the Dairy Products and Alternatives market;
- Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change;
- Understand the competitive environment, the market’s major players and leading brands;
- Use five-year forecasts to assess how the market is predicted to develop.
Dairy Products and Alternatives in Thailand
Euromonitor International
September 2023
LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES IN THAILAND
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Dairy products and alternatives in 2023: The big picture
Key trends in 2023
Competitive landscape
Channel developments
What next for dairy products and alternatives?
MARKET DATA
Table 1 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 2 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 3 NBO Company Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2019-2023
Table 4 LBN Brand Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2020-2023
Table 5 Penetration of Private Label by Category: % Value 2018-2023
Table 6 Distribution of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 7 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 8 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DISCLAIMER
SOURCES
Summary 1 Research Sources
BABY FOOD IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Baby food enjoys positive growth, supported by online sales
Lower demand for milk formula due to sluggish birth rates and high inflation
Pro-breastfeeding campaigns affect milk formula sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Baby food set to face challenges from the socioeconomic situation over the forecast period
Healthy trends set to gain popularity among mothers
Different marketing strategies needed for building brand awareness in baby food
CATEGORY DATA
Table 9 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 10 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 11 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 12 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 13 Sales of Growing-Up Milk Formula by Age: % Value 2018-2023
Table 14 NBO Company Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2019-2023
Table 15 LBN Brand Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2020-2023
Table 16 Distribution of Baby Food by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 17 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 18 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 19 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 20 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
BUTTER AND SPREADS IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Resumption of tourism and cafй culture benefit sales of butter, whilst health trends influence new products
Overall prices stabilise after the surge in production costs
Butter set to gain further shares thanks to ongoing cafй culture trends
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Local demand drives sales for local butter
Healthy butters set to gain more popularity over the forecast period
Foodservice sales on their way back to pre-pandemic levels
CATEGORY DATA
Table 21 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 22 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 23 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 24 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 25 NBO Company Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2019-2023
Table 26 LBN Brand Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2020-2023
Table 27 Distribution of Butter and Spreads by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 28 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 29 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 30 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 31 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
CHEESE IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Players get creative with their cheese to capture both international and local consumers
Tourism boosts cheese consumption – especially through foodservice outlets
Price surges in cheese suppress potential volume sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Rising health awareness pushes demand for processed cheese
Foodservice remains dominant over e-commerce due to in-country developments
Could Australian cheese be the next big thing, with its better tax benefits and lower prices
CATEGORY DATA
Table 32 Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 33 Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 34 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 35 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 36 Sales of Spreadable Processed Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 37 Sales of Soft Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 38 Sales of Hard Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 39 NBO Company Shares of Cheese: % Value 2019-2023
Table 40 LBN Brand Shares of Cheese: % Value 2020-2023
Table 41 Distribution of Cheese by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 42 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 43 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 44 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 45 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DRINKING MILK PRODUCTS IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Prices increase due to higher raw materials costs, strongly affecting milk
Co-branded marketing and age-expansion strategies to boost the consumption of drinking milk
Traditional small local grocers remain key for single-serving sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Fresh milk faces ongoing challenges and needs product innovations
Health trends inspire expansion in new products with enhanced nutrition and functional value
The rebound of foodservice remains beneficial for milk sales
CATEGORY DATA
Table 46 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 47 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 48 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 49 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 50 NBO Company Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 51 LBN Brand Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 52 Distribution of Drinking Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 53 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 54 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 55 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 56 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
YOGHURT AND SOUR MILK PRODUCTS IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Grab-and-go yoghurt consumption is supported by return to busy lifestyles
Health-positioned products ride the wave of health and wellness trends
Online marketing boosts brand sales, despite the challenges dairy faces through e-commerce
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Players enhance their product portfolios to capture various consumer segments
Functional values added to boost sales of sour milk
Price hikes set to influence purchasing patterns in yoghurt and sour milk products
CATEGORY DATA
Table 57 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 58 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 59 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 60 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 61 Sales of Flavoured Yoghurt by Flavour: Rankings 2018-2023
Table 62 NBO Company Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 63 LBN Brand Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 64 Distribution of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 65 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 66 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 67 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 68 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
OTHER DAIRY IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Return to out-of-home lifestyles benefits sales through foodservice
Condensed milk remains popular, as Thai consumers enjoy sweet drinks and desserts
Inflation impacts the prices of the other dairy products
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Cream and condensed milk players to focus on healthier nutrition
Condensed milk players set to offer wider ranges of flavours and packaging options
Coffee whiteners set to see intensified competition among smaller players
CATEGORY DATA
Table 69 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 70 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 71 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 72 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 73 Sales of Cream by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 74 NBO Company Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 75 LBN Brand Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 76 Distribution of Other Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 77 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 78 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 79 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 80 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
PLANT-BASED DAIRY IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Health and wellness trends boost demand for plant-based dairy
Soybean remains the most popular alternative option, while almond, oat and pistachios gradually receive more recognition
Creative product developments needed to drive wider sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Plant-based dairy competition set to intensify, as various players join to capture their shares
Health and wellness trends will continue to attract consumers to a wider range of plant-based options
Consumers will see an enhanced variety of offers over the forecast period
CATEGORY DATA
Table 81 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 82 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 83 Sales of Other Plant-Based Milk by Type: % Value 2020-2023
Table 84 NBO Company Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 85 LBN Brand Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 86 Distribution of Plant-Based Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 87 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 88 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
Euromonitor International
September 2023
LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES IN THAILAND
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Dairy products and alternatives in 2023: The big picture
Key trends in 2023
Competitive landscape
Channel developments
What next for dairy products and alternatives?
MARKET DATA
Table 1 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 2 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 3 NBO Company Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2019-2023
Table 4 LBN Brand Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2020-2023
Table 5 Penetration of Private Label by Category: % Value 2018-2023
Table 6 Distribution of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 7 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 8 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DISCLAIMER
SOURCES
Summary 1 Research Sources
BABY FOOD IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Baby food enjoys positive growth, supported by online sales
Lower demand for milk formula due to sluggish birth rates and high inflation
Pro-breastfeeding campaigns affect milk formula sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Baby food set to face challenges from the socioeconomic situation over the forecast period
Healthy trends set to gain popularity among mothers
Different marketing strategies needed for building brand awareness in baby food
CATEGORY DATA
Table 9 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 10 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 11 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 12 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 13 Sales of Growing-Up Milk Formula by Age: % Value 2018-2023
Table 14 NBO Company Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2019-2023
Table 15 LBN Brand Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2020-2023
Table 16 Distribution of Baby Food by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 17 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 18 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 19 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 20 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
BUTTER AND SPREADS IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Resumption of tourism and cafй culture benefit sales of butter, whilst health trends influence new products
Overall prices stabilise after the surge in production costs
Butter set to gain further shares thanks to ongoing cafй culture trends
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Local demand drives sales for local butter
Healthy butters set to gain more popularity over the forecast period
Foodservice sales on their way back to pre-pandemic levels
CATEGORY DATA
Table 21 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 22 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 23 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 24 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 25 NBO Company Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2019-2023
Table 26 LBN Brand Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2020-2023
Table 27 Distribution of Butter and Spreads by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 28 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 29 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 30 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 31 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
CHEESE IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Players get creative with their cheese to capture both international and local consumers
Tourism boosts cheese consumption – especially through foodservice outlets
Price surges in cheese suppress potential volume sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Rising health awareness pushes demand for processed cheese
Foodservice remains dominant over e-commerce due to in-country developments
Could Australian cheese be the next big thing, with its better tax benefits and lower prices
CATEGORY DATA
Table 32 Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 33 Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 34 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 35 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 36 Sales of Spreadable Processed Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 37 Sales of Soft Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 38 Sales of Hard Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 39 NBO Company Shares of Cheese: % Value 2019-2023
Table 40 LBN Brand Shares of Cheese: % Value 2020-2023
Table 41 Distribution of Cheese by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 42 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 43 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 44 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 45 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DRINKING MILK PRODUCTS IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Prices increase due to higher raw materials costs, strongly affecting milk
Co-branded marketing and age-expansion strategies to boost the consumption of drinking milk
Traditional small local grocers remain key for single-serving sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Fresh milk faces ongoing challenges and needs product innovations
Health trends inspire expansion in new products with enhanced nutrition and functional value
The rebound of foodservice remains beneficial for milk sales
CATEGORY DATA
Table 46 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 47 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 48 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 49 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 50 NBO Company Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 51 LBN Brand Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 52 Distribution of Drinking Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 53 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 54 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 55 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 56 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
YOGHURT AND SOUR MILK PRODUCTS IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Grab-and-go yoghurt consumption is supported by return to busy lifestyles
Health-positioned products ride the wave of health and wellness trends
Online marketing boosts brand sales, despite the challenges dairy faces through e-commerce
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Players enhance their product portfolios to capture various consumer segments
Functional values added to boost sales of sour milk
Price hikes set to influence purchasing patterns in yoghurt and sour milk products
CATEGORY DATA
Table 57 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 58 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 59 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 60 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 61 Sales of Flavoured Yoghurt by Flavour: Rankings 2018-2023
Table 62 NBO Company Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 63 LBN Brand Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 64 Distribution of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 65 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 66 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 67 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 68 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
OTHER DAIRY IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Return to out-of-home lifestyles benefits sales through foodservice
Condensed milk remains popular, as Thai consumers enjoy sweet drinks and desserts
Inflation impacts the prices of the other dairy products
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Cream and condensed milk players to focus on healthier nutrition
Condensed milk players set to offer wider ranges of flavours and packaging options
Coffee whiteners set to see intensified competition among smaller players
CATEGORY DATA
Table 69 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 70 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 71 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 72 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 73 Sales of Cream by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 74 NBO Company Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 75 LBN Brand Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 76 Distribution of Other Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 77 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 78 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 79 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 80 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
PLANT-BASED DAIRY IN THAILAND
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Health and wellness trends boost demand for plant-based dairy
Soybean remains the most popular alternative option, while almond, oat and pistachios gradually receive more recognition
Creative product developments needed to drive wider sales
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Plant-based dairy competition set to intensify, as various players join to capture their shares
Health and wellness trends will continue to attract consumers to a wider range of plant-based options
Consumers will see an enhanced variety of offers over the forecast period
CATEGORY DATA
Table 81 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 82 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 83 Sales of Other Plant-Based Milk by Type: % Value 2020-2023
Table 84 NBO Company Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 85 LBN Brand Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 86 Distribution of Plant-Based Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 87 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 88 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
