Model Based Testing-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Model Based Testing-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Model Based Testing industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Model Based Testing 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Model Based Testing worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Model Based Testing market
Market status and development trend of Model Based Testing by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Model Based Testing, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Model Based Testing market as:
Global Model Based Testing Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Model Based Testing Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Online Test
Offline Test
Global Model Based Testing Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Financial Services
Building
Engineering Automation
Software
Other
Global Model Based Testing Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Model Based Testing Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Infosys
HCL Technologies
Microsoft
Accenture
Oracle
Capgemini
Wipro
Oracle
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Model Based Testing-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Model Based Testing industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Model Based Testing 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Model Based Testing worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Model Based Testing market
Market status and development trend of Model Based Testing by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Model Based Testing, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Model Based Testing market as:
Global Model Based Testing Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Model Based Testing Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Online Test
Offline Test
Global Model Based Testing Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Financial Services
Building
Engineering Automation
Software
Other
Global Model Based Testing Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Model Based Testing Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Infosys
HCL Technologies
Microsoft
Accenture
Oracle
Capgemini
Wipro
Oracle
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF MODEL BASED TESTING
1.1 Definition of Model Based Testing in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Model Based Testing
1.2.1 Online Test
1.2.2 Offline Test
1.3 Downstream Application of Model Based Testing
1.3.1 Financial Services
1.3.2 Building
1.3.3 Engineering Automation
1.3.4 Software
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Model Based Testing
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Model Based Testing 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Model Based Testing Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Model Based Testing Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Model Based Testing 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Model Based Testing 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Model Based Testing 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Model Based Testing by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Model Based Testing by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Model Based Testing by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Model Based Testing by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Model Based Testing by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Model Based Testing by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MODEL BASED TESTING
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Model Based Testing Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 MODEL BASED TESTING MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Model Based Testing by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Model Based Testing by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Model Based Testing by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Model Based Testing Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Model Based Testing Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 MODEL BASED TESTING MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Infosys
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.1.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Infosys
12.2 HCL Technologies
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.2.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HCL Technologies
12.3 Microsoft
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.3.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microsoft
12.4 Accenture
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.4.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Accenture
12.5 Oracle
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.5.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oracle
12.6 Capgemini
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.6.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Capgemini
12.7 Wipro
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.7.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wipro
12.8 Oracle
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.8.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oracle
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MODEL BASED TESTING
13.1 Industry Chain of Model Based Testing
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MODEL BASED TESTING
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Model Based Testing
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Model Based Testing
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Model Based Testing
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Model Based Testing
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Model Based Testing in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Model Based Testing
1.2.1 Online Test
1.2.2 Offline Test
1.3 Downstream Application of Model Based Testing
1.3.1 Financial Services
1.3.2 Building
1.3.3 Engineering Automation
1.3.4 Software
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Model Based Testing
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Model Based Testing 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Model Based Testing Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Model Based Testing Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Model Based Testing 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Model Based Testing by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Model Based Testing 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Model Based Testing 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Model Based Testing by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Model Based Testing by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Model Based Testing by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Model Based Testing by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Model Based Testing by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Model Based Testing by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Model Based Testing Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Model Based Testing Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MODEL BASED TESTING
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Model Based Testing Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 MODEL BASED TESTING MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Model Based Testing by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Model Based Testing by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Model Based Testing by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Model Based Testing Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Model Based Testing Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 MODEL BASED TESTING MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Infosys
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.1.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Infosys
12.2 HCL Technologies
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.2.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HCL Technologies
12.3 Microsoft
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.3.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microsoft
12.4 Accenture
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.4.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Accenture
12.5 Oracle
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.5.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oracle
12.6 Capgemini
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.6.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Capgemini
12.7 Wipro
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.7.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wipro
12.8 Oracle
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Model Based Testing Product
12.8.3 Model Based Testing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oracle
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MODEL BASED TESTING
13.1 Industry Chain of Model Based Testing
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MODEL BASED TESTING
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Model Based Testing
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Model Based Testing
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Model Based Testing
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Model Based Testing
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
