Dairy Products and Alternatives in Australia
The dairy industry has been faced with a combination of challenges throughout 2023, impacting its overall output and performance. Headlining the difficulties has been the high rate of inflation for dairy products. According to the ABS Consumer Price Index, which measures the changes in the prices of goods in Australia, dairy products has seen the second highest increase in price amongst food products, second only to fresh fruit and vegetables. This has resulted in consumers cutting back on dairy...
Euromonitor International's Dairy Products and Alternatives in Australia report offers in-depth knowledge of the market at a national level, providing local insight and understanding unavailable elsewhere. In addition to the latest retail sales data 2018-2022, it identifies the leading companies, brands and retail outlets, and assesses the key trends and demographic shifts behind consumer demand and sales growth. How key trends such as health and wellness, sustainability and recovery from the pandemic are shaping the market in <|Year|> directly informs our forecasts to 2027, clearly indicating how the market is expected to change.
Product coverage: Baby Food, Dairy, Plant-based Dairy.
Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.
Why buy this report?
Euromonitor International's Dairy Products and Alternatives in Australia report offers in-depth knowledge of the market at a national level, providing local insight and understanding unavailable elsewhere. In addition to the latest retail sales data 2018-2022, it identifies the leading companies, brands and retail outlets, and assesses the key trends and demographic shifts behind consumer demand and sales growth. How key trends such as health and wellness, sustainability and recovery from the pandemic are shaping the market in <|Year|> directly informs our forecasts to 2027, clearly indicating how the market is expected to change.
Product coverage: Baby Food, Dairy, Plant-based Dairy.
Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.
Why buy this report?
- Get a detailed picture of the Dairy Products and Alternatives market;
- Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change;
- Understand the competitive environment, the market’s major players and leading brands;
- Use five-year forecasts to assess how the market is predicted to develop.
Dairy Products and Alternatives in Australia
Euromonitor International
September 2023
LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES IN AUSTRALIA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Dairy products and alternatives in 2023: The big picture
Key trends in 2023
Competitive landscape
Channel developments
What next for dairy products and alternatives?
MARKET DATA
Table 1 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 2 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 3 NBO Company Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2019-2023
Table 4 LBN Brand Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2020-2023
Table 5 Penetration of Private Label by Category: % Value 2018-2023
Table 6 Distribution of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 7 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 8 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DISCLAIMER
SOURCES
Summary 1 Research Sources
BABY FOOD IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Milk formula struggles to reach pre-COVID-19 levels
Growth of baby food stagnates in 2023 due to changing consumer preferences
Expansion of Bubs into the US paves alternative route to growth amidst declining sales to Chinese consumers
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Demand for plant-based present, but currently a lack of options in the market
Much baby food does not meet World Health Organization standards
Consumers’ price sensitivity opens up opportunities for private label
CATEGORY DATA
Table 9 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 10 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 11 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 12 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 13 Sales of Growing-Up Milk Formula by Age: % Value 2018-2023
Table 14 NBO Company Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2019-2023
Table 15 LBN Brand Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2020-2023
Table 16 Distribution of Baby Food by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 17 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 18 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 19 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 20 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
BUTTER AND SPREADS IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Butter maintains its strong position in spreads
Inflation drives value growth, while volume growth suffers
Cooking fats continues to decline
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Consumer perceptions to drive further volume decline for margarine and spreads
Volume growth of butter to return in 2024 and beyond as prices come down
Unsalted butter gives consumers flexibility and caters to health-conscious consumers
CATEGORY DATA
Table 21 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 22 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 23 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 24 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 25 NBO Company Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2019-2023
Table 26 LBN Brand Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2020-2023
Table 27 Distribution of Butter and Spreads by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 28 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 29 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 30 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 31 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
CHEESE IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Australian consumers flock towards natural products and avoid processed products
Supermarkets stock a limited variety of cheeses to suit Australian tastes
Fonterra consolidates its commanding share
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Introducing artisanal cheese to Australian consumers
Better for you cheese that boasts health benefits for consumers likely to expand
Opportunities for flavoured cheese as alternative ways of consuming cheese grow
CATEGORY DATA
Table 32 Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 33 Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 34 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 35 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 36 Sales of Spreadable Processed Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 37 Sales of Soft Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 38 Sales of Hard Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 39 NBO Company Shares of Cheese: % Value 2019-2023
Table 40 LBN Brand Shares of Cheese: % Value 2020-2023
Table 41 Distribution of Cheese by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 42 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 43 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 44 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 45 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DRINKING MILK PRODUCTS IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Consumer preference returning to full-fat milk
a2 Milk leads fresh milk, showing the impact of smart marketing
Weather and inflation put a strain on the supply of milk
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Insufficient milk supply and company prioritisation a threat for powder milk
Focus on health will be key to maintaining growth for flavoured milk drinks
Fresh dairy milk continues to fend off the rise of plant-based milk
CATEGORY DATA
Table 46 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 47 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 48 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 49 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 50 NBO Company Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 51 LBN Brand Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 52 Distribution of Drinking Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 53 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 54 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 55 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 56 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
YOGHURT AND SOUR MILK PRODUCTS IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Chobani finally introduces a no added sugar yoghurt range
High protein yoghurt is introduced to meet consumer demand
Yoghurt brands innovate with flavours to appeal to more consumers
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Probiotics and protein give yoghurt an edge over other snacks
Consumer preference for flavoured yoghurt expected to hold firm
Keeping yoghurt as natural and clean label as possible
CATEGORY DATA
Table 57 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 58 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 59 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 60 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 61 Sales of Flavoured Yoghurt by Flavour: Rankings 2018-2023
Table 62 NBO Company Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 63 LBN Brand Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 64 Distribution of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 65 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 66 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 67 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 68 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
OTHER DAIRY IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Chilled dairy desserts loses appeal in an increasingly competitive market
Interest in cooking keeps cream and condensed milk growing
Recovery of foodservice boosts growth for other dairy products
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Chilled dairy desserts at risk of further decline
Limited opportunities for coffee whiteners as consumers improve the quality of coffee at home
Plant-based alternatives a potential threat to some other dairy categories
CATEGORY DATA
Table 69 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 70 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 71 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 72 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 73 Sales of Cream by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 74 NBO Company Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 75 LBN Brand Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 76 Distribution of Other Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 77 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 78 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 79 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 80 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
PLANT-BASED DAIRY IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Oat milk is quickly becoming Australia’s favourite plant-based milk
Chobani enters plant-based yoghurt with an oat-based variant
Companies continue to innovate and develop new plant-based products
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Plant-based foods appeal to a wider audience than originally expected
Improving the health aspect of plant-based alternatives to match their dairy counterparts
Brand loyalty less important in an age of price sensitivity and increased competition
CATEGORY DATA
Table 81 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 82 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 83 Sales of Other Plant-Based Milk by Type: % Value 2020-2023
Table 84 NBO Company Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 85 LBN Brand Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 86 Distribution of Plant-Based Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 87 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 88 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
Euromonitor International
September 2023
LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES IN AUSTRALIA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Dairy products and alternatives in 2023: The big picture
Key trends in 2023
Competitive landscape
Channel developments
What next for dairy products and alternatives?
MARKET DATA
Table 1 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 2 Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 3 NBO Company Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2019-2023
Table 4 LBN Brand Shares of Dairy Products and Alternatives: % Value 2020-2023
Table 5 Penetration of Private Label by Category: % Value 2018-2023
Table 6 Distribution of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 7 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 8 Forecast Sales of Dairy Products and Alternatives by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DISCLAIMER
SOURCES
Summary 1 Research Sources
BABY FOOD IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Milk formula struggles to reach pre-COVID-19 levels
Growth of baby food stagnates in 2023 due to changing consumer preferences
Expansion of Bubs into the US paves alternative route to growth amidst declining sales to Chinese consumers
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Demand for plant-based present, but currently a lack of options in the market
Much baby food does not meet World Health Organization standards
Consumers’ price sensitivity opens up opportunities for private label
CATEGORY DATA
Table 9 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 10 Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 11 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 12 Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 13 Sales of Growing-Up Milk Formula by Age: % Value 2018-2023
Table 14 NBO Company Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2019-2023
Table 15 LBN Brand Shares of Baby Food: % Value 2020-2023
Table 16 Distribution of Baby Food by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 17 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 18 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 19 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 20 Forecast Sales of Baby Food by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
BUTTER AND SPREADS IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Butter maintains its strong position in spreads
Inflation drives value growth, while volume growth suffers
Cooking fats continues to decline
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Consumer perceptions to drive further volume decline for margarine and spreads
Volume growth of butter to return in 2024 and beyond as prices come down
Unsalted butter gives consumers flexibility and caters to health-conscious consumers
CATEGORY DATA
Table 21 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 22 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 23 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 24 Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 25 NBO Company Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2019-2023
Table 26 LBN Brand Shares of Butter and Spreads: % Value 2020-2023
Table 27 Distribution of Butter and Spreads by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 28 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 29 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 30 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 31 Forecast Sales of Butter and Spreads by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
CHEESE IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Australian consumers flock towards natural products and avoid processed products
Supermarkets stock a limited variety of cheeses to suit Australian tastes
Fonterra consolidates its commanding share
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Introducing artisanal cheese to Australian consumers
Better for you cheese that boasts health benefits for consumers likely to expand
Opportunities for flavoured cheese as alternative ways of consuming cheese grow
CATEGORY DATA
Table 32 Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 33 Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 34 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 35 Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 36 Sales of Spreadable Processed Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 37 Sales of Soft Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 38 Sales of Hard Cheese by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 39 NBO Company Shares of Cheese: % Value 2019-2023
Table 40 LBN Brand Shares of Cheese: % Value 2020-2023
Table 41 Distribution of Cheese by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 42 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 43 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 44 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 45 Forecast Sales of Cheese by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
DRINKING MILK PRODUCTS IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Consumer preference returning to full-fat milk
a2 Milk leads fresh milk, showing the impact of smart marketing
Weather and inflation put a strain on the supply of milk
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Insufficient milk supply and company prioritisation a threat for powder milk
Focus on health will be key to maintaining growth for flavoured milk drinks
Fresh dairy milk continues to fend off the rise of plant-based milk
CATEGORY DATA
Table 46 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 47 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 48 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 49 Sales of Drinking Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 50 NBO Company Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 51 LBN Brand Shares of Drinking Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 52 Distribution of Drinking Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 53 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 54 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 55 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 56 Forecast Sales of Drinking Milk Products Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
YOGHURT AND SOUR MILK PRODUCTS IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Chobani finally introduces a no added sugar yoghurt range
High protein yoghurt is introduced to meet consumer demand
Yoghurt brands innovate with flavours to appeal to more consumers
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Probiotics and protein give yoghurt an edge over other snacks
Consumer preference for flavoured yoghurt expected to hold firm
Keeping yoghurt as natural and clean label as possible
CATEGORY DATA
Table 57 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 58 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 59 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 60 Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 61 Sales of Flavoured Yoghurt by Flavour: Rankings 2018-2023
Table 62 NBO Company Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2019-2023
Table 63 LBN Brand Shares of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products: % Value 2020-2023
Table 64 Distribution of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 65 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 66 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 67 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 68 Forecast Sales of Yoghurt and Sour Milk Products by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
OTHER DAIRY IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Chilled dairy desserts loses appeal in an increasingly competitive market
Interest in cooking keeps cream and condensed milk growing
Recovery of foodservice boosts growth for other dairy products
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Chilled dairy desserts at risk of further decline
Limited opportunities for coffee whiteners as consumers improve the quality of coffee at home
Plant-based alternatives a potential threat to some other dairy categories
CATEGORY DATA
Table 69 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2018-2023
Table 70 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 71 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2018-2023
Table 72 Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 73 Sales of Cream by Type: % Value 2018-2023
Table 74 NBO Company Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 75 LBN Brand Shares of Other Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 76 Distribution of Other Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 77 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Volume 2023-2028
Table 78 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 79 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Volume Growth 2023-2028
Table 80 Forecast Sales of Other Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
PLANT-BASED DAIRY IN AUSTRALIA
KEY DATA FINDINGS
2023 DEVELOPMENTS
Oat milk is quickly becoming Australia’s favourite plant-based milk
Chobani enters plant-based yoghurt with an oat-based variant
Companies continue to innovate and develop new plant-based products
PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Plant-based foods appeal to a wider audience than originally expected
Improving the health aspect of plant-based alternatives to match their dairy counterparts
Brand loyalty less important in an age of price sensitivity and increased competition
CATEGORY DATA
Table 81 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2018-2023
Table 82 Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2018-2023
Table 83 Sales of Other Plant-Based Milk by Type: % Value 2020-2023
Table 84 NBO Company Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2019-2023
Table 85 LBN Brand Shares of Plant-Based Dairy: % Value 2020-2023
Table 86 Distribution of Plant-Based Dairy by Format: % Value 2018-2023
Table 87 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: Value 2023-2028
Table 88 Forecast Sales of Plant-Based Dairy by Category: % Value Growth 2023-2028
