The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2024-2035
The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2024-2035 is a comprehensive market research report that provides an in-depth analysis of the rapidly growing advanced carbon materials industry. This report covers the current state and future potential of various types of advanced carbon materials, including carbon fibers, carbon black, graphite, biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, carbon aerogels, and xerogels, as well as their applications across diverse sectors such as aerospace, automotive, energy, electronics, and environmental remediation.
The report begins with an overview of the advanced carbon materials market, highlighting the role of these materials in the green transition and their potential to revolutionize various industries. The market analysis section provides valuable insights into the market drivers, challenges, pricing, supply chain, competitive landscape, and future outlook for each type of advanced carbon material. The report also includes detailed market segmentation by application, end-use industry, and region, along with addressable market sizes and risk assessments.
A significant portion of the report is dedicated to carbon fibers, covering various aspects such as precursor materials, production processes, recycling, and 3D printing. The report analyzes the applications and market potential of carbon fibers in industries such as aerospace, wind energy, sports and leisure, automotive, pressure vessels, and oil and gas. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the global carbon fiber market, including demand forecasts, revenue projections, and regional market insights.
The report also examines the markets for carbon black and graphite, providing detailed information on their properties, manufacturing processes, and applications. It includes an analysis of specialty carbon black and recovered carbon black, as well as an assessment of the global market for graphite electrodes and other graphite products. The report also covers emerging trends in green graphite and recycling of graphite materials.
Biochar is another key focus area of the report, with a detailed analysis of its properties, production methods, and applications in agriculture, construction, wastewater treatment, and carbon sequestration. The report also examines the potential of biochar in earning carbon credits and its competitive positioning against other carbon removal technologies.
The report provides an extensive coverage of graphene and its derivatives, including an analysis of their properties, synthesis methods, and applications in various industries. It also includes a detailed assessment of the global graphene market, including demand forecasts by material type, application, and region.
Other advanced carbon materials covered in the report include carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, carbon aerogels, and xerogels. The report analyzes their properties, production methods, and applications in energy storage, composites, filtration, catalysis, and biomedical fields. It also includes a detailed assessment of the global markets for these materials, along with company profiles of key players in each segment.
In addition to the market analysis, the report also covers emerging technologies and trends in the advanced carbon materials industry, such as the use of carbon materials in carbon capture and utilization. It provides an overview of the main carbon capture processes, separation technologies, and the potential of advanced carbon materials in direct air capture and electrochemical conversion of CO2.
The report features profiles of over 1000 companies active in the advanced carbon materials market, providing valuable insights into their products, technologies, and growth strategies. Companies profiled include AquaGreen, BC Biocarbon, Black Swan Graphene, Cabot Corporation, Carba, Carbitex, CarbonX, Carbo Culture, Carbonauten, Charm Industrial , CHASM Advanced Materials, Dark Black Carbon, GrafTech International, Gratomic, Graphenea, Graphite One, Haydale Graphene Industries, Graphjet Technology, Hexcel Corporation, Huntsman Corporation, HUSK, Ibiden Co. Ltd., Jacobi, JEIO, Kumho Petrochemical, LG Chem, Leading Edge Materials, Li-S Energy, Lyten, Mattershift, Mitsubishi Chemical Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc., Mersen, LLC, NanoXplore, NextSource Materials, Nippon Techno-Carbon Co., Ltd., Teijin, UMATEX, Nanocyl SA, Novocarbo, OCSiAl, Perpetual Next, POSCO, Pyrum Innovations, RCB Nanotechnologies GmbH, Renergi, Scandanavian Enviro Systems, SEC Carbon, SGL Group, Showa Denko, SkyNano, Sunrise New Energy, Syrah Resources, Teijin, UP Catalyst, Vartega, Versarien and Zeon Corporation.
The report begins with an overview of the advanced carbon materials market, highlighting the role of these materials in the green transition and their potential to revolutionize various industries. The market analysis section provides valuable insights into the market drivers, challenges, pricing, supply chain, competitive landscape, and future outlook for each type of advanced carbon material. The report also includes detailed market segmentation by application, end-use industry, and region, along with addressable market sizes and risk assessments.
A significant portion of the report is dedicated to carbon fibers, covering various aspects such as precursor materials, production processes, recycling, and 3D printing. The report analyzes the applications and market potential of carbon fibers in industries such as aerospace, wind energy, sports and leisure, automotive, pressure vessels, and oil and gas. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the global carbon fiber market, including demand forecasts, revenue projections, and regional market insights.
The report also examines the markets for carbon black and graphite, providing detailed information on their properties, manufacturing processes, and applications. It includes an analysis of specialty carbon black and recovered carbon black, as well as an assessment of the global market for graphite electrodes and other graphite products. The report also covers emerging trends in green graphite and recycling of graphite materials.
Biochar is another key focus area of the report, with a detailed analysis of its properties, production methods, and applications in agriculture, construction, wastewater treatment, and carbon sequestration. The report also examines the potential of biochar in earning carbon credits and its competitive positioning against other carbon removal technologies.
The report provides an extensive coverage of graphene and its derivatives, including an analysis of their properties, synthesis methods, and applications in various industries. It also includes a detailed assessment of the global graphene market, including demand forecasts by material type, application, and region.
Other advanced carbon materials covered in the report include carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, carbon aerogels, and xerogels. The report analyzes their properties, production methods, and applications in energy storage, composites, filtration, catalysis, and biomedical fields. It also includes a detailed assessment of the global markets for these materials, along with company profiles of key players in each segment.
In addition to the market analysis, the report also covers emerging technologies and trends in the advanced carbon materials industry, such as the use of carbon materials in carbon capture and utilization. It provides an overview of the main carbon capture processes, separation technologies, and the potential of advanced carbon materials in direct air capture and electrochemical conversion of CO2.
The report features profiles of over 1000 companies active in the advanced carbon materials market, providing valuable insights into their products, technologies, and growth strategies. Companies profiled include AquaGreen, BC Biocarbon, Black Swan Graphene, Cabot Corporation, Carba, Carbitex, CarbonX, Carbo Culture, Carbonauten, Charm Industrial , CHASM Advanced Materials, Dark Black Carbon, GrafTech International, Gratomic, Graphenea, Graphite One, Haydale Graphene Industries, Graphjet Technology, Hexcel Corporation, Huntsman Corporation, HUSK, Ibiden Co. Ltd., Jacobi, JEIO, Kumho Petrochemical, LG Chem, Leading Edge Materials, Li-S Energy, Lyten, Mattershift, Mitsubishi Chemical Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc., Mersen, LLC, NanoXplore, NextSource Materials, Nippon Techno-Carbon Co., Ltd., Teijin, UMATEX, Nanocyl SA, Novocarbo, OCSiAl, Perpetual Next, POSCO, Pyrum Innovations, RCB Nanotechnologies GmbH, Renergi, Scandanavian Enviro Systems, SEC Carbon, SGL Group, Showa Denko, SkyNano, Sunrise New Energy, Syrah Resources, Teijin, UP Catalyst, Vartega, Versarien and Zeon Corporation.
1 THE ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS MARKET
1.1 Market overview
1.2 Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition
2 CARBON FIBERS
2.1 Properties of carbon fibers
2.1.1 Types by modulus
2.1.2 Types by the secondary processing
2.2 Precursor material types
2.2.1 PAN: Polyacrylonitrile
2.2.1.1 Spinning
2.2.1.2 Stabilizing
2.2.1.3 Carbonizing
2.2.1.4 Surface treatment
2.2.1.5 Sizing
2.2.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers
2.2.1.7 Isotropic pitch
2.2.1.8 Mesophase pitch
2.2.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers
2.2.2 Bio-based and alternative precursors
2.2.2.1 Lignin
2.2.2.2 Polyethylene
2.2.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF)
2.2.2.4 Textile PAN
2.2.3 Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF)
2.2.3.1 Recycling processes
2.2.3.2 Companies
2.2.4 Carbon Fiber 3D Printing
2.2.5 Plasma oxidation
2.2.6 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
2.2.6.1 Applications
2.3 Markets and applications
2.3.1 Aerospace
2.3.2 Wind energy
2.3.3 Sports & leisure
2.3.4 Automotive
2.3.5 Pressure vessels
2.3.6 Oil and gas
2.4 Market analysis
2.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
2.4.2 Regulations
2.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis
2.4.4 Supply Chain
2.4.5 Competitive Landscape
2.4.5.1 Annual capacity, by producer
2.4.5.2 Market share, by capacity
2.4.6 Future Outlook
2.4.7 Customer Segmentation
2.4.8 Geographical Markets
2.4.9 Addressable Market Size
2.4.10 Risks and Opportunities
2.4.11 Global market
2.4.11.1 Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by industry (MT)
2.4.11.2 Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by industry (billions USD)
2.4.11.3 Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by region (MT)
2.5 Company profiles
2.5.1 Carbon fiber producers 96 (29 company profiles)
2.5.2 Carbon Fiber composite producers 114 (62 company profiles)
2.5.3 Carbon fiber recyclers 150 (16 company profiles)
3 CARBON BLACK
3.1 Commercially available carbon black
3.2 Properties
3.2.1 Particle size distribution
3.2.2 Structure-Aggregate size
3.2.3 Surface chemistry
3.2.4 Agglomerates
3.2.5 Colour properties
3.2.6 Porosity
3.2.7 Physical form
3.3 Manufacturing processes
3.4 Markets and applications
3.4.1 Tires and automotive
3.4.2 Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber)
3.4.3 Other markets
3.5 Specialty carbon black
3.5.1 Global market size for specialty CB
3.6 Recovered carbon black (rCB)
3.6.1 Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT)
3.6.2 Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis
3.6.3 Semi-continuous pyrolysis
3.6.4 Continuous pyrolysis
3.6.5 Key players
3.6.6 Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black
3.7 Market analysis
3.7.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
3.7.2 Regulations
3.7.3 Supply chain
3.7.4 Price and Costs Analysis
3.7.4.1 Feedstock
3.7.4.2 Commercial carbon black
3.7.5 Competitive Landscape
3.7.5.1 Production capacities
3.7.6 Future Outlook
3.7.7 Customer Segmentation
3.7.8 Geographical Markets
3.7.9 Addressable Market Size
3.7.10 Risks and Opportunities
3.7.11 Global market
3.7.11.1 By market (tons)
3.7.11.2 By market (revenues)
3.7.11.3 By region (Tons)
3.8 Company profiles 192 (51company profiles)
4 GRAPHITE
4.1 Types of graphite
4.1.1 Natural vs synthetic graphite
4.2 Natural graphite
4.2.1 Classification
4.2.2 Processing
4.2.3 Flake
4.2.3.1 Grades
4.2.3.2 Applications
4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite
4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite
4.2.4 Amorphous graphite
4.2.4.1 Applications
4.2.5 Crystalline vein graphite
4.2.5.1 Applications
4.3 Synthetic graphite
4.3.1 Classification
4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite
4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite
4.3.2 Processing
4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes
4.3.3 Issues with synthetic graphite production
4.3.4 Isostatic Graphite
4.3.4.1 Description
4.3.4.2 Markets
4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities
4.3.5 Graphite electrodes
4.3.6 Extruded Graphite
4.3.7 Vibration Molded Graphite
4.3.8 Die-molded graphite
4.4 New technologies
4.5 Recycling of graphite materials
4.6 Green graphite
4.7 Markets and applications for graphite
4.8 Market analysis
4.8.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
4.8.2 Regulations
4.8.3 Price and Costs Analysis
4.8.4 Supply Chain
4.8.5 Competitive Landscape
4.8.6 Future Outlook
4.8.7 Customer Segmentation
4.8.8 Geographical Markets
4.8.9 Addressable Market Size
4.8.10 Risks and Opportunities
4.9 Global market
4.9.1 Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite
4.9.2 Global graphite production in tonnes, 2016-2022
4.9.3 Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035
4.9.4 Synthetic graphite supply
4.9.5 Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes
4.9.5.1 Natural graphite
4.9.5.2 Synthetic graphite
4.9.6 Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2022
4.9.7 Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2033
4.9.8 Demand by region
4.9.9 Main market players
4.9.9.1 Natural graphite
4.9.9.2 Synthetic graphite
4.9.10 Market supply chain
4.10 Company profiles 262 (96 company profiles)
5 BIOCHAR
5.1 What is biochar?
5.2 Carbon sequestration
5.3 Properties of biochar
5.4 Markets and applications
5.5 Biochar production
5.6 Feedstocks
5.7 Production processes
5.7.1 Sustainable production
5.7.2 Pyrolysis
5.7.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
5.7.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
5.7.3 Gasification
5.7.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
5.7.5 Torrefaction
5.7.6 Equipment manufacturers
5.8 Carbon credits
5.8.1 Overview
5.8.2 Removal and reduction credits
5.8.3 The advantage of biochar
5.8.4 Price
5.8.5 Buyers of biochar credits
5.8.6 Competitive materials and technologies
5.8.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration
5.8.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)
5.8.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS)
5.8.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation
5.8.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement
5.8.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation
5.9 Markets for biochar
5.9.1 Agriculture & livestock farming
5.9.1.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.1.2 Applications
5.9.2 Construction materials
5.9.2.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.2.2 Applications
5.9.3 Wastewater treatment
5.9.3.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.3.2 Applications
5.9.4 Filtration
5.9.4.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.4.2 Applications
5.9.5 Carbon capture
5.9.5.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.5.2 Applications
5.9.6 Cosmetics
5.9.6.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.6.2 Applications
5.9.7 Textiles
5.9.7.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.7.2 Applications
5.9.8 Additive manufacturing
5.9.8.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.8.2 Applications
5.9.9 Ink
5.9.9.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.9.2 Applications
5.9.10 Polymers
5.9.10.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.10.2 Applications
5.9.11 Packaging
5.9.11.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.11.2 Applications
5.9.12 Steel and metal
5.9.12.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.12.2 Applications
5.9.13 Energy
5.9.13.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.13.2 Applications
5.10 Market analysis
5.10.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
5.10.2 Regulations
5.10.3 Price and Costs Analysis
5.10.4 Supply Chain
5.10.5 Competitive Landscape
5.10.6 Future Outlook
5.10.7 Customer Segmentation
5.10.8 Geographical Markets
5.10.9 Addressable Market Size
5.10.10 Risks and Opportunities
5.10.11 Global market
5.10.11.1 By market
5.10.11.2 By region
5.10.11.3 By feedstocks
5.10.11.4 China and Asia-Pacific
5.10.11.5 North America
5.10.11.6 Europe
5.10.11.7 South America
5.10.11.8 Africa
5.10.11.9 Middle East
5.11 Company profiles 400 (121 company profiles)
6 GRAPHENE
6.1 Types of graphene
6.2 Properties
6.3 Market analysis
6.3.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
6.3.2 Regulations
6.3.3 Price and Costs Analysis
6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene
6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing
6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing
6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing
6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing
6.3.3.6 Graphene ink
6.3.4 Supply Chain
6.3.5 Competitive Landscape
6.3.6 Future Outlook
6.3.7 Customer Segmentation
6.3.8 Geographical Markets
6.3.9 Addressable Market Size
6.3.10 Risks and Opportunities
6.3.11 Gobal demand 2018-2035, tons
6.3.11.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons)
6.3.11.2 Global demand by end user market
6.3.11.3 Graphene market, by region
6.4 Company profiles 499 (360 company profiles)
7 CARBON NANOTUBES
7.1 Properties
7.1.1 Comparative properties of CNTs
7.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
7.2.1 Properties
7.2.2 Markets and applications
7.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
7.3.1 Properties
7.3.2 Markets and applications
7.4 Market analysis
7.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
7.4.2 Regulations
7.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis
7.4.4 Supply Chain
7.4.5 Competitive Landscape
7.4.6 Future Outlook
7.4.7 Customer Segmentation
7.4.8 Geographical Markets
7.4.9 Addressable Market Size
7.4.10 Risks and Opportunities
7.4.11 Global market demand
7.4.11.1 MWCNTs
7.4.11.2 SWCNTs
7.5 Company profiles 773 (154 company profiles)
7.6 Other types
7.6.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)
7.6.1.1 Properties
7.6.1.2 Applications
7.6.2 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs)
7.6.2.1 Properties
7.6.2.2 Applications
7.6.3 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)
7.6.3.1 Properties
7.6.3.2 Applications
7.6.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)
7.6.4.1 Properties
7.6.4.2 Applications
7.5.5 Carbon Onions
7.6.5.1 Properties
7.6.5.2 Applications
7.5.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)
7.6.6.1 Properties
7.6.6.2 Applications
7.6.6.3 Production
7.6.7 Companies
8 CARBON NANOFIBERS
8.1 Properties
8.2 Synthesis
8.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition
8.2.2 Electrospinning
8.2.3 Template-based
8.2.4 From biomass
8.2.4.1 Lignin
8.2.4.2 Cellulose
8.2.4.3 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) derived from biomass
8.2.4.4 Algae
8.2.4.5 Chitosan
8.3 Challenges
8.4 Markets
8.4.1 Energy storage
8.4.1.1 Batteries
8.4.1.2 Supercapacitors
8.4.1.3 Fuel cells
8.4.2 CO2 capture
8.4.3 Composites
8.4.4 Filtration
8.4.5 Catalysis
8.4.6 Sensors
8.4.7 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
8.4.8 Biomedical
8.4.9 Concrete
8.5 Market analysis
8.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
8.5.2 Regulations
8.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis
8.5.4 Supply Chain
8.5.5 Competitive Landscape
8.5.5.1 Key players, CNF supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets
8.5.6 Future Outlook
8.5.7 Customer Segmentation
8.5.8 Geographical Markets
8.5.9 Addressable Market Size
8.5.10 Risks and Opportunities
8.6 Global market revenues
8.7 Companies 944 (12 company profiles)
9 FULLERENES
9.1 Properties
9.2 Markets and applications
9.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
9.4 Market analysis
9.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
9.4.2 Regulations
9.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis
9.4.4 Supply Chain
9.4.5 Competitive Landscape
9.4.6 Future Outlook
9.4.7 Customer Segmentation
9.4.8 Geographical Markets
9.4.9 Addressable Market Size
9.4.10 Risks and Opportunities
9.4.11 Global market demand
9.5 Producers 967 (20 company profiles)
10 NANODIAMONDS
10.1 Types
10.1.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds
10.1.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs)
10.2 Markets and applications
10.3 Market analysis
10.3.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
10.3.2 Regulations
10.3.3 Price and Costs Analysis
10.3.4 Supply Chain
10.3.5 Competitive Landscape
10.3.6 Future Outlook
10.3.7 Customer Segmentation
10.3.8 Geographical Markets
10.3.9 Addressable Market Size
10.3.10 Risks and Opportunities
10.3.11 Global demand 2018-2035, tonnes
10.4 Company profiles 997 (30 company profiles)
11 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 1023
11.1 Comparison to quantum dots 1024
11.2 Properties 1025
11.3 Synthesis 1025
11.3.1 Top-down method 1025
11.3.2 Bottom-up method 1025
11.4 Applications 1028
11.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 1028
11.6 Graphene quantum dot producers 1029 (9 company profiles)
12 CARBON FOAM 1038
12.1 Types 1038
12.1.1 Carbon aerogels 1038
12.1.1.1 Carbon-based aerogel composites 1039
12.2 Properties 1039
12.3 Applications 1040
12.4 Company profiles 1041 (16 company profiles)
13 DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS 1049
13.1 Properties 1050
13.2 Applications and markets 1051
13.3 Global market size 1052
13.4 Company profiles 1053 (9 company profiles)
14 ACTIVATED CARBON 1060
14.1 Overview 1060
14.2 Types 1060
14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) 1060
14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 1061
14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC) 1061
14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon 1061
14.3 Production 1061
14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon 1061
14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) 1062
14.4 Markets and applications 1063
14.4.1 Water Treatment 1063
14.4.2 Air Purification 1063
14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing 1064
14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 1064
14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 1064
14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery 1065
14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 1065
14.5 Market analysis 1065
14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1065
14.5.2 Regulations 1066
14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1067
14.5.4 Supply Chain 1068
14.5.5 Competitive Landscape 1069
14.5.6 Future Outlook 1070
14.5.7 Customer Segmentation 1071
14.5.8 Geographical Markets 1072
14.5.9 Addressable Market Size 1073
14.5.10 Risks and Opportunities 1074
14.6 Global market 1074
14.7 Companies 1076 (21 company profiles)
15 CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION 1110
15.1 CO2 capture from point sources 1111
15.1.1 Transportation 1112
15.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 1112
15.1.3 By source 1113
15.1.4 By endpoint 1115
15.2 Main carbon capture processes 1115
15.2.1 Materials 1115
15.2.2 Post-combustion 1117
15.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 1119
15.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 1119
15.2.5 Pre-combustion 1120
15.3 Carbon separation technologies 1121
15.3.1 Absorption capture 1123
15.3.2 Adsorption capture 1126
15.3.3 Membranes 1128
15.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture 1130
16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture 1131
15.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner 1132
15.3.7 Other technologies 1133
15.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 1134
15.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies 1134
15.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2 1135
15.3.9.1 Process overview 1136
16.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 1138
16.4.1 Description 1138
16.5 Companies 1140 (4 company profiles)
17 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1144
18 REFERENCES 1145
12. LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The advanced carbon materials market.
Table 2. Classification and types of the carbon fibers.
Table 3. Summary of carbon fiber properties.
Table 4. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber.
Table 5. Comparison of main precursor fibers.
Table 6. Properties of lignins and their applications.
Table 7. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.
Table 8. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs.
Table 9. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 10. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.
Table 11. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.
Table 12. Methods for direct fiber integration.
Table 13. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers.
Table 14. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs.
Table 15. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials.
Table 16. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.
Table 17. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.
Table 18. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.
Table 19. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players.
Table 20. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players.
Table 21. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers.
Table 22. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers
Table 23. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers.
Table 24. Carbon fibers supply chain.
Table 25. Key players, carbon fiber supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 26. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned.
Table 27. Future outlook for carbon fibers by end use market.
Table 28. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market.
Table 29. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market.
Table 30. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Table 31. Main Toray production sites and capacities.
Table 32. Commercially available carbon black grades.
Table 33. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance.
Table 34. Carbon black compounds.
Table 35. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 36: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry.
Table 37. Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2033.
Table 38. Carbon black non-tire applications.
Table 39. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Table 40. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications.
Table 41. rCB post-treatment technologies.
Table 42. Recovered carbon black producers.
Table 43. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Table 44. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers.
Table 45. Regulations pertaining to carbon black.
Table 46. Market supply chain for carbon black.
Table 47 Pricing of carbon black.
Table 48: Carbon black capacities, by producer.
Table 49. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market.
Table 50. Addressable market size for carbon black by market.
Table 51. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (100,000 tons).
Table 52. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (billion USD).
Table 53. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by region (100,000 tons).
Table 54. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.
Table 55. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics.
Table 56. Characteristics of synthetic graphite.
Table 57: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite.
Table 58. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite.
Table 59. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year).
Table 60. Markets and applications by types of graphite.
Table 61. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Graphite.
Table 62. Regulations pertaining to Graphite.
Table 63. Price and costs analysis for Graphite.
Table 64. Classification, application and price of graphite as a function of size.
Table 65. Graphite supply chain.
Table 66. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 67. Future outlook for graphite by end use market.
Table 68. Addressable market size for graphite by market.
Table 69. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2022, by country (tons).
Table 70. Global production of graphite 2016-2022 MT.
Table 71. Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035.
Table 72. Main natural graphite producers.
Table 73. Main synthetic graphite producers.
Table 74. Next Resources graphite flake products.
Table 75. Summary of key properties of biochar.
Table 76. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 77. Markets and applications for biochar.
Table 78. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.
Table 79. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 80. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.
Table 81. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.
Table 82. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.
Table 83. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.
Table 84. Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming.
Table 85. Effect of biochar on different soil properties.
Table 86. Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content.
Table 87. Application of biochar in construction.
Table 88. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement .
Table 89. Application of biochar in asphalt.
Table 90. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment.
Table 91. Biochar in carbon capture overview.
Table 92. Biochar in cosmetic products.
Table 93. Biochar in textiles.
Table 94. Biochar in additive manufacturing.
Table 95. Biochar in ink.
Table 96. Biochar in packaging.
Table 97. Companies using biochar in packaging.
Table 98. Biochar in steel and metal.
Table 99. Summary of applications of biochar in energy.
Table 100. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar.
Table 101. Regulations pertaining to biochar.
Table 102. Price and costs analysis for biochar.
Table 103. Biochar supply chain.
Table 104. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 105. Future outlook for biochar by end use market.
Table 106. Addressable market size for biochar by market.
Table 107. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by market.
Table 108. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by region.
Table 109. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 110. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 111. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 112. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 113. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.
Table 114. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene.
Table 115. Regulations pertaining to graphene.
Table 116. Types of graphene and typical prices.
Table 117. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.
Table 118. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.
Table 119. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.
Table 120. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer.
Table 121. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.
Table 122. Graphene ink pricing by producer.
Table 123. Graphene supply chain.
Table 124. Key players, graphene supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 125. Future outlook for graphene by end use market.
Table 126. Addressable market size for graphene by market.
Table 127. Graphene market challenges.
Table 128. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 129. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 130. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 131. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.
Table 132. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT.
Table 133. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.
Table 134. Applications of MWCNTs.
Table 135. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT.
Table 136. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.
Table 137. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanotubes.
Table 138. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Nanotubes.
Table 139. Price and costs analysis for carbon nanotubes.
Table 140. Carbon nanotubes pricing (MWCNTS, SWCNT etc.) by producer.
Table 141. SWCNTs pricing.
Table 142. Carbon Nanotubes supply chain.
Table 143. Key players, CNTs supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 144. Annual production capacity of the key MWCNT producers in 2023 (MT).
Table 145. Annual production capacity of SWCNT producers in 2023 (KG).
Table 146. Future outlook for Carbon Nanotubes by end use market.
Table 147. Addressable market size for Carbon Nanotubes by market.
Table 148. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2035.
Table 149. Properties of carbon nanotube paper.
Table 150. Chasm SWCNT products.
Table 151. Thomas Swan SWCNT production.
Table 152. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes.
Table 153. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs).
Table 154. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs).
Table 155. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns.
Table 156. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs.
Table 157. Applications of BNNTs.
Table 158. Analysis of wood feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 159. Analysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 160. Analysis of energy crops for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 161. Analysis of cellulose for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 162. Analysis of bacterial cellulose for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 163. Analysis of sugars for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 164. Analysis of starch for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 165. Analysis of vegetable oils feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 166. Analysis of algae feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 167. Analysis of chitosan feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 168. Challenges with biomass based CNFs.
Table 169. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers.
Table 170. Regulations pertaining to carbon nanofibers
Table 171. Price and costs analysis for carbon nanofibers.
Table 172. Carbon nanofibers supply chain.
Table 173. Key players, CNF supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 174. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market.
Table 175. Addressable market size for CNFs by market.
Table 176. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Table 177. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications.
Table 178. Types of fullerenes and applications.
Table 179. Products incorporating fullerenes.
Table 180. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes.
Table 181. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes.
Table 182. Regulations pertaining to Fullerenes.
Table 183. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes.
Table 184. Fullerenes supply chain.
Table 185. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 186. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market.
Table 187. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market.
Table 188. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 189. Properties of nanodiamonds.
Table 190. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages.
Table 191. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds.
Table 192. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds.
Table 193. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds.
Table 194. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds.
Table 195. Nanodiamonds supply chain.
Table 196. Key players, Nanodiamonds supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 197. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market.
Table 198. Addressable market size for Nanodiamonds by market.
Table 199. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2035.
Table 200. Production methods, by main ND producers.
Table 201. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list.
Table 202. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 1002
Table 203. Daicel nanodiamond product list. 1004
Table 204. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list. 1006
Table 205. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list. 1010
Table 206. Plasmachem product list and applications. 1017
Table 207. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 1019
Table 208. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 1019
Table 209. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 1023
Table 210. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 1026
Table 211. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 1027
Table 212. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 1028
Table 213. Properties of carbon foam materials. 1039
Table 214. Applications of carbon foams. 1039
Table 215. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1049
Table 216. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1050
Table 217. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2035 (Billion USD). 1051
Table 218. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon. 1064
Table 219. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon. 1065
Table 220. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon. 1066
Table 221. Activated Carbon supply chain. 1067
Table 222. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 1068
Table 223. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market. 1069
Table 224. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market. 1072
Table 225. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1073
Table 226. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1091
Table 227. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1092
Table 228. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1093
Table 229. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain. 1094
Table 230. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 1095
Table 231. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market. 1096
Table 232. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market. 1099
Table 233. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1100
Table 234. Point source examples. 1110
Table 235. Assessment of carbon capture materials 1115
Table 236. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 1117
Table 237. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 1120
Table 238. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 1120
Table 239. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1122
Table 240. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 1124
Table 241. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1125
Table 242. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview. 1128
Table 243. Comparison of main separation technologies. 1134
Table 244. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages. 1135
Table 245. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 1139
12. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers.
Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers.
Figure 3. Lignin/celluose precursor.
Figure 4. Process of preparing CF from lignin.
Figure 5. Carbon fiber manufacturing capacity in 2022, by company (metric tonnes)
Figure 6. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Figure 7. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by industry (MT).
Figure 8. Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by industry (MT).
Figure 9. Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by region (MT).
Figure 10. Neustark modular plant.
Figure 11. CR-9 carbon fiber wheel.
Figure 12. The Continuous Kinetic Mixing system.
Figure 13. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.
Figure 14. Electron microscope image of carbon black.
Figure 15. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black.
Figure 16. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution.
Figure 17. Surface Chemistry – Surface Functionality Distribution.
Figure 18. Sequence of structure development of Carbon Black.
Figure 19. Carbon Black pigment in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer.
Figure 20 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire.
Figure 21. Applications of specialty carbon black.
Figure 22. Specialty carbon black market volume, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Figure 23. Pyrolysis process: from ELT to rCB, oil, and syngas, and applications thereof.
Figure 24. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Figure 25. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (100,000 tons).
Figure 26. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (millions USD).
Figure 27. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by region (100,000 tons).
Figure 28. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.
Figure 29. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG).
Figure 30. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.
Figure 31. Flake graphite.
Figure 32. Applications of flake graphite.
Figure 33. Amorphous graphite.
Figure 34. Vein graphite.
Figure 35: Isostatic pressed graphite.
Figure 36. Global market for graphite EAFs, 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 37. Extruded graphite rod.
Figure 38. Vibration Molded Graphite.
Figure 39. Die-molded graphite products.
Figure 40. Price of fine flake graphite 2022-2023.
Figure 41. Price of spherical graphite, 2022-2023.
Figure 42. Global production of graphite 2016-2022 MT.
Figure 43. Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035.
Figure 44. Global market demand for natural graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes.
Figure 45. Global market demand for synthetic graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes.
Figure 46. Consumption of graphite by end use markets, 2022.
Figure 47. Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2033.
Figure 48. Global consumption of graphite by type and region, 2022
Figure 49. Graphite market supply chain (battery market).
Figure 50. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.
Figure 51. Compressed biochar.
Figure 52. Biochar production diagram.
Figure 53. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture.
Figure 54. Perennial ryegrass plants grown in clay soil with (Right) and without (Left) biochar.
Figure 55. Biochar bricks.
Figure 56. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (tons), by market.
Figure 57. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by region.
Figure 58. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 59. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 60. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 61. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 62. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 63. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 64. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 65. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.
Figure 66. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 67. Takavator.
Figure 68. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene.
Figure 69. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 70. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 71. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 72. Graphene heating films.
Figure 73. Graphene flake products.
Figure 74. AIKA Black-T.
Figure 75. Printed graphene biosensors.
Figure 76. Prototype of printed memory device.
Figure 77. Brain Scientific electrode schematic.
Figure 78. Graphene battery schematic.
Figure 79. Dotz Nano GQD products.
Figure 80. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.
Figure 81. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.
Figure 82. Wearable sweat sensor.
Figure 83. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.
Figure 84. BioStamp nPoint.
Figure 85. Nanotech Energy battery.
Figure 86. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.
Figure 87. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.
Figure 88. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.
Figure 89. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.
Figure 90. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.
Figure 91. Quantag GQDs and sensor.
Figure 92. Thermal conductive graphene film.
Figure 93. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.
Figure 94. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.
Figure 95. Demand for MWCNT by application in 2023.
Figure 96. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons).
Figure 97. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2035.
Figure 98. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype.
Figure 99. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.
Figure 100. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology.
Figure 101. Fuji carbon nanotube products.
Figure 102. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic.
Figure 103. CSCNT composite dispersion.
Figure 104. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays.
Figure 105. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product.
Figure 106. NAWACap.
Figure 107. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.
Figure 108. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.
Figure 109. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.
Figure 110. CNT film.
Figure 111. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product.
Figure 112. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.
Figure 113. Carbon nanotube paint product.
Figure 114. MEIJO eDIPS product.
Figure 115. HiPCO® Reactor.
Figure 116. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip.
Figure 117. The Smell Inspector.
Figure 118. Toray CNF printed RFID.
Figure 119. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model.
Figure 120. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment.
Figure 121. TEM image of FWNTs.
Figure 122. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns.
Figure 123. TEM image of carbon onion.
Figure 124. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.
Figure 125. Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs (Source: JNM).
Figure 126. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet.
Figure 127. SWOT analysis: carbon nanofibers in batteries.
Figure 128. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in supercapacitors.
Figure 129. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in fuel cells.
Figure 130. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in CO2 capture.
Figure 131. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in composites.
Figure 132. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in filtration.
Figure 133. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in catalysis.
Figure 134. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in sensors.
Figure 135. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in sensors.
Figure 136. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in biomedical.
Figure 137. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in concrete.
Figure 138. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in catalysis.
Figure 139. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Figure 140. Solid Carbon produced by UP Catalyst.
Figure 141. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes.
Figure 142. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 143. Detonation Nanodiamond.
Figure 144. DND primary particles and properties.
Figure 145. Functional groups of Nanodiamonds.
Figure 146. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2035.
Figure 147. NBD battery. 1012
Figure 148. Neomond dispersions. 1014
Figure 149. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 1016
Figure 150. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 1022
Figure 151. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 1023
Figure 152. Graphene quantum dots. 1025
Figure 153. Top-down and bottom-up methods. 1026
Figure 154. Dotz Nano GQD products. 1029
Figure 155. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 1032
Figure 156. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 1034
Figure 157. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell. 1037
Figure 158. Classification of DLC coatings. 1048
Figure 159. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2035 (Billion USD). 1052
Figure 160. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1074
Figure 161. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1101
Figure 162. CO2 capture and separation technology. 1110
Figure 163. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities. 1112
Figure 164. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021. 1113
Figure 165. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030. 1113
Figure 166. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030. 1114
Figure 167. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 1117
Figure 168. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 1117
Figure 169. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 1118
Figure 170. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 1119
Figure 171. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 1120
Figure 172. Amine-based absorption technology. 1123
Figure 173. Pressure swing absorption technology. 1127
Figure 174. Membrane separation technology. 1129
Figure 175. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation. 1130
Figure 176. Process schematic of chemical looping. 1131
Figure 177. Calix advanced calcination reactor. 1132
Figure 178. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram. 1133
Figure 179. Electrochemical CO? reduction products. 1135
Figure 180. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 1138
Figure 181. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 1139
1.1 Market overview
1.2 Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition
2 CARBON FIBERS
2.1 Properties of carbon fibers
2.1.1 Types by modulus
2.1.2 Types by the secondary processing
2.2 Precursor material types
2.2.1 PAN: Polyacrylonitrile
2.2.1.1 Spinning
2.2.1.2 Stabilizing
2.2.1.3 Carbonizing
2.2.1.4 Surface treatment
2.2.1.5 Sizing
2.2.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers
2.2.1.7 Isotropic pitch
2.2.1.8 Mesophase pitch
2.2.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers
2.2.2 Bio-based and alternative precursors
2.2.2.1 Lignin
2.2.2.2 Polyethylene
2.2.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF)
2.2.2.4 Textile PAN
2.2.3 Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF)
2.2.3.1 Recycling processes
2.2.3.2 Companies
2.2.4 Carbon Fiber 3D Printing
2.2.5 Plasma oxidation
2.2.6 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
2.2.6.1 Applications
2.3 Markets and applications
2.3.1 Aerospace
2.3.2 Wind energy
2.3.3 Sports & leisure
2.3.4 Automotive
2.3.5 Pressure vessels
2.3.6 Oil and gas
2.4 Market analysis
2.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
2.4.2 Regulations
2.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis
2.4.4 Supply Chain
2.4.5 Competitive Landscape
2.4.5.1 Annual capacity, by producer
2.4.5.2 Market share, by capacity
2.4.6 Future Outlook
2.4.7 Customer Segmentation
2.4.8 Geographical Markets
2.4.9 Addressable Market Size
2.4.10 Risks and Opportunities
2.4.11 Global market
2.4.11.1 Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by industry (MT)
2.4.11.2 Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by industry (billions USD)
2.4.11.3 Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by region (MT)
2.5 Company profiles
2.5.1 Carbon fiber producers 96 (29 company profiles)
2.5.2 Carbon Fiber composite producers 114 (62 company profiles)
2.5.3 Carbon fiber recyclers 150 (16 company profiles)
3 CARBON BLACK
3.1 Commercially available carbon black
3.2 Properties
3.2.1 Particle size distribution
3.2.2 Structure-Aggregate size
3.2.3 Surface chemistry
3.2.4 Agglomerates
3.2.5 Colour properties
3.2.6 Porosity
3.2.7 Physical form
3.3 Manufacturing processes
3.4 Markets and applications
3.4.1 Tires and automotive
3.4.2 Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber)
3.4.3 Other markets
3.5 Specialty carbon black
3.5.1 Global market size for specialty CB
3.6 Recovered carbon black (rCB)
3.6.1 Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT)
3.6.2 Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis
3.6.3 Semi-continuous pyrolysis
3.6.4 Continuous pyrolysis
3.6.5 Key players
3.6.6 Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black
3.7 Market analysis
3.7.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
3.7.2 Regulations
3.7.3 Supply chain
3.7.4 Price and Costs Analysis
3.7.4.1 Feedstock
3.7.4.2 Commercial carbon black
3.7.5 Competitive Landscape
3.7.5.1 Production capacities
3.7.6 Future Outlook
3.7.7 Customer Segmentation
3.7.8 Geographical Markets
3.7.9 Addressable Market Size
3.7.10 Risks and Opportunities
3.7.11 Global market
3.7.11.1 By market (tons)
3.7.11.2 By market (revenues)
3.7.11.3 By region (Tons)
3.8 Company profiles 192 (51company profiles)
4 GRAPHITE
4.1 Types of graphite
4.1.1 Natural vs synthetic graphite
4.2 Natural graphite
4.2.1 Classification
4.2.2 Processing
4.2.3 Flake
4.2.3.1 Grades
4.2.3.2 Applications
4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite
4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite
4.2.4 Amorphous graphite
4.2.4.1 Applications
4.2.5 Crystalline vein graphite
4.2.5.1 Applications
4.3 Synthetic graphite
4.3.1 Classification
4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite
4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite
4.3.2 Processing
4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes
4.3.3 Issues with synthetic graphite production
4.3.4 Isostatic Graphite
4.3.4.1 Description
4.3.4.2 Markets
4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities
4.3.5 Graphite electrodes
4.3.6 Extruded Graphite
4.3.7 Vibration Molded Graphite
4.3.8 Die-molded graphite
4.4 New technologies
4.5 Recycling of graphite materials
4.6 Green graphite
4.7 Markets and applications for graphite
4.8 Market analysis
4.8.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
4.8.2 Regulations
4.8.3 Price and Costs Analysis
4.8.4 Supply Chain
4.8.5 Competitive Landscape
4.8.6 Future Outlook
4.8.7 Customer Segmentation
4.8.8 Geographical Markets
4.8.9 Addressable Market Size
4.8.10 Risks and Opportunities
4.9 Global market
4.9.1 Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite
4.9.2 Global graphite production in tonnes, 2016-2022
4.9.3 Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035
4.9.4 Synthetic graphite supply
4.9.5 Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes
4.9.5.1 Natural graphite
4.9.5.2 Synthetic graphite
4.9.6 Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2022
4.9.7 Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2033
4.9.8 Demand by region
4.9.9 Main market players
4.9.9.1 Natural graphite
4.9.9.2 Synthetic graphite
4.9.10 Market supply chain
4.10 Company profiles 262 (96 company profiles)
5 BIOCHAR
5.1 What is biochar?
5.2 Carbon sequestration
5.3 Properties of biochar
5.4 Markets and applications
5.5 Biochar production
5.6 Feedstocks
5.7 Production processes
5.7.1 Sustainable production
5.7.2 Pyrolysis
5.7.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
5.7.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
5.7.3 Gasification
5.7.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
5.7.5 Torrefaction
5.7.6 Equipment manufacturers
5.8 Carbon credits
5.8.1 Overview
5.8.2 Removal and reduction credits
5.8.3 The advantage of biochar
5.8.4 Price
5.8.5 Buyers of biochar credits
5.8.6 Competitive materials and technologies
5.8.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration
5.8.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)
5.8.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS)
5.8.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation
5.8.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement
5.8.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation
5.9 Markets for biochar
5.9.1 Agriculture & livestock farming
5.9.1.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.1.2 Applications
5.9.2 Construction materials
5.9.2.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.2.2 Applications
5.9.3 Wastewater treatment
5.9.3.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.3.2 Applications
5.9.4 Filtration
5.9.4.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.4.2 Applications
5.9.5 Carbon capture
5.9.5.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.5.2 Applications
5.9.6 Cosmetics
5.9.6.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.6.2 Applications
5.9.7 Textiles
5.9.7.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.7.2 Applications
5.9.8 Additive manufacturing
5.9.8.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.8.2 Applications
5.9.9 Ink
5.9.9.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.9.2 Applications
5.9.10 Polymers
5.9.10.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.10.2 Applications
5.9.11 Packaging
5.9.11.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.11.2 Applications
5.9.12 Steel and metal
5.9.12.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.12.2 Applications
5.9.13 Energy
5.9.13.1 Market drivers and trends
5.9.13.2 Applications
5.10 Market analysis
5.10.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
5.10.2 Regulations
5.10.3 Price and Costs Analysis
5.10.4 Supply Chain
5.10.5 Competitive Landscape
5.10.6 Future Outlook
5.10.7 Customer Segmentation
5.10.8 Geographical Markets
5.10.9 Addressable Market Size
5.10.10 Risks and Opportunities
5.10.11 Global market
5.10.11.1 By market
5.10.11.2 By region
5.10.11.3 By feedstocks
5.10.11.4 China and Asia-Pacific
5.10.11.5 North America
5.10.11.6 Europe
5.10.11.7 South America
5.10.11.8 Africa
5.10.11.9 Middle East
5.11 Company profiles 400 (121 company profiles)
6 GRAPHENE
6.1 Types of graphene
6.2 Properties
6.3 Market analysis
6.3.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
6.3.2 Regulations
6.3.3 Price and Costs Analysis
6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene
6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing
6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing
6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing
6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing
6.3.3.6 Graphene ink
6.3.4 Supply Chain
6.3.5 Competitive Landscape
6.3.6 Future Outlook
6.3.7 Customer Segmentation
6.3.8 Geographical Markets
6.3.9 Addressable Market Size
6.3.10 Risks and Opportunities
6.3.11 Gobal demand 2018-2035, tons
6.3.11.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons)
6.3.11.2 Global demand by end user market
6.3.11.3 Graphene market, by region
6.4 Company profiles 499 (360 company profiles)
7 CARBON NANOTUBES
7.1 Properties
7.1.1 Comparative properties of CNTs
7.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
7.2.1 Properties
7.2.2 Markets and applications
7.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
7.3.1 Properties
7.3.2 Markets and applications
7.4 Market analysis
7.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
7.4.2 Regulations
7.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis
7.4.4 Supply Chain
7.4.5 Competitive Landscape
7.4.6 Future Outlook
7.4.7 Customer Segmentation
7.4.8 Geographical Markets
7.4.9 Addressable Market Size
7.4.10 Risks and Opportunities
7.4.11 Global market demand
7.4.11.1 MWCNTs
7.4.11.2 SWCNTs
7.5 Company profiles 773 (154 company profiles)
7.6 Other types
7.6.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)
7.6.1.1 Properties
7.6.1.2 Applications
7.6.2 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs)
7.6.2.1 Properties
7.6.2.2 Applications
7.6.3 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)
7.6.3.1 Properties
7.6.3.2 Applications
7.6.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)
7.6.4.1 Properties
7.6.4.2 Applications
7.5.5 Carbon Onions
7.6.5.1 Properties
7.6.5.2 Applications
7.5.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)
7.6.6.1 Properties
7.6.6.2 Applications
7.6.6.3 Production
7.6.7 Companies
8 CARBON NANOFIBERS
8.1 Properties
8.2 Synthesis
8.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition
8.2.2 Electrospinning
8.2.3 Template-based
8.2.4 From biomass
8.2.4.1 Lignin
8.2.4.2 Cellulose
8.2.4.3 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) derived from biomass
8.2.4.4 Algae
8.2.4.5 Chitosan
8.3 Challenges
8.4 Markets
8.4.1 Energy storage
8.4.1.1 Batteries
8.4.1.2 Supercapacitors
8.4.1.3 Fuel cells
8.4.2 CO2 capture
8.4.3 Composites
8.4.4 Filtration
8.4.5 Catalysis
8.4.6 Sensors
8.4.7 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
8.4.8 Biomedical
8.4.9 Concrete
8.5 Market analysis
8.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
8.5.2 Regulations
8.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis
8.5.4 Supply Chain
8.5.5 Competitive Landscape
8.5.5.1 Key players, CNF supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets
8.5.6 Future Outlook
8.5.7 Customer Segmentation
8.5.8 Geographical Markets
8.5.9 Addressable Market Size
8.5.10 Risks and Opportunities
8.6 Global market revenues
8.7 Companies 944 (12 company profiles)
9 FULLERENES
9.1 Properties
9.2 Markets and applications
9.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
9.4 Market analysis
9.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
9.4.2 Regulations
9.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis
9.4.4 Supply Chain
9.4.5 Competitive Landscape
9.4.6 Future Outlook
9.4.7 Customer Segmentation
9.4.8 Geographical Markets
9.4.9 Addressable Market Size
9.4.10 Risks and Opportunities
9.4.11 Global market demand
9.5 Producers 967 (20 company profiles)
10 NANODIAMONDS
10.1 Types
10.1.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds
10.1.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs)
10.2 Markets and applications
10.3 Market analysis
10.3.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends
10.3.2 Regulations
10.3.3 Price and Costs Analysis
10.3.4 Supply Chain
10.3.5 Competitive Landscape
10.3.6 Future Outlook
10.3.7 Customer Segmentation
10.3.8 Geographical Markets
10.3.9 Addressable Market Size
10.3.10 Risks and Opportunities
10.3.11 Global demand 2018-2035, tonnes
10.4 Company profiles 997 (30 company profiles)
11 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 1023
11.1 Comparison to quantum dots 1024
11.2 Properties 1025
11.3 Synthesis 1025
11.3.1 Top-down method 1025
11.3.2 Bottom-up method 1025
11.4 Applications 1028
11.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 1028
11.6 Graphene quantum dot producers 1029 (9 company profiles)
12 CARBON FOAM 1038
12.1 Types 1038
12.1.1 Carbon aerogels 1038
12.1.1.1 Carbon-based aerogel composites 1039
12.2 Properties 1039
12.3 Applications 1040
12.4 Company profiles 1041 (16 company profiles)
13 DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS 1049
13.1 Properties 1050
13.2 Applications and markets 1051
13.3 Global market size 1052
13.4 Company profiles 1053 (9 company profiles)
14 ACTIVATED CARBON 1060
14.1 Overview 1060
14.2 Types 1060
14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) 1060
14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 1061
14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC) 1061
14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon 1061
14.3 Production 1061
14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon 1061
14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon 1062
14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) 1062
14.4 Markets and applications 1063
14.4.1 Water Treatment 1063
14.4.2 Air Purification 1063
14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing 1064
14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 1064
14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 1064
14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery 1065
14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 1065
14.5 Market analysis 1065
14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1065
14.5.2 Regulations 1066
14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1067
14.5.4 Supply Chain 1068
14.5.5 Competitive Landscape 1069
14.5.6 Future Outlook 1070
14.5.7 Customer Segmentation 1071
14.5.8 Geographical Markets 1072
14.5.9 Addressable Market Size 1073
14.5.10 Risks and Opportunities 1074
14.6 Global market 1074
14.7 Companies 1076 (21 company profiles)
15 CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION 1110
15.1 CO2 capture from point sources 1111
15.1.1 Transportation 1112
15.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 1112
15.1.3 By source 1113
15.1.4 By endpoint 1115
15.2 Main carbon capture processes 1115
15.2.1 Materials 1115
15.2.2 Post-combustion 1117
15.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 1119
15.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 1119
15.2.5 Pre-combustion 1120
15.3 Carbon separation technologies 1121
15.3.1 Absorption capture 1123
15.3.2 Adsorption capture 1126
15.3.3 Membranes 1128
15.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture 1130
16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture 1131
15.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner 1132
15.3.7 Other technologies 1133
15.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 1134
15.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies 1134
15.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2 1135
15.3.9.1 Process overview 1136
16.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 1138
16.4.1 Description 1138
16.5 Companies 1140 (4 company profiles)
17 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1144
18 REFERENCES 1145
12. LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The advanced carbon materials market.
Table 2. Classification and types of the carbon fibers.
Table 3. Summary of carbon fiber properties.
Table 4. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber.
Table 5. Comparison of main precursor fibers.
Table 6. Properties of lignins and their applications.
Table 7. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.
Table 8. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs.
Table 9. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 10. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.
Table 11. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.
Table 12. Methods for direct fiber integration.
Table 13. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers.
Table 14. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs.
Table 15. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials.
Table 16. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.
Table 17. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.
Table 18. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.
Table 19. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players.
Table 20. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players.
Table 21. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers.
Table 22. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers
Table 23. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers.
Table 24. Carbon fibers supply chain.
Table 25. Key players, carbon fiber supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 26. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned.
Table 27. Future outlook for carbon fibers by end use market.
Table 28. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market.
Table 29. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market.
Table 30. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Table 31. Main Toray production sites and capacities.
Table 32. Commercially available carbon black grades.
Table 33. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance.
Table 34. Carbon black compounds.
Table 35. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 36: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry.
Table 37. Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2033.
Table 38. Carbon black non-tire applications.
Table 39. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Table 40. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications.
Table 41. rCB post-treatment technologies.
Table 42. Recovered carbon black producers.
Table 43. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Table 44. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers.
Table 45. Regulations pertaining to carbon black.
Table 46. Market supply chain for carbon black.
Table 47 Pricing of carbon black.
Table 48: Carbon black capacities, by producer.
Table 49. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market.
Table 50. Addressable market size for carbon black by market.
Table 51. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (100,000 tons).
Table 52. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (billion USD).
Table 53. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by region (100,000 tons).
Table 54. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.
Table 55. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics.
Table 56. Characteristics of synthetic graphite.
Table 57: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite.
Table 58. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite.
Table 59. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year).
Table 60. Markets and applications by types of graphite.
Table 61. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Graphite.
Table 62. Regulations pertaining to Graphite.
Table 63. Price and costs analysis for Graphite.
Table 64. Classification, application and price of graphite as a function of size.
Table 65. Graphite supply chain.
Table 66. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 67. Future outlook for graphite by end use market.
Table 68. Addressable market size for graphite by market.
Table 69. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2022, by country (tons).
Table 70. Global production of graphite 2016-2022 MT.
Table 71. Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035.
Table 72. Main natural graphite producers.
Table 73. Main synthetic graphite producers.
Table 74. Next Resources graphite flake products.
Table 75. Summary of key properties of biochar.
Table 76. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 77. Markets and applications for biochar.
Table 78. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.
Table 79. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 80. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.
Table 81. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.
Table 82. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.
Table 83. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.
Table 84. Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming.
Table 85. Effect of biochar on different soil properties.
Table 86. Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content.
Table 87. Application of biochar in construction.
Table 88. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement .
Table 89. Application of biochar in asphalt.
Table 90. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment.
Table 91. Biochar in carbon capture overview.
Table 92. Biochar in cosmetic products.
Table 93. Biochar in textiles.
Table 94. Biochar in additive manufacturing.
Table 95. Biochar in ink.
Table 96. Biochar in packaging.
Table 97. Companies using biochar in packaging.
Table 98. Biochar in steel and metal.
Table 99. Summary of applications of biochar in energy.
Table 100. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar.
Table 101. Regulations pertaining to biochar.
Table 102. Price and costs analysis for biochar.
Table 103. Biochar supply chain.
Table 104. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 105. Future outlook for biochar by end use market.
Table 106. Addressable market size for biochar by market.
Table 107. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by market.
Table 108. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by region.
Table 109. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 110. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 111. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 112. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Table 113. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.
Table 114. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene.
Table 115. Regulations pertaining to graphene.
Table 116. Types of graphene and typical prices.
Table 117. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.
Table 118. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.
Table 119. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.
Table 120. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer.
Table 121. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.
Table 122. Graphene ink pricing by producer.
Table 123. Graphene supply chain.
Table 124. Key players, graphene supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 125. Future outlook for graphene by end use market.
Table 126. Addressable market size for graphene by market.
Table 127. Graphene market challenges.
Table 128. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 129. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 130. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 131. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.
Table 132. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT.
Table 133. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.
Table 134. Applications of MWCNTs.
Table 135. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT.
Table 136. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.
Table 137. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanotubes.
Table 138. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Nanotubes.
Table 139. Price and costs analysis for carbon nanotubes.
Table 140. Carbon nanotubes pricing (MWCNTS, SWCNT etc.) by producer.
Table 141. SWCNTs pricing.
Table 142. Carbon Nanotubes supply chain.
Table 143. Key players, CNTs supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 144. Annual production capacity of the key MWCNT producers in 2023 (MT).
Table 145. Annual production capacity of SWCNT producers in 2023 (KG).
Table 146. Future outlook for Carbon Nanotubes by end use market.
Table 147. Addressable market size for Carbon Nanotubes by market.
Table 148. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2035.
Table 149. Properties of carbon nanotube paper.
Table 150. Chasm SWCNT products.
Table 151. Thomas Swan SWCNT production.
Table 152. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes.
Table 153. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs).
Table 154. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs).
Table 155. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns.
Table 156. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs.
Table 157. Applications of BNNTs.
Table 158. Analysis of wood feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 159. Analysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 160. Analysis of energy crops for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 161. Analysis of cellulose for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 162. Analysis of bacterial cellulose for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 163. Analysis of sugars for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 164. Analysis of starch for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 165. Analysis of vegetable oils feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 166. Analysis of algae feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 167. Analysis of chitosan feedstock for carbon nanofiber production (Abundance, Composition, Pretreatment, Processing, Properties, Sustainability)
Table 168. Challenges with biomass based CNFs.
Table 169. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers.
Table 170. Regulations pertaining to carbon nanofibers
Table 171. Price and costs analysis for carbon nanofibers.
Table 172. Carbon nanofibers supply chain.
Table 173. Key players, CNF supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 174. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market.
Table 175. Addressable market size for CNFs by market.
Table 176. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Table 177. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications.
Table 178. Types of fullerenes and applications.
Table 179. Products incorporating fullerenes.
Table 180. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes.
Table 181. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes.
Table 182. Regulations pertaining to Fullerenes.
Table 183. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes.
Table 184. Fullerenes supply chain.
Table 185. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 186. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market.
Table 187. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market.
Table 188. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2035 (tons).
Table 189. Properties of nanodiamonds.
Table 190. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages.
Table 191. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds.
Table 192. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds.
Table 193. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds.
Table 194. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds.
Table 195. Nanodiamonds supply chain.
Table 196. Key players, Nanodiamonds supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets.
Table 197. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market.
Table 198. Addressable market size for Nanodiamonds by market.
Table 199. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2035.
Table 200. Production methods, by main ND producers.
Table 201. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list.
Table 202. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 1002
Table 203. Daicel nanodiamond product list. 1004
Table 204. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list. 1006
Table 205. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list. 1010
Table 206. Plasmachem product list and applications. 1017
Table 207. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 1019
Table 208. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 1019
Table 209. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 1023
Table 210. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 1026
Table 211. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 1027
Table 212. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 1028
Table 213. Properties of carbon foam materials. 1039
Table 214. Applications of carbon foams. 1039
Table 215. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1049
Table 216. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1050
Table 217. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2035 (Billion USD). 1051
Table 218. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon. 1064
Table 219. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon. 1065
Table 220. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon. 1066
Table 221. Activated Carbon supply chain. 1067
Table 222. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 1068
Table 223. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market. 1069
Table 224. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market. 1072
Table 225. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1073
Table 226. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1091
Table 227. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1092
Table 228. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1093
Table 229. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain. 1094
Table 230. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 1095
Table 231. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market. 1096
Table 232. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market. 1099
Table 233. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1100
Table 234. Point source examples. 1110
Table 235. Assessment of carbon capture materials 1115
Table 236. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 1117
Table 237. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 1120
Table 238. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 1120
Table 239. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1122
Table 240. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 1124
Table 241. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1125
Table 242. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview. 1128
Table 243. Comparison of main separation technologies. 1134
Table 244. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages. 1135
Table 245. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 1139
12. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers.
Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers.
Figure 3. Lignin/celluose precursor.
Figure 4. Process of preparing CF from lignin.
Figure 5. Carbon fiber manufacturing capacity in 2022, by company (metric tonnes)
Figure 6. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Figure 7. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by industry (MT).
Figure 8. Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by industry (MT).
Figure 9. Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by region (MT).
Figure 10. Neustark modular plant.
Figure 11. CR-9 carbon fiber wheel.
Figure 12. The Continuous Kinetic Mixing system.
Figure 13. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.
Figure 14. Electron microscope image of carbon black.
Figure 15. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black.
Figure 16. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution.
Figure 17. Surface Chemistry – Surface Functionality Distribution.
Figure 18. Sequence of structure development of Carbon Black.
Figure 19. Carbon Black pigment in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer.
Figure 20 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire.
Figure 21. Applications of specialty carbon black.
Figure 22. Specialty carbon black market volume, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Figure 23. Pyrolysis process: from ELT to rCB, oil, and syngas, and applications thereof.
Figure 24. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market.
Figure 25. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (100,000 tons).
Figure 26. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (millions USD).
Figure 27. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by region (100,000 tons).
Figure 28. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.
Figure 29. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG).
Figure 30. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.
Figure 31. Flake graphite.
Figure 32. Applications of flake graphite.
Figure 33. Amorphous graphite.
Figure 34. Vein graphite.
Figure 35: Isostatic pressed graphite.
Figure 36. Global market for graphite EAFs, 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 37. Extruded graphite rod.
Figure 38. Vibration Molded Graphite.
Figure 39. Die-molded graphite products.
Figure 40. Price of fine flake graphite 2022-2023.
Figure 41. Price of spherical graphite, 2022-2023.
Figure 42. Global production of graphite 2016-2022 MT.
Figure 43. Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035.
Figure 44. Global market demand for natural graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes.
Figure 45. Global market demand for synthetic graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes.
Figure 46. Consumption of graphite by end use markets, 2022.
Figure 47. Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2033.
Figure 48. Global consumption of graphite by type and region, 2022
Figure 49. Graphite market supply chain (battery market).
Figure 50. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.
Figure 51. Compressed biochar.
Figure 52. Biochar production diagram.
Figure 53. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture.
Figure 54. Perennial ryegrass plants grown in clay soil with (Right) and without (Left) biochar.
Figure 55. Biochar bricks.
Figure 56. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (tons), by market.
Figure 57. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by region.
Figure 58. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 59. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 60. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 61. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 62. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 63. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 64. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023-2035.
Figure 65. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.
Figure 66. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 67. Takavator.
Figure 68. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene.
Figure 69. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 70. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 71. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 72. Graphene heating films.
Figure 73. Graphene flake products.
Figure 74. AIKA Black-T.
Figure 75. Printed graphene biosensors.
Figure 76. Prototype of printed memory device.
Figure 77. Brain Scientific electrode schematic.
Figure 78. Graphene battery schematic.
Figure 79. Dotz Nano GQD products.
Figure 80. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.
Figure 81. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.
Figure 82. Wearable sweat sensor.
Figure 83. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.
Figure 84. BioStamp nPoint.
Figure 85. Nanotech Energy battery.
Figure 86. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.
Figure 87. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.
Figure 88. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.
Figure 89. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.
Figure 90. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.
Figure 91. Quantag GQDs and sensor.
Figure 92. Thermal conductive graphene film.
Figure 93. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.
Figure 94. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.
Figure 95. Demand for MWCNT by application in 2023.
Figure 96. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons).
Figure 97. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2035.
Figure 98. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype.
Figure 99. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.
Figure 100. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology.
Figure 101. Fuji carbon nanotube products.
Figure 102. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic.
Figure 103. CSCNT composite dispersion.
Figure 104. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays.
Figure 105. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product.
Figure 106. NAWACap.
Figure 107. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.
Figure 108. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.
Figure 109. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.
Figure 110. CNT film.
Figure 111. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product.
Figure 112. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.
Figure 113. Carbon nanotube paint product.
Figure 114. MEIJO eDIPS product.
Figure 115. HiPCO® Reactor.
Figure 116. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip.
Figure 117. The Smell Inspector.
Figure 118. Toray CNF printed RFID.
Figure 119. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model.
Figure 120. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment.
Figure 121. TEM image of FWNTs.
Figure 122. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns.
Figure 123. TEM image of carbon onion.
Figure 124. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.
Figure 125. Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs (Source: JNM).
Figure 126. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet.
Figure 127. SWOT analysis: carbon nanofibers in batteries.
Figure 128. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in supercapacitors.
Figure 129. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in fuel cells.
Figure 130. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in CO2 capture.
Figure 131. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in composites.
Figure 132. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in filtration.
Figure 133. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in catalysis.
Figure 134. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in sensors.
Figure 135. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in sensors.
Figure 136. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in biomedical.
Figure 137. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in concrete.
Figure 138. SWOT analysis for carbon nanofibers in catalysis.
Figure 139. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market.
Figure 140. Solid Carbon produced by UP Catalyst.
Figure 141. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes.
Figure 142. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 143. Detonation Nanodiamond.
Figure 144. DND primary particles and properties.
Figure 145. Functional groups of Nanodiamonds.
Figure 146. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2035.
Figure 147. NBD battery. 1012
Figure 148. Neomond dispersions. 1014
Figure 149. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 1016
Figure 150. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 1022
Figure 151. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 1023
Figure 152. Graphene quantum dots. 1025
Figure 153. Top-down and bottom-up methods. 1026
Figure 154. Dotz Nano GQD products. 1029
Figure 155. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 1032
Figure 156. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 1034
Figure 157. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell. 1037
Figure 158. Classification of DLC coatings. 1048
Figure 159. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2035 (Billion USD). 1052
Figure 160. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1074
Figure 161. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 1101
Figure 162. CO2 capture and separation technology. 1110
Figure 163. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities. 1112
Figure 164. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021. 1113
Figure 165. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030. 1113
Figure 166. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030. 1114
Figure 167. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 1117
Figure 168. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 1117
Figure 169. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 1118
Figure 170. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 1119
Figure 171. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 1120
Figure 172. Amine-based absorption technology. 1123
Figure 173. Pressure swing absorption technology. 1127
Figure 174. Membrane separation technology. 1129
Figure 175. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation. 1130
Figure 176. Process schematic of chemical looping. 1131
Figure 177. Calix advanced calcination reactor. 1132
Figure 178. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram. 1133
Figure 179. Electrochemical CO? reduction products. 1135
Figure 180. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 1138
Figure 181. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 1139
