Global Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Market 2025-2045
The global Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) market has gained unprecedented momentum as nations and industries align with net-zero goals. is Growth driven by increasing climate change mitigation efforts and supportive government policies. Currently, the market is characterized by a mix of established industrial applications and emerging technologies, with significant expansion in both capture capacity and utilization pathways.
Point source carbon capture dominates the current market, primarily focused on industrial applications including power generation, cement production, and hydrogen manufacturing. Major industrial players are increasingly integrating CCUS technologies into their decarbonization strategies, while the emergence of direct air capture (DAC) technologies is opening new opportunities for carbon removal and utilization. The market is witnessing substantial investment growth, with venture capital funding reaching record levels and increased corporate commitments to carbon reduction. Government support through initiatives like the U.S. 45Q tax credits and the EU's Innovation Fund is accelerating commercial deployment. China's rapid advancement in CCUS technology development and deployment is reshaping the global market landscape. Current commercial CCUS facilities are predominantly focused on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications, but new utilization pathways are gaining traction.Start-ups are focusing on low-cost capture solvents, membrane technologies, and modular DAC systems. The voluntary carbon removal credits, exemplified by Microsoft’s $200 million purchase from Climeworks, is creating revenue streams, with blockchain-enabled tracking enhancing transparency. The conversion of CO2 into fuels, chemicals, and building materials represents growing market segments, supported by technological advances and increasing demand for low-carbon products.
Looking toward 2045, the CCUS market is expected to expand significantly. Projections indicate a substantial increase in global capture capacity, driven by both regulatory requirements and improving project economics. The integration of CCUS with hydrogen production (blue hydrogen) is expected to be a major growth driver, alongside expanding applications in hard-to-abate industrial sectors. Technological developments are expected to reduce capture costs while improving efficiency and scalability. Innovation in materials, processes, and integration strategies is likely to open new market opportunities, particularly in direct air capture and novel utilization pathways. The development of CCUS hubs and clusters is anticipated to solve infrastructure challenges and improve project economics through shared facilities.
Market growth is supported by strengthening carbon pricing mechanisms and increasingly stringent emissions regulations globally. The voluntary carbon market's expansion is creating additional revenue streams for CCUS projects, while corporate net-zero commitments are driving private sector investment. However, challenges remain in scaling up CCUS deployment, including high capital costs, infrastructure requirements, and technical barriers in some applications. The success of the market will depend on continued policy support, technology advancement, and the development of sustainable business models.
The Global Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Market 2025-2045 report provides a detailed analysis of the global Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) sector, offering strategic insights into market trends, technology developments, and growth opportunities from 2025 to 2045. The study examines the entire CCUS value chain, from capture technologies to end-use applications and storage solutions. The report delivers in-depth analysis of CCUS technologies, market dynamics, and competitive landscapes across key segments including direct air capture (DAC), point source capture, utilization pathways, and storage solutions. It provides detailed market forecasts, technology assessments, and competitive analysis, supported by extensive primary research and industry expertise.
Contents include:
Point source carbon capture dominates the current market, primarily focused on industrial applications including power generation, cement production, and hydrogen manufacturing. Major industrial players are increasingly integrating CCUS technologies into their decarbonization strategies, while the emergence of direct air capture (DAC) technologies is opening new opportunities for carbon removal and utilization. The market is witnessing substantial investment growth, with venture capital funding reaching record levels and increased corporate commitments to carbon reduction. Government support through initiatives like the U.S. 45Q tax credits and the EU's Innovation Fund is accelerating commercial deployment. China's rapid advancement in CCUS technology development and deployment is reshaping the global market landscape. Current commercial CCUS facilities are predominantly focused on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications, but new utilization pathways are gaining traction.Start-ups are focusing on low-cost capture solvents, membrane technologies, and modular DAC systems. The voluntary carbon removal credits, exemplified by Microsoft’s $200 million purchase from Climeworks, is creating revenue streams, with blockchain-enabled tracking enhancing transparency. The conversion of CO2 into fuels, chemicals, and building materials represents growing market segments, supported by technological advances and increasing demand for low-carbon products.
Looking toward 2045, the CCUS market is expected to expand significantly. Projections indicate a substantial increase in global capture capacity, driven by both regulatory requirements and improving project economics. The integration of CCUS with hydrogen production (blue hydrogen) is expected to be a major growth driver, alongside expanding applications in hard-to-abate industrial sectors. Technological developments are expected to reduce capture costs while improving efficiency and scalability. Innovation in materials, processes, and integration strategies is likely to open new market opportunities, particularly in direct air capture and novel utilization pathways. The development of CCUS hubs and clusters is anticipated to solve infrastructure challenges and improve project economics through shared facilities.
Market growth is supported by strengthening carbon pricing mechanisms and increasingly stringent emissions regulations globally. The voluntary carbon market's expansion is creating additional revenue streams for CCUS projects, while corporate net-zero commitments are driving private sector investment. However, challenges remain in scaling up CCUS deployment, including high capital costs, infrastructure requirements, and technical barriers in some applications. The success of the market will depend on continued policy support, technology advancement, and the development of sustainable business models.
The Global Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Market 2025-2045 report provides a detailed analysis of the global Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) sector, offering strategic insights into market trends, technology developments, and growth opportunities from 2025 to 2045. The study examines the entire CCUS value chain, from capture technologies to end-use applications and storage solutions. The report delivers in-depth analysis of CCUS technologies, market dynamics, and competitive landscapes across key segments including direct air capture (DAC), point source capture, utilization pathways, and storage solutions. It provides detailed market forecasts, technology assessments, and competitive analysis, supported by extensive primary research and industry expertise.
Contents include:
- Key Market Segments:
- Carbon Capture Technologies (post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxy-fuel)
- Utilization Pathways (fuels, chemicals, building materials, EOR)
- Storage Solutions (geological storage, mineralization)
- Direct Air Capture Technologies
- Transportation Infrastructure
- End-use Applications
- Comprehensive coverage of CCUS technologies including:
- Advanced capture materials and processes
- Novel separation technologies
- Utilization pathways and conversion processes
- Storage monitoring and verification systems
- Integration with renewable energy systems
- Artificial intelligence and digital solutions
- Detailed market metrics including:
- Global revenue projections (2025-2035)
- Regional market analysis
- Technology adoption rates
- Cost trends and projections
- Investment landscape
- Policy and regulatory frameworks
- Special Focus Areas including:
- Blue hydrogen production
- Cement sector applications
- Maritime carbon capture
- Direct air capture technologies
- Biological carbon removal
- Enhanced oil recovery
- Construction materials
- Strategic Insights including:
- Market opportunities and growth drivers
- Technology roadmaps
- Investment trends
- Regional market dynamics
- Policy impacts
- Project economics
- Applications and End Markets:
- Power generation
- Industrial processes
- Chemical production
- Building materials
- Fuel synthesis
- Agriculture and food production
- Environmental remediation
- Regulatory and Policy Analysis:
- Carbon pricing mechanisms
- Government initiatives
- Tax credits and incentives
- Environmental regulations
- International agreements
- Market mechanisms
- Project Analysis:
- Operational facilities
- Projects under development
- Cost analysis
- Performance metrics
- Success factors
- Case studies
- Market Drivers and Challenges:
- Analysis of over 300 companies across the CCUS value chain, including:
- Technology developers
- Project developers
- Industrial users
- Oil and gas companies
- Chemical manufacturers
- Service providers
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
1.2 CO2 as a commodity
1.3 Meeting climate targets
1.4 Market drivers and trends
1.5 The current market and future outlook
1.6 CCUS Industry developments 2020-2025
1.7 CCUS investments
1.7.1 Venture Capital Funding
1.7.1.1 2010-2023
1.7.1.2 CCUS VC deals 2022-2025
1.8 Government CCUS initiatives
1.8.1 North America
1.8.2 Europe
1.8.3 Asia
1.8.3.1 Japan
1.8.3.2 Singapore
1.8.3.3 China
1.9 Market map
1.10 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
1.10.1 Facilities
1.10.1.1 Operational
1.10.1.2 Under development/construction
1.11 CCUS Value Chain
1.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
1.13 Carbon pricing
1.13.1 Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
1.13.2 Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
1.13.3 Business models
1.13.4 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
1.13.5 Carbon Pricing in the US
1.13.6 Carbon Pricing in China
1.13.7 Voluntary Carbon Markets
1.13.8 Challenges with Carbon Pricing
1.14 Global market forecasts
1.14.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
1.14.2 Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
1.14.3 Revenues
1.14.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type
1.14.5 Cost projections 2025-2045
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 What is CCUS?
2.1.1 Carbon Capture
2.1.1.1 Source Characterization
2.1.1.2 Purification
2.1.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
2.1.2 Carbon Utilization
2.1.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
2.1.3 Carbon storage
2.1.3.1 Passive storage
2.1.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
2.2 Transporting CO2
2.2.1 Methods of CO2 transport
2.2.1.1 Pipeline
2.2.1.2 Ship
2.2.1.3 Road
2.2.1.4 Rail
2.2.2 Safety
2.3 Costs
2.3.1 Cost of CO2 transport
2.4 Carbon credits
2.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of CCUS Technologies
2.6 Environmental Impact Assessment
2.7 Social acceptance and public perception
3 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE
3.1 CO? capture technologies
3.2 >90% capture rate
3.3 99% capture rate
3.4 CO2 capture from point sources
3.4.1 Energy Availability and Costs
3.4.2 Power plants with CCUS
3.4.3 Transportation
3.4.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
3.4.5 By source
3.4.6 Blue hydrogen
3.4.6.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
3.4.6.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
3.4.6.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
3.4.6.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
3.4.6.5 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
3.4.6.6 Blue hydrogen projects
3.4.6.7 Costs
3.4.6.8 Market players
3.4.7 Carbon capture in cement
3.4.7.1 CCUS Projects
3.4.7.2 Carbon capture technologies
3.4.7.3 Costs
3.4.7.4 Challenges
3.4.8 Maritime carbon capture
3.5 Main carbon capture processes
3.5.1 Materials
3.5.2 Post-combustion
3.5.2.1 Chemicals/Solvents
3.5.2.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO? absorption
3.5.2.3 Physical absorption solvents
3.5.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
3.5.3.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
3.5.3.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
3.5.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
3.5.5 Pre-combustion
3.6 Carbon separation technologies
3.6.1 Absorption capture
3.6.2 Adsorption capture
3.6.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO? separation
3.6.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
3.6.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents
3.6.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents
3.6.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents
3.6.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents
3.6.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
3.6.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
3.6.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion
3.6.3 Membranes
3.6.3.1 Membrane-based CO? separation
3.6.3.2 Post-combustion CO? capture
3.6.3.2.1 Facilitated transport membranes
3.6.3.3 Pre-combustion capture
3.6.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
3.6.4.1 Cryogenic CO? capture
3.6.5 Calcium Looping
3.6.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner
3.6.6 Other technologies
3.6.6.1 LEILAC process
3.6.6.2 CO? capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
3.6.6.3 CO? capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
3.6.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture
3.6.7 Comparison of key separation technologies
3.6.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
3.7 Opportunities and barriers
3.8 Costs of CO2 capture
3.9 CO2 capture capacity
3.10 Direct air capture (DAC)
3.10.1 Technology description
3.10.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
3.10.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
3.10.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
3.10.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
3.10.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
3.10.2 Advantages of DAC
3.10.3 Deployment
3.10.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
3.10.5 Technologies
3.10.5.1 Solid sorbents
3.10.5.2 Liquid sorbents
3.10.5.3 Liquid solvents
3.10.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
3.10.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
3.10.5.6 Direct conversion
3.10.5.7 Co-product generation
3.10.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
3.10.5.9 Regeneration methods
3.10.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
3.10.7 Commercialization and plants
3.10.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
3.10.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
3.10.10 Capacity forecasts
3.10.11 Costs
3.10.12 Market challenges for DAC
3.10.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
3.10.14 Players and production
3.10.15 Co2 utilization pathways
3.10.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
3.10.16.1 Fuels
3.10.16.1.1 Overview
3.10.16.1.2 Production routes
3.10.16.1.3 Methanol
3.10.16.1.4 Algae based biofuels
3.10.16.1.5 CO?-fuels from solar
3.10.16.1.6 Companies
3.10.16.1.7 Challenges
3.10.16.2 Chemicals, plastics and polymers
3.10.16.2.1 Overview
3.10.16.2.2 Scalability
3.10.16.2.3 Plastics and polymers
3.10.16.2.3.1 CO2 utilization products
3.10.16.2.4 Urea production
3.10.16.2.5 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
3.10.16.2.6 Carbon nanotubes
3.10.16.2.7 Companies
3.10.16.3 Construction materials
3.10.16.3.1 Overview
3.10.16.3.2 CCUS technologies
3.10.16.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
3.10.16.3.4 Additives during mixing
3.10.16.3.5 Concrete curing
3.10.16.3.6 Costs
3.10.16.3.7 Companies
3.10.16.3.8 Challenges
3.10.16.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
3.10.16.4.1 Overview
3.10.16.4.2 Applications
3.10.16.4.2.1 Greenhouses
3.10.16.4.2.2 Algae cultivation
3.10.16.4.2.3 Microbial conversion
3.10.16.4.3 Companies
3.10.16.5 Food and feed production
3.10.16.6 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
3.10.16.6.1 Overview
3.10.16.6.1.1 Process
3.10.16.6.1.2 CO? sources
3.10.16.6.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
3.11 Hybrid Capture Systems
3.12 Artificial Intelligence in Carbon Capture
3.13 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems
3.14 Mobile Carbon Capture Solutions
3.15 Carbon Capture Retrofitting
4 CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL
4.1 Conventional CDR on land
4.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration
4.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
4.2 Technological CDR Solutions
4.3 Main CDR methods
4.4 Novel CDR methods
4.5 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
4.6 Carbon Credits
4.6.1 CO2 Utilization
4.6.2 Biochar and Agricultural Products
4.6.3 Renewable Energy Generation
4.6.4 Ecosystem Services
4.7 Types of Carbon Credits
4.7.1 Voluntary Carbon Credits
4.7.2 Compliance Carbon Credits
4.7.3 Corporate commitments
4.7.4 Increasing government support and regulations
4.7.5 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
4.7.6 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
4.7.7 Prices
4.7.8 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
4.7.8.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
4.7.8.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
4.7.8.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
4.7.9 Certification
4.7.10 Challenges and risks
4.8 Value chain
4.9 Monitoring, reporting, and verification
4.10 Government policies
4.11 Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
4.11.1 Advantages
4.11.2 Challenges
4.11.3 Costs
4.11.4 Feedstocks
4.12 BECCS
4.12.1 Technology overview
4.12.1.1 Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
4.12.1.2 Energy efficiency
4.12.1.3 Heat generation
4.12.1.4 Waste-to-Energy
4.12.1.5 Blue Hydrogen Production
4.12.2 Biomass conversion
4.12.3 CO? capture technologies
4.12.4 BECCS facilities
4.12.5 Cost analysis
4.12.6 BECCS carbon credits
4.12.7 Sustainability
4.12.8 Challenges
4.13 Enhanced Weathering
4.13.1 Overview
4.13.1.1 Role of enhanced weathering in carbon dioxide removal
4.13.1.2 CO? mineralization
4.13.2 Enhanced Weathering Processes and Materials
4.13.3 Enhanced Weathering Applications
4.13.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.13.5 Challenges and Risks
4.13.6 Cost analysis
4.13.7 SWOT analysis
4.14 Afforestation/Reforestation
4.14.1 Overview
4.14.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods
4.14.3 Projects
4.14.4 Remote sensing in A/R
4.14.5 Robotics
4.14.6 Trends and Opportunities
4.14.7 Challenges and Risks
4.14.8 SWOT analysis
4.15 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
4.15.1 Overview
4.15.2 Practices
4.15.3 Measuring and Verifying
4.15.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.15.5 Carbon credits
4.15.6 Challenges and Risks
4.15.7 SWOT analysis
4.16 Biochar
4.16.1 What is biochar?
4.16.2 Carbon sequestration
4.16.3 Properties of biochar
4.16.4 Feedstocks
4.16.5 Production processes
4.16.5.1 Sustainable production
4.16.5.2 Pyrolysis
4.16.5.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
4.16.5.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
4.16.5.3 Gasification
4.16.5.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
4.16.5.5 Torrefaction
4.16.5.6 Equipment manufacturers
4.16.6 Biochar pricing
4.16.7 Biochar carbon credits
4.16.7.1 Overview
4.16.7.2 Removal and reduction credits
4.16.7.3 The advantage of biochar
4.16.7.4 Prices
4.16.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits
4.16.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies
4.16.8 Bio-oil based CDR
4.16.9 Biomass burial for CO? removal
4.16.10 Bio-based construction materials for CDR
4.16.11 SWOT analysis
4.17 Ocean-based CDR
4.17.1 Overview
4.17.2 Ocean pumps
4.17.3 CO? capture from seawater
4.17.4 Ocean fertilisation
4.17.5 Coastal blue carbon
4.17.6 Algal cultivation
4.17.7 Artificial upwelling
4.17.8 MRV for marine CDR
4.17.9 Ocean alkalinisation
4.17.10 Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)
4.17.11 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
4.17.12 Direct ocean capture technology
4.17.13 Artificial downwelling
4.17.14 Trends and Opportunities
4.17.15 Ocean-based carbon credits
4.17.16 Cost analysis
4.17.17 Challenges and Risks
4.17.18 SWOT analysis
5 CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Current market status
5.2 Carbon utilization business models
5.2.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
5.2.2 Market challenges
5.3 Co2 utilization pathways
5.4 Conversion processes
5.4.1 Thermochemical
5.4.1.1 Process overview
5.4.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
5.4.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
5.4.2.1 Process overview
5.4.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
5.4.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
5.4.5 Biological conversion of CO2
5.4.6 Copolymerization of CO2
5.4.7 Mineral carbonation
5.5 CO2-Utilization in Fuels
5.5.1 Overview
5.5.2 Production routes
5.5.3 CO? -fuels in road vehicles
5.5.4 CO? -fuels in shipping
5.5.5 CO? -fuels in aviation
5.5.6 Costs of e-fuel
5.5.7 Power-to-methane
5.5.7.1 Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
5.5.7.2 Biological fermentation
5.5.7.3 Costs
5.5.8 Algae based biofuels
5.5.9 DAC for e-fuels
5.5.10 Syngas Production Options
5.5.11 CO?-fuels from solar
5.5.12 Companies
5.5.13 Challenges
5.5.14 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.6 CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 Carbon nanostructures
5.6.3 Scalability
5.6.4 Pathways
5.6.4.1 Thermochemical
5.6.4.2 Electrochemical
5.6.4.2.1 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.6.4.2.2 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
5.6.4.2.3 Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.6.4.3 Microbial conversion
5.6.4.4 Other
5.6.4.4.1 Photocatalytic
5.6.4.4.2 Plasma technology
5.6.5 Applications
5.6.5.1 Urea production
5.6.5.2 CO?-derived polymers
5.6.5.2.1 Pathways
5.6.5.2.2 Polycarbonate from CO?
5.6.5.2.3 Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
5.6.5.2.4 Ethanol to polymers
5.6.5.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.6.6 Companies
5.6.7 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.7 CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
5.7.1 Overview
5.7.2 Market drivers
5.7.3 Key CO? utilization technologies in construction
5.7.4 Carbonated aggregates
5.7.5 Additives during mixing
5.7.6 Concrete curing
5.7.7 Costs
5.7.8 Market trends and business models
5.7.9 Carbon credits
5.7.10 Companies
5.7.11 Challenges
5.7.12 Global market forecasts
5.8 CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.8.1 Overview
5.8.2 CO? utilization in biological processes
5.8.3 Applications
5.8.3.1 Greenhouses
5.8.3.1.1 CO? enrichment
5.8.3.2 Algae cultivation
5.8.3.2.1 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
5.8.3.2.2 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
5.8.3.3 Microbial conversion
5.8.3.4 Food and feed production
5.8.4 Companies
5.8.5 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.9 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.9.1 Overview
5.9.1.1 Process
5.9.1.2 CO? sources
5.9.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
5.9.3 Challenges
5.9.4 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.10 Enhanced mineralization
5.10.1 Advantages
5.10.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
5.10.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
5.10.4 Challenges
5.11 Digital Solutions and IoT in Carbon Utilization
5.12 Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
5.13 Carbon Utilization in Data Centers
5.14 Integration with Smart City Infrastructure
5.15 Novel Applications
5.15.1 3D Printing with CO2-derived Materials
5.15.2 CO2 in Energy Storage
5.15.3 CO2 in Electronics Manufacturing
6 CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 CO2 storage sites
6.2.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
6.2.2 Oil and gas fields
6.2.3 Saline formations
6.2.4 Coal seams and shale
6.2.5 Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
6.3 CO? leakage
6.4 Global CO2 storage capacity
6.5 CO? Storage Projects
6.6 CO? -EOR
6.6.1 Description
6.6.2 Injected CO?
6.6.3 CO? capture with CO? -EOR facilities
6.6.4 Companies
6.6.5 Economics
6.7 Costs
6.8 Challenges
6.9 Storage Monitoring Technologies
6.10 Underground Hydrogen Storage Synergies
6.11 Advanced Modeling and Simulation
6.12 Storage Site Selection Criteria
6.13 Risk Assessment and Management
7 CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 CO? transportation methods and conditions
7.3 CO? transportation by pipeline
7.4 CO? transportation by ship
7.5 CO? transportation by rail and truck
7.6 Cost analysis of different methods
7.7 Smart Pipeline Networks
7.8 Transportation Hubs and Infrastructure
7.9 Safety Systems and Monitoring
7.10 Future Transportation Technologies
7.11 Companies
8 COMPANY PROFILES 468 (313 COMPANY PROFILES)
9 APPENDICES
9.1 Abbreviations
9.2 Research Methodology
9.3 Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
9.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
10 REFERENCES
1.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
1.2 CO2 as a commodity
1.3 Meeting climate targets
1.4 Market drivers and trends
1.5 The current market and future outlook
1.6 CCUS Industry developments 2020-2025
1.7 CCUS investments
1.7.1 Venture Capital Funding
1.7.1.1 2010-2023
1.7.1.2 CCUS VC deals 2022-2025
1.8 Government CCUS initiatives
1.8.1 North America
1.8.2 Europe
1.8.3 Asia
1.8.3.1 Japan
1.8.3.2 Singapore
1.8.3.3 China
1.9 Market map
1.10 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
1.10.1 Facilities
1.10.1.1 Operational
1.10.1.2 Under development/construction
1.11 CCUS Value Chain
1.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
1.13 Carbon pricing
1.13.1 Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
1.13.2 Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
1.13.3 Business models
1.13.4 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
1.13.5 Carbon Pricing in the US
1.13.6 Carbon Pricing in China
1.13.7 Voluntary Carbon Markets
1.13.8 Challenges with Carbon Pricing
1.14 Global market forecasts
1.14.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
1.14.2 Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
1.14.3 Revenues
1.14.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type
1.14.5 Cost projections 2025-2045
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 What is CCUS?
2.1.1 Carbon Capture
2.1.1.1 Source Characterization
2.1.1.2 Purification
2.1.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
2.1.2 Carbon Utilization
2.1.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
2.1.3 Carbon storage
2.1.3.1 Passive storage
2.1.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
2.2 Transporting CO2
2.2.1 Methods of CO2 transport
2.2.1.1 Pipeline
2.2.1.2 Ship
2.2.1.3 Road
2.2.1.4 Rail
2.2.2 Safety
2.3 Costs
2.3.1 Cost of CO2 transport
2.4 Carbon credits
2.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of CCUS Technologies
2.6 Environmental Impact Assessment
2.7 Social acceptance and public perception
3 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE
3.1 CO? capture technologies
3.2 >90% capture rate
3.3 99% capture rate
3.4 CO2 capture from point sources
3.4.1 Energy Availability and Costs
3.4.2 Power plants with CCUS
3.4.3 Transportation
3.4.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
3.4.5 By source
3.4.6 Blue hydrogen
3.4.6.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
3.4.6.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
3.4.6.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
3.4.6.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
3.4.6.5 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
3.4.6.6 Blue hydrogen projects
3.4.6.7 Costs
3.4.6.8 Market players
3.4.7 Carbon capture in cement
3.4.7.1 CCUS Projects
3.4.7.2 Carbon capture technologies
3.4.7.3 Costs
3.4.7.4 Challenges
3.4.8 Maritime carbon capture
3.5 Main carbon capture processes
3.5.1 Materials
3.5.2 Post-combustion
3.5.2.1 Chemicals/Solvents
3.5.2.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO? absorption
3.5.2.3 Physical absorption solvents
3.5.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
3.5.3.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
3.5.3.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
3.5.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
3.5.5 Pre-combustion
3.6 Carbon separation technologies
3.6.1 Absorption capture
3.6.2 Adsorption capture
3.6.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO? separation
3.6.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
3.6.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents
3.6.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents
3.6.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents
3.6.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents
3.6.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
3.6.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
3.6.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion
3.6.3 Membranes
3.6.3.1 Membrane-based CO? separation
3.6.3.2 Post-combustion CO? capture
3.6.3.2.1 Facilitated transport membranes
3.6.3.3 Pre-combustion capture
3.6.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
3.6.4.1 Cryogenic CO? capture
3.6.5 Calcium Looping
3.6.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner
3.6.6 Other technologies
3.6.6.1 LEILAC process
3.6.6.2 CO? capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
3.6.6.3 CO? capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
3.6.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture
3.6.7 Comparison of key separation technologies
3.6.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
3.7 Opportunities and barriers
3.8 Costs of CO2 capture
3.9 CO2 capture capacity
3.10 Direct air capture (DAC)
3.10.1 Technology description
3.10.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
3.10.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
3.10.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
3.10.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
3.10.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
3.10.2 Advantages of DAC
3.10.3 Deployment
3.10.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
3.10.5 Technologies
3.10.5.1 Solid sorbents
3.10.5.2 Liquid sorbents
3.10.5.3 Liquid solvents
3.10.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
3.10.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
3.10.5.6 Direct conversion
3.10.5.7 Co-product generation
3.10.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
3.10.5.9 Regeneration methods
3.10.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
3.10.7 Commercialization and plants
3.10.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
3.10.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
3.10.10 Capacity forecasts
3.10.11 Costs
3.10.12 Market challenges for DAC
3.10.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
3.10.14 Players and production
3.10.15 Co2 utilization pathways
3.10.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
3.10.16.1 Fuels
3.10.16.1.1 Overview
3.10.16.1.2 Production routes
3.10.16.1.3 Methanol
3.10.16.1.4 Algae based biofuels
3.10.16.1.5 CO?-fuels from solar
3.10.16.1.6 Companies
3.10.16.1.7 Challenges
3.10.16.2 Chemicals, plastics and polymers
3.10.16.2.1 Overview
3.10.16.2.2 Scalability
3.10.16.2.3 Plastics and polymers
3.10.16.2.3.1 CO2 utilization products
3.10.16.2.4 Urea production
3.10.16.2.5 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
3.10.16.2.6 Carbon nanotubes
3.10.16.2.7 Companies
3.10.16.3 Construction materials
3.10.16.3.1 Overview
3.10.16.3.2 CCUS technologies
3.10.16.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
3.10.16.3.4 Additives during mixing
3.10.16.3.5 Concrete curing
3.10.16.3.6 Costs
3.10.16.3.7 Companies
3.10.16.3.8 Challenges
3.10.16.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
3.10.16.4.1 Overview
3.10.16.4.2 Applications
3.10.16.4.2.1 Greenhouses
3.10.16.4.2.2 Algae cultivation
3.10.16.4.2.3 Microbial conversion
3.10.16.4.3 Companies
3.10.16.5 Food and feed production
3.10.16.6 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
3.10.16.6.1 Overview
3.10.16.6.1.1 Process
3.10.16.6.1.2 CO? sources
3.10.16.6.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
3.11 Hybrid Capture Systems
3.12 Artificial Intelligence in Carbon Capture
3.13 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems
3.14 Mobile Carbon Capture Solutions
3.15 Carbon Capture Retrofitting
4 CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL
4.1 Conventional CDR on land
4.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration
4.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
4.2 Technological CDR Solutions
4.3 Main CDR methods
4.4 Novel CDR methods
4.5 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
4.6 Carbon Credits
4.6.1 CO2 Utilization
4.6.2 Biochar and Agricultural Products
4.6.3 Renewable Energy Generation
4.6.4 Ecosystem Services
4.7 Types of Carbon Credits
4.7.1 Voluntary Carbon Credits
4.7.2 Compliance Carbon Credits
4.7.3 Corporate commitments
4.7.4 Increasing government support and regulations
4.7.5 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
4.7.6 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
4.7.7 Prices
4.7.8 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
4.7.8.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
4.7.8.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
4.7.8.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
4.7.9 Certification
4.7.10 Challenges and risks
4.8 Value chain
4.9 Monitoring, reporting, and verification
4.10 Government policies
4.11 Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
4.11.1 Advantages
4.11.2 Challenges
4.11.3 Costs
4.11.4 Feedstocks
4.12 BECCS
4.12.1 Technology overview
4.12.1.1 Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
4.12.1.2 Energy efficiency
4.12.1.3 Heat generation
4.12.1.4 Waste-to-Energy
4.12.1.5 Blue Hydrogen Production
4.12.2 Biomass conversion
4.12.3 CO? capture technologies
4.12.4 BECCS facilities
4.12.5 Cost analysis
4.12.6 BECCS carbon credits
4.12.7 Sustainability
4.12.8 Challenges
4.13 Enhanced Weathering
4.13.1 Overview
4.13.1.1 Role of enhanced weathering in carbon dioxide removal
4.13.1.2 CO? mineralization
4.13.2 Enhanced Weathering Processes and Materials
4.13.3 Enhanced Weathering Applications
4.13.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.13.5 Challenges and Risks
4.13.6 Cost analysis
4.13.7 SWOT analysis
4.14 Afforestation/Reforestation
4.14.1 Overview
4.14.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods
4.14.3 Projects
4.14.4 Remote sensing in A/R
4.14.5 Robotics
4.14.6 Trends and Opportunities
4.14.7 Challenges and Risks
4.14.8 SWOT analysis
4.15 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
4.15.1 Overview
4.15.2 Practices
4.15.3 Measuring and Verifying
4.15.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.15.5 Carbon credits
4.15.6 Challenges and Risks
4.15.7 SWOT analysis
4.16 Biochar
4.16.1 What is biochar?
4.16.2 Carbon sequestration
4.16.3 Properties of biochar
4.16.4 Feedstocks
4.16.5 Production processes
4.16.5.1 Sustainable production
4.16.5.2 Pyrolysis
4.16.5.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
4.16.5.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
4.16.5.3 Gasification
4.16.5.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
4.16.5.5 Torrefaction
4.16.5.6 Equipment manufacturers
4.16.6 Biochar pricing
4.16.7 Biochar carbon credits
4.16.7.1 Overview
4.16.7.2 Removal and reduction credits
4.16.7.3 The advantage of biochar
4.16.7.4 Prices
4.16.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits
4.16.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies
4.16.8 Bio-oil based CDR
4.16.9 Biomass burial for CO? removal
4.16.10 Bio-based construction materials for CDR
4.16.11 SWOT analysis
4.17 Ocean-based CDR
4.17.1 Overview
4.17.2 Ocean pumps
4.17.3 CO? capture from seawater
4.17.4 Ocean fertilisation
4.17.5 Coastal blue carbon
4.17.6 Algal cultivation
4.17.7 Artificial upwelling
4.17.8 MRV for marine CDR
4.17.9 Ocean alkalinisation
4.17.10 Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)
4.17.11 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
4.17.12 Direct ocean capture technology
4.17.13 Artificial downwelling
4.17.14 Trends and Opportunities
4.17.15 Ocean-based carbon credits
4.17.16 Cost analysis
4.17.17 Challenges and Risks
4.17.18 SWOT analysis
5 CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Current market status
5.2 Carbon utilization business models
5.2.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
5.2.2 Market challenges
5.3 Co2 utilization pathways
5.4 Conversion processes
5.4.1 Thermochemical
5.4.1.1 Process overview
5.4.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
5.4.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
5.4.2.1 Process overview
5.4.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
5.4.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
5.4.5 Biological conversion of CO2
5.4.6 Copolymerization of CO2
5.4.7 Mineral carbonation
5.5 CO2-Utilization in Fuels
5.5.1 Overview
5.5.2 Production routes
5.5.3 CO? -fuels in road vehicles
5.5.4 CO? -fuels in shipping
5.5.5 CO? -fuels in aviation
5.5.6 Costs of e-fuel
5.5.7 Power-to-methane
5.5.7.1 Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
5.5.7.2 Biological fermentation
5.5.7.3 Costs
5.5.8 Algae based biofuels
5.5.9 DAC for e-fuels
5.5.10 Syngas Production Options
5.5.11 CO?-fuels from solar
5.5.12 Companies
5.5.13 Challenges
5.5.14 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.6 CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 Carbon nanostructures
5.6.3 Scalability
5.6.4 Pathways
5.6.4.1 Thermochemical
5.6.4.2 Electrochemical
5.6.4.2.1 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.6.4.2.2 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
5.6.4.2.3 Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.6.4.3 Microbial conversion
5.6.4.4 Other
5.6.4.4.1 Photocatalytic
5.6.4.4.2 Plasma technology
5.6.5 Applications
5.6.5.1 Urea production
5.6.5.2 CO?-derived polymers
5.6.5.2.1 Pathways
5.6.5.2.2 Polycarbonate from CO?
5.6.5.2.3 Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
5.6.5.2.4 Ethanol to polymers
5.6.5.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.6.6 Companies
5.6.7 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.7 CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
5.7.1 Overview
5.7.2 Market drivers
5.7.3 Key CO? utilization technologies in construction
5.7.4 Carbonated aggregates
5.7.5 Additives during mixing
5.7.6 Concrete curing
5.7.7 Costs
5.7.8 Market trends and business models
5.7.9 Carbon credits
5.7.10 Companies
5.7.11 Challenges
5.7.12 Global market forecasts
5.8 CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.8.1 Overview
5.8.2 CO? utilization in biological processes
5.8.3 Applications
5.8.3.1 Greenhouses
5.8.3.1.1 CO? enrichment
5.8.3.2 Algae cultivation
5.8.3.2.1 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
5.8.3.2.2 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
5.8.3.3 Microbial conversion
5.8.3.4 Food and feed production
5.8.4 Companies
5.8.5 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.9 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.9.1 Overview
5.9.1.1 Process
5.9.1.2 CO? sources
5.9.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
5.9.3 Challenges
5.9.4 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
5.10 Enhanced mineralization
5.10.1 Advantages
5.10.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
5.10.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
5.10.4 Challenges
5.11 Digital Solutions and IoT in Carbon Utilization
5.12 Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
5.13 Carbon Utilization in Data Centers
5.14 Integration with Smart City Infrastructure
5.15 Novel Applications
5.15.1 3D Printing with CO2-derived Materials
5.15.2 CO2 in Energy Storage
5.15.3 CO2 in Electronics Manufacturing
6 CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 CO2 storage sites
6.2.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
6.2.2 Oil and gas fields
6.2.3 Saline formations
6.2.4 Coal seams and shale
6.2.5 Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
6.3 CO? leakage
6.4 Global CO2 storage capacity
6.5 CO? Storage Projects
6.6 CO? -EOR
6.6.1 Description
6.6.2 Injected CO?
6.6.3 CO? capture with CO? -EOR facilities
6.6.4 Companies
6.6.5 Economics
6.7 Costs
6.8 Challenges
6.9 Storage Monitoring Technologies
6.10 Underground Hydrogen Storage Synergies
6.11 Advanced Modeling and Simulation
6.12 Storage Site Selection Criteria
6.13 Risk Assessment and Management
7 CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 CO? transportation methods and conditions
7.3 CO? transportation by pipeline
7.4 CO? transportation by ship
7.5 CO? transportation by rail and truck
7.6 Cost analysis of different methods
7.7 Smart Pipeline Networks
7.8 Transportation Hubs and Infrastructure
7.9 Safety Systems and Monitoring
7.10 Future Transportation Technologies
7.11 Companies
8 COMPANY PROFILES 468 (313 COMPANY PROFILES)
9 APPENDICES
9.1 Abbreviations
9.2 Research Methodology
9.3 Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
9.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
10 REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends.
Table 2. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2024.
Table 3. CCUS VC deals 2022-2024.
Table 4. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook.
Table 5. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China.
Table 6. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation.
Table 7. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction.
Table 8. Key market barriers for CCUS.
Table 9. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world.
Table 10. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters.
Table 11. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO? endpoint, Mtpa of CO?, to 2045.
Table 12. Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa.
Table 13. CCUS revenue potential for captured CO? offtaker, billion US $ to 2045.
Table 14. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO?, to 2045.
Table 15. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO? source sector, Mtpa of CO?, to 2045.
Table 16. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 17. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources.
Table 18. CO2 capture technologies.
Table 19. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies.
Table 20. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture.
Table 21. Methods of CO2 transport.
Table 22. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 23. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.
Table 24. Comparison of CO? capture technologies.
Table 25. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies.
Table 26. PSCC technologies.
Table 27. Point source examples.
Table 28. Comparison of point-source CO? capture systems
Table 29. Blue hydrogen projects.
Table 30. Commercial CO? capture systems for blue H2.
Table 31. Market players in blue hydrogen.
Table 32. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector.
Table 33. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector.
Table 34. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector.
Table 35. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 36. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.
Table 37. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems.
Table 38. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects.
Table 39.Comparison of key physical absorption solvents.
Table 40.Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects.
Table 41.Emerging solvents for carbon capture
Table 42. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion.
Table 43. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects.
Table 44. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.
Table 45. Main capture processes and their separation technologies.
Table 46. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 47. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption.
Table 48. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 49. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture.
Table 50. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO? capture.
Table 51. Polymer-based adsorbents.
Table 52. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO? capture.
Table 53. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems.
Table 54. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 55. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
Table 56.Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
Table 57. Membranes for pre-combustion capture.
Table 58. Status of cryogenic CO? capture technologies.
Table 59. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture.
Table 60. Comparison of main separation technologies.
Table 61. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
Table 62. Opportunities and Barriers by sector.
Table 63. DAC technologies.
Table 64. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 65. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy.
Table 66. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
Table 67. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
Table 68. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
Table 69. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 70. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 71. DAC projects in development.
Table 72. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2024-2045, base case.
Table 73. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2030-2045, optimistic case.
Table 74. Costs summary for DAC.
Table 75. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system.
Table 76. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 77. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 78. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 79. Example CO2 utilization pathways.
Table 80. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS).
Table 81. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 82. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 83. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 84. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 85. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.
Table 86. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
Table 87. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.
Table 88. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 89. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.
Table 90. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 91. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.
Table 92. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food.
Table 93. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.
Table 94.Market Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR).
Table 95. CDR versus CCUS
Table 96. Status and Potential of CDR Technologies.
Table 97. Main CDR methods.
Table 98. Novel CDR Methods
Table 99.Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
Table 100. Comparison of voluntary and compliance carbon credits.
Table 101. DACCS carbon credit revenue forecast (million US$), 2024-2045.
Table 102. Examples of government support and regulations.
Table 103. Carbon credit prices.
Table 104. Carbon credit prices by company and technology.
Table 105. Carbon credit market sizes.
Table 106. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms.
Table 107. Challenges and Risks.
Table 108. CDR Value Chain.
Table 109. Feedstocks for Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS):
Table 110. CO? capture technologies for BECCS.
Table 111. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon.
Table 112. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2.
Table 113. Challenges of BECCS
Table 114.Comparison of enhanced weathering materials
Table 115. Enhanced Weathering Applications.
Table 116. Trends and opportunities in enhanced weathering.
Table 117. Challenges and risks in enhanced weathering.
Table 118. Nature-based CDR approaches.
Table 119. Comparison of A/R and BECCS Solutions.
Table 120. Status of Forest Carbon Removal Projects.
Table 121. Companies in robotics in afforestation/reforestation.
Table 122. Comparison of A/R and BECCS.
Table 123. Trends and Opportunities in afforestation/reforestation.
Table 124. Challenges and risks in afforestation/reforestation.
Table 125. Soil carbon sequestration practices.
Table 126. Soil sampling and analysis methods.
Table 127. Remote sensing and modeling techniques.
Table 128. Carbon credit protocols and standards.
Table 129. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS).
Table 130. Key aspects of soil carbon credits.
Table 131. Challenges and Risks in SCS.
Table 132. Summary of key properties of biochar.
Table 133. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 134. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.
Table 135. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 136. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.
Table 137. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.
Table 138. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.
Table 139. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.
Table 140. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons.
Table 141. Ocean-based CDR methods.
Table 142. Benchmarking of ocean-based CDR methods:
Table 143.Ocean-based CDR: biotic methods.
Table 144. Technology in direct ocean capture.
Table 145. Future direct ocean capture technologies.
Table 146. Trends and opportunities in ocean-based CDR.
Table 147. Challenges and risks in ocean-based CDR.
Table 148. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$).
Table 149. Carbon utilization business models.
Table 150. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.
Table 151. Market challenges for CO2 utilization.
Table 152. Example CO2 utilization pathways.
Table 153. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 154. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 155. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 156. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers.
Table 157. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies.
Table 158. Comparison of emerging CO? utilization applications.
Table 159. Main routes to CO?-fuels.
Table 160. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 161. Main routes to CO? -fuels
Table 162.Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels.
Table 163. Existing and future CO?-derived synfuels (kerosene, diesel, and gasoline) projects.. :
Table 164. CO2-Derived Methane Projects.
Table 165. Power-to-Methane projects worldwide.
Table 166. Power-to-Methane projects.
Table 167. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 168. Syngas Production Options for E-fuels.
Table 169. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 170. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 171. CO? utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045.
Table 172. Global revenue forecast for CO?-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 173. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.
Table 174.CO?-derived Chemicals: Thermochemical Pathways.
Table 175. Thermochemical Methods: CO?-derived Methanol.
Table 176. CO?-derived Methanol Projects.
Table 177. CO?-Derived Methanol: Economic and Market Analysis (Next 5-10 Years).
Table 178. Electrochemical CO? Reduction Technologies.
Table 179. Comparison of RWGS and SOEC Co-electrolysis Routes.
Table 180. Cost Comparison of CO? Electrochemical Technologies.
Table 181. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO?U Chemicals.
Table 182. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.
Table 183. CO? utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045.
Table 184. Global revenue forecast for CO?-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 185. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 186. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets .
Table 187. CO? utilization in concrete curing or mixing.
Table 188. CO? utilization business models in building materials.
Table 189. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.
Table 190. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 191. CO? utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045.
Table 192. Global revenue forecast for CO?-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 193. Enrichment Technology.
Table 194. Food and Feed Production from CO?.
Table 195. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.
Table 196. CO? utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes of CO? per year), 2025-2045.
Table 197. Global revenue forecast for CO? use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 198. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.
Table 199. CO? utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045
Table 200. Global revenue forecast for CO?-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2045.
Table 201. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges.
Table 202. Storage and utilization of CO2.
Table 203. Mechanisms of subsurface CO? trapping.
Table 204. Global depleted reservoir storage projects.
Table 205. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects.
Table 206. CO2 EOR/storage projects.
Table 207. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects.
Table 208. Global storage capacity estimates, by region.
Table 209. MRV Technologies and Costs in CO? Storage.
Table 210. Carbon storage challenges.
Table 211. Status of CO? Storage Projects.
Table 212. Types of CO? -EOR designs.
Table 213. CO? capture with CO? -EOR facilities.
Table 214. CO? -EOR companies.
Table 215. Phases of CO? for transportation.
Table 216. CO? transportation methods and conditions.
Table 217. Status of CO? transportation methods in CCS projects.
Table 218. CO? pipelines Technical challenges.
Table 219. Cost comparison of CO? transportation methods
Table 220. CO? transport operators.
Table 221. 12. List of abbreviations.
Table 222. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples.
Table 1. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends.
Table 2. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2024.
Table 3. CCUS VC deals 2022-2024.
Table 4. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook.
Table 5. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China.
Table 6. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation.
Table 7. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction.
Table 8. Key market barriers for CCUS.
Table 9. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world.
Table 10. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters.
Table 11. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO? endpoint, Mtpa of CO?, to 2045.
Table 12. Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa.
Table 13. CCUS revenue potential for captured CO? offtaker, billion US $ to 2045.
Table 14. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO?, to 2045.
Table 15. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO? source sector, Mtpa of CO?, to 2045.
Table 16. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 17. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources.
Table 18. CO2 capture technologies.
Table 19. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies.
Table 20. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture.
Table 21. Methods of CO2 transport.
Table 22. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 23. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.
Table 24. Comparison of CO? capture technologies.
Table 25. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies.
Table 26. PSCC technologies.
Table 27. Point source examples.
Table 28. Comparison of point-source CO? capture systems
Table 29. Blue hydrogen projects.
Table 30. Commercial CO? capture systems for blue H2.
Table 31. Market players in blue hydrogen.
Table 32. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector.
Table 33. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector.
Table 34. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector.
Table 35. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 36. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.
Table 37. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems.
Table 38. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects.
Table 39.Comparison of key physical absorption solvents.
Table 40.Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects.
Table 41.Emerging solvents for carbon capture
Table 42. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion.
Table 43. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects.
Table 44. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.
Table 45. Main capture processes and their separation technologies.
Table 46. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 47. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption.
Table 48. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 49. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture.
Table 50. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO? capture.
Table 51. Polymer-based adsorbents.
Table 52. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO? capture.
Table 53. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems.
Table 54. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.
Table 55. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
Table 56.Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
Table 57. Membranes for pre-combustion capture.
Table 58. Status of cryogenic CO? capture technologies.
Table 59. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture.
Table 60. Comparison of main separation technologies.
Table 61. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
Table 62. Opportunities and Barriers by sector.
Table 63. DAC technologies.
Table 64. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 65. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy.
Table 66. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
Table 67. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
Table 68. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
Table 69. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 70. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 71. DAC projects in development.
Table 72. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2024-2045, base case.
Table 73. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2030-2045, optimistic case.
Table 74. Costs summary for DAC.
Table 75. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system.
Table 76. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 77. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 78. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 79. Example CO2 utilization pathways.
Table 80. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS).
Table 81. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 82. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 83. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 84. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 85. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.
Table 86. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
Table 87. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.
Table 88. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 89. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.
Table 90. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 91. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.
Table 92. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food.
Table 93. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.
Table 94.Market Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR).
Table 95. CDR versus CCUS
Table 96. Status and Potential of CDR Technologies.
Table 97. Main CDR methods.
Table 98. Novel CDR Methods
Table 99.Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
Table 100. Comparison of voluntary and compliance carbon credits.
Table 101. DACCS carbon credit revenue forecast (million US$), 2024-2045.
Table 102. Examples of government support and regulations.
Table 103. Carbon credit prices.
Table 104. Carbon credit prices by company and technology.
Table 105. Carbon credit market sizes.
Table 106. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms.
Table 107. Challenges and Risks.
Table 108. CDR Value Chain.
Table 109. Feedstocks for Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS):
Table 110. CO? capture technologies for BECCS.
Table 111. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon.
Table 112. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2.
Table 113. Challenges of BECCS
Table 114.Comparison of enhanced weathering materials
Table 115. Enhanced Weathering Applications.
Table 116. Trends and opportunities in enhanced weathering.
Table 117. Challenges and risks in enhanced weathering.
Table 118. Nature-based CDR approaches.
Table 119. Comparison of A/R and BECCS Solutions.
Table 120. Status of Forest Carbon Removal Projects.
Table 121. Companies in robotics in afforestation/reforestation.
Table 122. Comparison of A/R and BECCS.
Table 123. Trends and Opportunities in afforestation/reforestation.
Table 124. Challenges and risks in afforestation/reforestation.
Table 125. Soil carbon sequestration practices.
Table 126. Soil sampling and analysis methods.
Table 127. Remote sensing and modeling techniques.
Table 128. Carbon credit protocols and standards.
Table 129. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS).
Table 130. Key aspects of soil carbon credits.
Table 131. Challenges and Risks in SCS.
Table 132. Summary of key properties of biochar.
Table 133. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 134. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.
Table 135. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 136. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.
Table 137. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.
Table 138. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.
Table 139. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.
Table 140. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons.
Table 141. Ocean-based CDR methods.
Table 142. Benchmarking of ocean-based CDR methods:
Table 143.Ocean-based CDR: biotic methods.
Table 144. Technology in direct ocean capture.
Table 145. Future direct ocean capture technologies.
Table 146. Trends and opportunities in ocean-based CDR.
Table 147. Challenges and risks in ocean-based CDR.
Table 148. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$).
Table 149. Carbon utilization business models.
Table 150. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.
Table 151. Market challenges for CO2 utilization.
Table 152. Example CO2 utilization pathways.
Table 153. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 154. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 155. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 156. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers.
Table 157. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies.
Table 158. Comparison of emerging CO? utilization applications.
Table 159. Main routes to CO?-fuels.
Table 160. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 161. Main routes to CO? -fuels
Table 162.Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels.
Table 163. Existing and future CO?-derived synfuels (kerosene, diesel, and gasoline) projects.. :
Table 164. CO2-Derived Methane Projects.
Table 165. Power-to-Methane projects worldwide.
Table 166. Power-to-Methane projects.
Table 167. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 168. Syngas Production Options for E-fuels.
Table 169. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 170. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 171. CO? utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045.
Table 172. Global revenue forecast for CO?-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 173. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.
Table 174.CO?-derived Chemicals: Thermochemical Pathways.
Table 175. Thermochemical Methods: CO?-derived Methanol.
Table 176. CO?-derived Methanol Projects.
Table 177. CO?-Derived Methanol: Economic and Market Analysis (Next 5-10 Years).
Table 178. Electrochemical CO? Reduction Technologies.
Table 179. Comparison of RWGS and SOEC Co-electrolysis Routes.
Table 180. Cost Comparison of CO? Electrochemical Technologies.
Table 181. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO?U Chemicals.
Table 182. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.
Table 183. CO? utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045.
Table 184. Global revenue forecast for CO?-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 185. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 186. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets .
Table 187. CO? utilization in concrete curing or mixing.
Table 188. CO? utilization business models in building materials.
Table 189. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.
Table 190. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 191. CO? utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045.
Table 192. Global revenue forecast for CO?-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 193. Enrichment Technology.
Table 194. Food and Feed Production from CO?.
Table 195. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.
Table 196. CO? utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes of CO? per year), 2025-2045.
Table 197. Global revenue forecast for CO? use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045.
Table 198. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.
Table 199. CO? utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes of CO?/year), 2025-2045
Table 200. Global revenue forecast for CO?-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2045.
Table 201. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges.
Table 202. Storage and utilization of CO2.
Table 203. Mechanisms of subsurface CO? trapping.
Table 204. Global depleted reservoir storage projects.
Table 205. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects.
Table 206. CO2 EOR/storage projects.
Table 207. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects.
Table 208. Global storage capacity estimates, by region.
Table 209. MRV Technologies and Costs in CO? Storage.
Table 210. Carbon storage challenges.
Table 211. Status of CO? Storage Projects.
Table 212. Types of CO? -EOR designs.
Table 213. CO? capture with CO? -EOR facilities.
Table 214. CO? -EOR companies.
Table 215. Phases of CO? for transportation.
Table 216. CO? transportation methods and conditions.
Table 217. Status of CO? transportation methods in CCS projects.
Table 218. CO? pipelines Technical challenges.
Table 219. Cost comparison of CO? transportation methods
Table 220. CO? transport operators.
Table 221. 12. List of abbreviations.
Table 222. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector.
Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 3. CCUS business model.
Figure 4. Pathways for CO2 use.
Figure 5. Regional capacity share 2025-2035.
Figure 6. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2023, millions USD.
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map.
Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035.
Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects.
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain.
Figure 11. Schematic of CCUS process.
Figure 12. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal.
Figure 13. A pre-combustion capture system.
Figure 14. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.
Figure 15. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.
Figure 16. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.
Figure 17. Transport of CCS technologies.
Figure 18. Railroad car for liquid CO? transport
Figure 19. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.
Figure 20. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 21. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport.
Figure 22. CO2 capture and separation technology.
Figure 23. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.
Figure 24. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2023.
Figure 25. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2045.
Figure 26. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS).
Figure 27. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant.
Figure 28. POX process flow diagram.
Figure 29. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR.
Figure 30. Post-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 31. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.
Figure 32. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 33. Process schematic of chemical looping.
Figure 34. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.
Figure 35. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 36. Amine-based absorption technology.
Figure 37. Pressure swing absorption technology.
Figure 38. Membrane separation technology.
Figure 39. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation.
Figure 40. Cryocap™ process.
Figure 41. Calix advanced calcination reactor.
Figure 42. LEILAC process.
Figure 43. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram.
Figure 44. Microalgal carbon capture.
Figure 45. Cost of carbon capture.
Figure 46. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2.
Figure 47. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net?Zero Scenario,?2020-2030.
Figure 48. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.
Figure 49. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.
Figure 50. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods.
Figure 51. DAC technologies.
Figure 52. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 53. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Figure 54. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.
Figure 55. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.
Figure 56. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 57. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.
Figure 58. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.
Figure 59. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.
Figure 60. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.
Figure 61. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 62. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 63. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 64. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 65. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 66. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 67. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 68. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 69. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 70. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 71. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.
Figure 72. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.
Figure 73. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 74. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 75. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 76. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 77. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process.
Figure 78. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering.
Figure 79. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation.
Figure 80. SWOT analysis: SCS.
Figure 81. Schematic of biochar production.
Figure 82. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.
Figure 83. Compressed biochar.
Figure 84. Biochar production diagram.
Figure 85. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture.
Figure 86. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR.
Figure 87. SWOT analysis: ocean-based CDR.
Figure 88. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.
Figure 89. Applications for CO2.
Figure 90. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector.
Figure 91. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.
Figure 92. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 93. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion.
Figure 94. Electrochemical CO? reduction products.
Figure 95. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.
Figure 96. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels.
Figure 97. Econic catalyst systems.
Figure 98. Mineral carbonation processes.
Figure 99. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 100. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 101. SWOT analysis: e-fuels.
Figure 102. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 103. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 104. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 105. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 106. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 107. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 108. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 109. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.
Figure 110. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.
Figure 111. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 112. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 113. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 114. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 115. Carbon mineralization pathways.
Figure 116. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 117. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use.
Figure 118. Subsurface storage cost estimation.
Figure 119. Air Products production process.
Figure 120. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor.
Figure 121. Schematic of carbon capture solar project.
Figure 122. Aspiring Materials method.
Figure 123. Aymium’s Biocarbon production.
Figure 124. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.
Figure 125. Carbonminer technology.
Figure 126. Carbon Blade system.
Figure 127. CarbonCure Technology.
Figure 128. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 129. CRI process.
Figure 130. PCCSD Project in China.
Figure 131. Orca facility.
Figure 132. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant.
Figure 133. Colyser process.
Figure 134. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.
Figure 135. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.
Figure 136. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture.
Figure 137. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology.
Figure 138. Carbon Capture balloon.
Figure 139. Holy Grail DAC system.
Figure 140. INERATEC unit.
Figure 141. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 142. Audi/Krajete unit.
Figure 143. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 144. Mosaic Materials MOFs.
Figure 145. Neustark modular plant.
Figure 146. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer.
Figure 147. ZerCaL™ process.
Figure 148. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field.
Figure 149. RepAir technology.
Figure 150. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system.
Figure 151. Soletair Power unit.
Figure 152. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.
Figure 153. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right).
Figure 154. Takavator.
Figure 155. O12 Reactor.
Figure 156. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.
Figure 157. CO2 made car part.
Figure 158. Molecular sieving membrane.
Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector.
Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 3. CCUS business model.
Figure 4. Pathways for CO2 use.
Figure 5. Regional capacity share 2025-2035.
Figure 6. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2023, millions USD.
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map.
Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035.
Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects.
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain.
Figure 11. Schematic of CCUS process.
Figure 12. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal.
Figure 13. A pre-combustion capture system.
Figure 14. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.
Figure 15. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.
Figure 16. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.
Figure 17. Transport of CCS technologies.
Figure 18. Railroad car for liquid CO? transport
Figure 19. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.
Figure 20. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 21. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport.
Figure 22. CO2 capture and separation technology.
Figure 23. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.
Figure 24. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2023.
Figure 25. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2045.
Figure 26. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS).
Figure 27. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant.
Figure 28. POX process flow diagram.
Figure 29. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR.
Figure 30. Post-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 31. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.
Figure 32. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 33. Process schematic of chemical looping.
Figure 34. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.
Figure 35. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 36. Amine-based absorption technology.
Figure 37. Pressure swing absorption technology.
Figure 38. Membrane separation technology.
Figure 39. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation.
Figure 40. Cryocap™ process.
Figure 41. Calix advanced calcination reactor.
Figure 42. LEILAC process.
Figure 43. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram.
Figure 44. Microalgal carbon capture.
Figure 45. Cost of carbon capture.
Figure 46. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2.
Figure 47. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net?Zero Scenario,?2020-2030.
Figure 48. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.
Figure 49. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.
Figure 50. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods.
Figure 51. DAC technologies.
Figure 52. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 53. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Figure 54. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.
Figure 55. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.
Figure 56. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 57. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.
Figure 58. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.
Figure 59. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.
Figure 60. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.
Figure 61. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 62. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 63. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 64. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 65. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 66. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 67. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 68. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 69. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 70. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 71. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.
Figure 72. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.
Figure 73. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 74. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 75. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 76. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 77. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process.
Figure 78. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering.
Figure 79. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation.
Figure 80. SWOT analysis: SCS.
Figure 81. Schematic of biochar production.
Figure 82. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.
Figure 83. Compressed biochar.
Figure 84. Biochar production diagram.
Figure 85. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture.
Figure 86. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR.
Figure 87. SWOT analysis: ocean-based CDR.
Figure 88. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.
Figure 89. Applications for CO2.
Figure 90. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector.
Figure 91. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.
Figure 92. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 93. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion.
Figure 94. Electrochemical CO? reduction products.
Figure 95. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.
Figure 96. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels.
Figure 97. Econic catalyst systems.
Figure 98. Mineral carbonation processes.
Figure 99. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 100. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 101. SWOT analysis: e-fuels.
Figure 102. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 103. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 104. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 105. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 106. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 107. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 108. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 109. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.
Figure 110. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.
Figure 111. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 112. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 113. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 114. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 115. Carbon mineralization pathways.
Figure 116. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 117. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use.
Figure 118. Subsurface storage cost estimation.
Figure 119. Air Products production process.
Figure 120. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor.
Figure 121. Schematic of carbon capture solar project.
Figure 122. Aspiring Materials method.
Figure 123. Aymium’s Biocarbon production.
Figure 124. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.
Figure 125. Carbonminer technology.
Figure 126. Carbon Blade system.
Figure 127. CarbonCure Technology.
Figure 128. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 129. CRI process.
Figure 130. PCCSD Project in China.
Figure 131. Orca facility.
Figure 132. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant.
Figure 133. Colyser process.
Figure 134. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.
Figure 135. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.
Figure 136. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture.
Figure 137. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology.
Figure 138. Carbon Capture balloon.
Figure 139. Holy Grail DAC system.
Figure 140. INERATEC unit.
Figure 141. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 142. Audi/Krajete unit.
Figure 143. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 144. Mosaic Materials MOFs.
Figure 145. Neustark modular plant.
Figure 146. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer.
Figure 147. ZerCaL™ process.
Figure 148. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field.
Figure 149. RepAir technology.
Figure 150. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system.
Figure 151. Soletair Power unit.
Figure 152. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.
Figure 153. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right).
Figure 154. Takavator.
Figure 155. O12 Reactor.
Figure 156. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.
Figure 157. CO2 made car part.
Figure 158. Molecular sieving membrane.
