Global and Regional Markets for Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Infrastructure and Equipment
Portrayed in the past five years as a pipe dream, technological savior and prudent investment to complement existing energy infrastructure, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS; also known as carbon capture and storage) is projected by SBI Energy as a complementary, sometimes marginal, technology in the global effort towards carbon dioxide emissions reduction. Representing approximately $(U.S.) 650 million in 2013 investment, global CCS infrastructure deployment is projected to intensify significantly to over $2.4 billion in 2020. Through the end of this report’s scope (2037), CCS is not projected to represent more than 25% of carbon emissions reductions below baseline even in the most active markets (e.g., North America, Europe). Other regions such as Latin America and Asia-Pacific will rely on CCS for less than 5% of necessary carbon emissions reductions.
Carbon management is already a prime destination for energy and industrial sector investment dollars. Regulatory limits, taxation and price setting on carbon dioxide emissions as a greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutant has spurred industries worldwide to invest in emissions reduction technologies and practices. Improvements to energy efficiency, use of alternative lower- or non-emitting energy resources and economic transformation have largely produced the carbon emissions reductions in the past decade. However, these trends alone will be unable to achieve the global carbon emissions reductions necessary to avert catastrophic climate change. CCS is widely viewed as a technologically viable method for the significant mitigation of fossil fuel-associated carbon emissions worthy of additional development and future deployment.
This report provides extensive and detailed projections for global and regional CCS markets through 2037, as well as a review of the historical markets for CCS technology since 2008. Markets are valued by total capital expenditure (CAPEX) investment in CCS infrastructure and by equipment orders. Cumulative estimated equipment orders for the period of 2020-2037 are segmented by carbon post-combustion absorption and removal, compression, air separation (ASU), water-gas shift (WGS), and balance of plant (BoP) equipment. Market segmentation is provided by CCS phase (capture, transportation, storage), region, capture source (power/industry), client or project type (historical market only / merchant capture, enhanced oil recovery [EOR], CCS project) and capture method (post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxyfuel). Regional carbon capture capacities and sequestration rates are also provided in terms of million metric tonnes (MMT) annually. The relative contribution of CCS and other factors to carbon emissions reductions below baseline (or default emissions trajectories) are also provided through 2037.
What You’ll Get in This Report
Global and Regional Markets for CCS Infrastructure and Equipment, 2008-2037 provides readers with extensive and detailed projections befitting of a still emerging technology market with undoubted applications in future markets burdened by crucial emissions targets. Readers can expect to find grounded, extensively researched and meticulously modeled market projections that reveal the most probable realities of future CCS deployment worldwide. Data provided in the report is supported by thorough author discussion of regional, regulatory, industry and technological factors shaping the market as well as informed overviews of important CCS projects and players. Additional support for the data comes in the form of contextual forecasts for regional carbon emissions and expected emissions reductions from falling economic energy intensity, greater generation from renewable and nuclear energy resources, and declining carbon intensity from fossil fuel generation.
Carbon management is already a prime destination for energy and industrial sector investment dollars. Regulatory limits, taxation and price setting on carbon dioxide emissions as a greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutant has spurred industries worldwide to invest in emissions reduction technologies and practices. Improvements to energy efficiency, use of alternative lower- or non-emitting energy resources and economic transformation have largely produced the carbon emissions reductions in the past decade. However, these trends alone will be unable to achieve the global carbon emissions reductions necessary to avert catastrophic climate change. CCS is widely viewed as a technologically viable method for the significant mitigation of fossil fuel-associated carbon emissions worthy of additional development and future deployment.
This report provides extensive and detailed projections for global and regional CCS markets through 2037, as well as a review of the historical markets for CCS technology since 2008. Markets are valued by total capital expenditure (CAPEX) investment in CCS infrastructure and by equipment orders. Cumulative estimated equipment orders for the period of 2020-2037 are segmented by carbon post-combustion absorption and removal, compression, air separation (ASU), water-gas shift (WGS), and balance of plant (BoP) equipment. Market segmentation is provided by CCS phase (capture, transportation, storage), region, capture source (power/industry), client or project type (historical market only / merchant capture, enhanced oil recovery [EOR], CCS project) and capture method (post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxyfuel). Regional carbon capture capacities and sequestration rates are also provided in terms of million metric tonnes (MMT) annually. The relative contribution of CCS and other factors to carbon emissions reductions below baseline (or default emissions trajectories) are also provided through 2037.
What You’ll Get in This Report
Global and Regional Markets for CCS Infrastructure and Equipment, 2008-2037 provides readers with extensive and detailed projections befitting of a still emerging technology market with undoubted applications in future markets burdened by crucial emissions targets. Readers can expect to find grounded, extensively researched and meticulously modeled market projections that reveal the most probable realities of future CCS deployment worldwide. Data provided in the report is supported by thorough author discussion of regional, regulatory, industry and technological factors shaping the market as well as informed overviews of important CCS projects and players. Additional support for the data comes in the form of contextual forecasts for regional carbon emissions and expected emissions reductions from falling economic energy intensity, greater generation from renewable and nuclear energy resources, and declining carbon intensity from fossil fuel generation.
CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
CCS Technology – Development and Proposed Schemes
Figure: 1-1 Carbon Capture, Transportation and Sequestration Schematic
Carbon Capture
Carbon Emission Sources and CCS Deployment
Global CCS Market
Figure: 1-2 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and Million Metric Tonnes [MMT]/year)
Figure: 1-3 Global CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 1-4 Global Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 1-5 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 1-6 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 1-7 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 1-8 Global Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source- Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 1-9 Global Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, Air Separation Units (ASU), Water-Gas Shift (WGS) Reactors, and Balance of Plant (BoP) (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 1-1 Global Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology -
Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 1-2 Global CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Climate Change Conventions and Mitigation Agreements
Table: 1-3 National and Other GHG Emissions Targets and Goals Worldwide
Table: 1-4 National and Other Incentives and Policy Support for CCS Worldwide
Carbon Markets and Emission Trading Schemes
Table: 1-5 Carbon Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS) and Cap-and-
Trade Systems Worldwide (Country or Other Political Unit, Start Year, Sector[s], Scheme Description, Price)
Conclusions
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
Introduction
Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change Mitigation
Impact of Carbon Dioxide in Climate Change
Table: 2-1 Global Warming Potentials of GHGs (Lifetime and GWP in 20, 100, and 500 years)
Figure: 2-1 Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas (% of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent [CO2e] Metric Tonnes)
Non-CCS Alternatives to Reduced Carbon Emissions
Figure: 2-2 CCS and the Addressable Anthropogenic GHG Emissions Mitigation Market
Sustainable Land Usage
Conservation
Energy Efficiency
Figure: 2-3 Energy Intensity Equations
Figure: 2-4 Carbon Intensity Equations
Renewables and Nuclear - Zero- and Near Zero-Carbon Emissions Energy
Figure: 2-5 Zero- and Near Zero-Emissions Energy Factor Equation in the Determination of Carbon Intensity trends
Fossil Fuel Carbon Intensity Reduction
Figure: 2-6 Fossil Fuel Carbon Intensity Equations
Alternatives to Carbon Sequestration
CCS Technology – Development and Proposed Schemes
Carbon Sequestration (Storage)
Figure: 2-7 Carbon Dioxide EOR Schematic
Carbon Transportation
Figure: 2-8 Carbon Capture, Transportation and Sequestration Schematic
Carbon Capture
Post-Combustion
Figure: 2-9 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Methods
Pre-Combustion
Oxyfuel-Combustion
Industrial Processes
Carbon Emission Sources and CCS Deployment
Natural Sources
Natural Gas Processing
Power Generation (Combustion)
Ethanol Production
Oil Refining
Gasification
Other Industries
Ammonia
Steel
Cement
Pulp & Paper
Beverage
Conclusion
CHAPTER 3: CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE MARKETS FOR CCS
Infrastructure and Equipment
Introduction
Market Scoping
Capital Expenditures and Equipment
Carbon Capture and Storage Volumes
Market Segmentation
Methodology
Energy and Emissions Projections and Models
Policy Development and Regulation
Role of Alternative Emissions Reduction Technologies and Practices
Carbon Markets
Global CCS Market
Figure: 3-1 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and Million Metric Tonnes [MMT]/year)
Figure: 3-2 Global CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-3 Global Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-4 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-5 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-6 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-7 Global Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source- Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-8 Global Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Absorption and Removal, Compression, Air Separation Units (ASU), Water-Gas Shift (WGS) Reactors, and Balance of Plant (BoP) (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-1 Global Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-2 Global CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Regional Markets for CCS Explored
North America
Figure: 3-9 North American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (millions of metric tonnes[MMT]year)
Table: 3-3 North American and U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-10 North American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-11 North American CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-12 North American Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-13 North American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-14 North American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-4 North American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-15 North American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-16 North American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-17 North American Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-18 North American Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-5 North American Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-6 North American CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Europe
Figure: 3-19 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-7 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-20 European CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-21 European CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-22 European Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-23 European CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-24 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-8 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-25 European CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-26 European CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-27 European Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-28 European Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-9 European Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-10 European CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Asia-Pacific
Figure: 3-29 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-11 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-30 Asia-Pacific CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-31 Asia-Pacific CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-32 Asia-Pacific Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-33 Asia-Pacific CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-34 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table 3-12 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2030-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-35 Asia-Pacific CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-36 Asia-Pacific CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-37 Asia-Pacific Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-38 Asia-Pacific Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-13 Asia-Pacific Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-14 Asia-Pacific CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Latin America
Figure: 3-39 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-15 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-40 Latin American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-41 Latin American CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-42 Latin American Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008- 2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-43 Latin American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-44 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-16 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-45 Latin American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020- 2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-46 Latin American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-47 Latin American Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-48 Latin American Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table 3-17 Latin American Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-18 Latin American CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Middle East and Africa
Figure: 3-49 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-19 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-50 Middle Eastern and African CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-51 Middle Eastern and African CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-52 Middle Eastern and African Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-53 Middle Eastern and African CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-54 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-20 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-55 Middle Eastern and African CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-56 Middle Eastern and African CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-57 Middle Eastern and African Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post- Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-58 Middle Eastern and African Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-21 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-22 Middle Eastern and African CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Figure: 3-59 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-23 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-60 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-24 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-61 Russian & CIS CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-62 Russian & CIS CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-63 Russian & CIS Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-64 Russian & CIS Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-25 Russian & CIS Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-26 Russian & CIS CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions) .
Conclusion
Introduction
CCS Technology – Development and Proposed Schemes
Figure: 1-1 Carbon Capture, Transportation and Sequestration Schematic
Carbon Capture
Carbon Emission Sources and CCS Deployment
Global CCS Market
Figure: 1-2 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and Million Metric Tonnes [MMT]/year)
Figure: 1-3 Global CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 1-4 Global Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 1-5 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 1-6 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 1-7 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 1-8 Global Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source- Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 1-9 Global Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, Air Separation Units (ASU), Water-Gas Shift (WGS) Reactors, and Balance of Plant (BoP) (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 1-1 Global Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology -
Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 1-2 Global CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Climate Change Conventions and Mitigation Agreements
Table: 1-3 National and Other GHG Emissions Targets and Goals Worldwide
Table: 1-4 National and Other Incentives and Policy Support for CCS Worldwide
Carbon Markets and Emission Trading Schemes
Table: 1-5 Carbon Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS) and Cap-and-
Trade Systems Worldwide (Country or Other Political Unit, Start Year, Sector[s], Scheme Description, Price)
Conclusions
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
Introduction
Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change Mitigation
Impact of Carbon Dioxide in Climate Change
Table: 2-1 Global Warming Potentials of GHGs (Lifetime and GWP in 20, 100, and 500 years)
Figure: 2-1 Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas (% of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent [CO2e] Metric Tonnes)
Non-CCS Alternatives to Reduced Carbon Emissions
Figure: 2-2 CCS and the Addressable Anthropogenic GHG Emissions Mitigation Market
Sustainable Land Usage
Conservation
Energy Efficiency
Figure: 2-3 Energy Intensity Equations
Figure: 2-4 Carbon Intensity Equations
Renewables and Nuclear - Zero- and Near Zero-Carbon Emissions Energy
Figure: 2-5 Zero- and Near Zero-Emissions Energy Factor Equation in the Determination of Carbon Intensity trends
Fossil Fuel Carbon Intensity Reduction
Figure: 2-6 Fossil Fuel Carbon Intensity Equations
Alternatives to Carbon Sequestration
CCS Technology – Development and Proposed Schemes
Carbon Sequestration (Storage)
Figure: 2-7 Carbon Dioxide EOR Schematic
Carbon Transportation
Figure: 2-8 Carbon Capture, Transportation and Sequestration Schematic
Carbon Capture
Post-Combustion
Figure: 2-9 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Methods
Pre-Combustion
Oxyfuel-Combustion
Industrial Processes
Carbon Emission Sources and CCS Deployment
Natural Sources
Natural Gas Processing
Power Generation (Combustion)
Ethanol Production
Oil Refining
Gasification
Other Industries
Ammonia
Steel
Cement
Pulp & Paper
Beverage
Conclusion
CHAPTER 3: CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE MARKETS FOR CCS
Infrastructure and Equipment
Introduction
Market Scoping
Capital Expenditures and Equipment
Carbon Capture and Storage Volumes
Market Segmentation
Methodology
Energy and Emissions Projections and Models
Policy Development and Regulation
Role of Alternative Emissions Reduction Technologies and Practices
Carbon Markets
Global CCS Market
Figure: 3-1 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and Million Metric Tonnes [MMT]/year)
Figure: 3-2 Global CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-3 Global Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-4 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-5 Global CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-6 Global CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-7 Global Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source- Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-8 Global Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Absorption and Removal, Compression, Air Separation Units (ASU), Water-Gas Shift (WGS) Reactors, and Balance of Plant (BoP) (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-1 Global Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-2 Global CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Regional Markets for CCS Explored
North America
Figure: 3-9 North American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (millions of metric tonnes[MMT]year)
Table: 3-3 North American and U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-10 North American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-11 North American CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-12 North American Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-13 North American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-14 North American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-4 North American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-15 North American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-16 North American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-17 North American Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-18 North American Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-5 North American Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-6 North American CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Europe
Figure: 3-19 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-7 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-20 European CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-21 European CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-22 European Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-23 European CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-24 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-8 European and EU-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-25 European CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-26 European CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-27 European Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-28 European Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-9 European Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-10 European CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Asia-Pacific
Figure: 3-29 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-11 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-30 Asia-Pacific CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-31 Asia-Pacific CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-32 Asia-Pacific Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-33 Asia-Pacific CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-34 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table 3-12 Asia-Pacific – Total, OECD (Developed) and Non-OECD - Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2030-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-35 Asia-Pacific CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-36 Asia-Pacific CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-37 Asia-Pacific Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-38 Asia-Pacific Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-13 Asia-Pacific Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-14 Asia-Pacific CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Latin America
Figure: 3-39 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-15 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-40 Latin American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-41 Latin American CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-42 Latin American Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008- 2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-43 Latin American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-44 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-16 Latin American Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-45 Latin American CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020- 2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-46 Latin American CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-47 Latin American Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-48 Latin American Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table 3-17 Latin American Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-18 Latin American CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Middle East and Africa
Figure: 3-49 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-19 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-50 Middle Eastern and African CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-51 Middle Eastern and African CCS Cumulative CAPEX by Project Sector – Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary – and Category – Capture, Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures)
Figure: 3-52 Middle Eastern and African Cumulative Carbon Capture Capacity Additions by Project Sector - Merchant, EOR, CCS-Primary (2008-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-53 Middle Eastern and African CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2008-2020) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-54 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-20 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-55 Middle Eastern and African CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-56 Middle Eastern and African CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-57 Middle Eastern and African Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post- Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-58 Middle Eastern and African Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal, Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-21 Middle Eastern and African Carbon Capture Capacity by Source-Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-22 Middle Eastern and African CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Figure: 3-59 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-23 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2001-2020) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-60 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (CCS, Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-24 Russian & CIS Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Emission Reductions by Carbon Intensity Factor (Energy Intensity, Renewable/Nuclear Primary Energy Share, Fossil Fuel Emissions Rate) (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Figure: 3-61 Russian & CIS CCS CAPEX – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage – and Annual Capture Capacity Added (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions of Total Overnight Capital Expenditures and MMT/year)
Figure: 3-62 Russian & CIS CCS Equipment Market – Capture, Pipeline Transportation, Storage (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-63 Russian & CIS Cumulative Capture Equipment Market by Source-Technology – Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture (2020-2037) ($U.S. millions)
Figure: 3-64 Russian & CIS Capture Facility Equipment Market by Equipment Category – Carbon Absorption and Removal Compression, ASUs, WGS Reactors, and BoP (2020-2037; cumulative) ($U.S. millions)
Table: 3-25 Russian & CIS Carbon Capture Capacity by Source- Technology - Post-Combustion Coal, Post-Combustion Gas, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Industrial Capture – and Carbon Sequestration Rate (2020-2037) (MMT/year)
Table: 3-26 Russian & CIS CCS CAPEX and Equipment Market – Capture, Transportation and Storage (2008-2037) ($U.S. millions) .
Conclusion
The energy efficiency or lack thereof of any energy consumer (business, country, and supranational bloc) can be broadly assessed through its energy intensity measure or ratio of energy consumption to economic output. Generally, energy intensity is described through the total primary energy consumption of a country divided by its gross domestic product (GDP). Reduced energy intensity is strongly correlated with GHG emissions reduction as lower energy consumption generally entails less fossil fuel consumption. Energy intensity reductions can be achieved through a variety of factors and processes:
• Decreased share of manufacturing out of total economic output, typically through economic transitioning to a service economy or economic recession disproportionately impacting manufacturing
• Reduced demand for heating and cooling due to environmental climate factors
• Increased vehicle fuel economy standards or greater miles travelled per unit of energy
• Reduced grid energy losses due to improved grid operation in generation, transmission and distribution
• Improved energy efficiency standards for lighting, appliances and equipment
• Improved building energy efficiency that reduces demand for heating and cooling
• General conservation practices and mitigation of avoidable energy waste
Energy intensity provides a valuable indicator for assessing emission reductions and economic trends in a country over a long period of time. However, energy intensity is also problematic in that it “overstates the extent to which [true] energy efficiency improvements have occurred in the economy.”6 Economic growths in developed countries can often outpace growth in energy consumption to produce a declining energy intensity factor, but without any meaningful underlying improvement in energy efficiency. National energy intensity can also neglect manufacturing outsourcing (as a more energy-intensive business activity) to international trade partners.
