Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS): Global Market 2027-2047
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is a suite of technologies that capture carbon dioxide from industrial point sources or directly from the atmosphere, then either store it permanently underground or convert it into commercially valuable products. Applied to a conventional power plant, carbon capture systems can reduce CO2 emissions by roughly 80–90% compared to an uncontrolled facility.
CO2 is already a globally traded commodity, with around 230 million tonnes consumed each year. The fertilizer industry is the largest consumer, using roughly 130 Mt for urea manufacturing, followed by the oil and gas sector, which uses 70–80 Mt for enhanced oil recovery. While most commercial use today involves the direct application of CO2, emerging pathways are transforming it into synthetic fuels, chemicals, polymers, and building materials.
This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the global CCUS industry across a twenty-year forecast horizon. It examines the entire value chain — capture, transport, utilization, and storage — and delivers granular market forecasts segmented by capture type, CO2 endpoint, source sector, and region. The report covers the full technology landscape, from mature post-combustion chemical absorption through to emerging direct air capture (DAC), electrochemical conversion, and enhanced mineralization. It concludes with profiles of nearly 400 companies operating across the value chain.
CO2 is already a globally traded commodity, with around 230 million tonnes consumed each year. The fertilizer industry is the largest consumer, using roughly 130 Mt for urea manufacturing, followed by the oil and gas sector, which uses 70–80 Mt for enhanced oil recovery. While most commercial use today involves the direct application of CO2, emerging pathways are transforming it into synthetic fuels, chemicals, polymers, and building materials.
This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the global CCUS industry across a twenty-year forecast horizon. It examines the entire value chain — capture, transport, utilization, and storage — and delivers granular market forecasts segmented by capture type, CO2 endpoint, source sector, and region. The report covers the full technology landscape, from mature post-combustion chemical absorption through to emerging direct air capture (DAC), electrochemical conversion, and enhanced mineralization. It concludes with profiles of nearly 400 companies operating across the value chain.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
1.2 CO2 as a commodity
1.3 Meeting climate targets
1.4 Market drivers and trends
1.5 The current market and future outlook
1.6 CCUS investments
1.6.1 Venture Capital Funding
1.6.1.1 2010-2026
1.6.1.2 CCUS VC deals 2022-2026
1.7 Government CCUS initiatives and policy environment
1.8 Market map
1.9 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
1.9.1 Facilities
1.9.1.1 Operational
1.9.1.2 Under development/construction
1.10 Economics of CCUS projects
1.10.1 CAPEX Reduction Strategies
1.10.2 OPEX Reduction Approaches
1.10.3 Emerging Technology Solutions
1.11 CCUS Value Chain
1.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
1.13 CCUS and the energy trilemma
1.14 Growth markets for CUS
1.15 Carbon pricing
1.15.1 Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
1.15.2 Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
1.15.3 Business models
1.15.3.1 Full chain
1.15.3.2 Networks and hub model
1.15.3.3 Partial-chain
1.15.3.4 Carbon dioxide utilization business model
1.15.4 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
1.15.5 Carbon Pricing in the US
1.15.6 Carbon Pricing in China
1.15.7 Voluntary Carbon Markets
1.15.8 Challenges with Carbon Pricing
1.16 Global market forecasts
1.16.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
1.16.2 Capture capacity by region to 2047, Mtpa
1.16.3 Revenues
1.16.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type
1.16.5 Cost projections 2025-2047
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 What is CCUS?
2.1.1 Carbon Capture
2.1.1.1 Source Characterization
2.1.1.2 Purification
2.1.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
2.1.2 Carbon Utilization
2.1.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
2.1.3 Carbon storage
2.1.3.1 Passive storage
2.1.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
2.2 Transporting CO2
2.2.1 Methods of CO2 transport
2.2.1.1 Pipeline
2.2.1.2 Ship
2.2.1.3 Road
2.2.1.4 Rail
2.2.2 Safety
2.3 Costs
2.3.1 Cost of CO2 transport
2.4 Carbon credits
2.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of CCUS Technologies
2.6 Environmental Impact Assessment
2.7 Social acceptance and public perception
2.8 Fate of CO2
3 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE
3.1 Historical CO2 capture
3.2 CO? capture technologies
3.3 Maturity of technologies
3.4 Technology selection
3.5 Capture Percentages
3.5.1 >90% capture rate
3.5.2 99% capture rate
3.6 CO2 capture agent performance
3.7 Energy Consumption
3.8 TRL
3.9 Global Pipeline of Carbon Capture Facilities-Current and PLanned
3.10 CO2 capture from point sources
3.10.1 Energy Availability and Costs
3.10.2 Power plants with CCUS
3.10.3 Transportation
3.10.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
3.10.5 Blue hydrogen
3.10.5.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
3.10.5.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
3.10.5.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
3.10.5.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
3.10.5.5 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
3.10.5.6 Blue hydrogen projects
3.10.5.7 Costs
3.10.5.8 Market players
3.10.6 Carbon capture in cement
3.10.6.1 CCUS Projects
3.10.6.2 Carbon capture technologies
3.10.6.3 Costs
3.10.6.4 Challenges
3.10.7 Maritime carbon capture
3.11 Main carbon capture processes
3.11.1 Materials
3.11.2 Natural Gas Sweetening
3.11.3 Post-combustion
3.11.3.1 Chemicals/Solvents
3.11.3.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO? absorption
3.11.3.3 Physical absorption solvents
3.11.3.4 Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture
3.11.3.5 Chilled Ammonia Process (CAP)
3.11.3.6 Molten Borates
3.11.3.7 Costs
3.11.3.8 Alternatives to Solvent-Based Carbon Capture
3.11.4 Oxy-fuel combustion
3.11.4.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
3.11.4.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
3.11.5 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
3.11.6 Pre-combustion
3.12 Carbon separation technologies
3.12.1 Absorption capture
3.12.2 Adsorption capture
3.12.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO? separation
3.12.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
3.12.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents
3.12.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents
3.12.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents
3.12.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents
3.12.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
3.12.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
3.12.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion
3.12.3 Membranes
3.12.3.1 Membrane-based CO? separation
3.12.3.2 Gas Separation Membranes
3.12.3.3 Post-combustion CO? capture
3.12.3.4 Facilitated transport membranes
3.12.3.5 Pre-combustion capture
3.12.3.6 Advanced membrane materials
3.12.3.6.1 Graphene-based membranes
3.12.3.6.2 Metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes
3.12.3.7 Membranes for Direct Air Capture
3.12.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
3.12.5 Calcium Looping
3.12.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner
3.12.6 Other technologies
3.12.6.1 LEILAC process
3.12.6.2 CO? capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
3.12.6.3 CO? capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
3.12.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture
3.12.7 Comparison of key separation technologies
3.12.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
3.13 Opportunities and barriers
3.14 Costs of CO2 capture
3.15 CO2 capture capacity
3.16 Direct air capture (DAC)
3.16.1 Technology description
3.16.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
3.16.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
3.16.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
3.16.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
3.16.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
3.16.2 Advantages of DAC
3.16.3 Deployment
3.16.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
3.16.5 Technologies
3.16.5.1 Solid sorbents
3.16.5.2 Liquid sorbents
3.16.5.3 Liquid solvents
3.16.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
3.16.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
3.16.5.6 Direct conversion
3.16.5.7 Co-product generation
3.16.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
3.16.5.9 Regeneration methods
3.16.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
3.16.7 Commercialization and plants
3.16.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
3.16.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
3.16.10 Capacity forecasts
3.16.11 Costs
3.16.12 Market challenges for DAC
3.16.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
3.16.14 Players and production
3.16.15 Co2 utilization pathways
3.16.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
3.17 Hybrid Capture Systems
3.18 Artificial Intelligence in Carbon Capture
3.19 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems
3.20 Mobile Carbon Capture Solutions
3.21 Carbon Capture Retrofitting
4 CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL
4.1 Conventional CDR on land
4.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration
4.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
4.2 Technological CDR Solutions
4.3 Main CDR methods
4.4 Novel CDR methods
4.5 Value chain
4.6 Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies
4.7 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
4.8 Carbon Credits
4.8.1 Description
4.8.2 Carbon pricing
4.8.3 Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting
4.8.4 Carbon credit certification
4.8.5 Carbon registries
4.8.6 Carbon credit quality
4.8.7 Voluntary Carbon Credits
4.8.7.1 Definition
4.8.7.2 Purchasing
4.8.7.3 Key Market Players and Projects
4.8.7.4 Pricing
4.8.8 Compliance Carbon Credits
4.8.8.1 Definition
4.8.8.2 Market players
4.8.8.3 Pricing
4.8.9 Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits
4.8.10 Corporate commitments
4.8.11 Increasing government support and regulations
4.8.12 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
4.8.13 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
4.8.14 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
4.8.14.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
4.8.14.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
4.8.14.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
4.8.15 Certification
4.8.16 Challenges and risks
4.9 Monitoring, reporting, and verification
4.10 Government policies
4.11 Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
4.11.1 Feedstocks
4.11.2 BiCRS Conversion Pathways
4.12 BECCS
4.12.1 Technology overview
4.12.1.1 Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
4.12.1.2 Energy efficiency
4.12.1.3 Heat generation
4.12.1.4 Waste-to-Energy
4.12.1.5 Blue Hydrogen Production
4.12.2 Biomass conversion
4.12.3 CO? capture technologies
4.12.4 BECCS facilities
4.12.5 Cost analysis
4.12.6 BECCS carbon credits
4.12.7 Sustainability
4.12.8 Challenges
4.13 Mineralization-based CDR
4.13.1 Overview
4.13.2 Storage in CO?-Derived Concrete
4.13.3 Oxide Looping
4.13.4 Enhanced Weathering
4.13.4.1 Overview
4.13.4.2 Benefits
4.13.4.3 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
4.13.4.4 Applications
4.13.4.5 Commercial activity and companies
4.13.4.6 Challenges and Risks
4.13.5 Cost analysis
4.13.6 SWOT analysis
4.14 Afforestation/Reforestation
4.14.1 Overview
4.14.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods
4.14.2.1 Nature-based CDR
4.14.2.2 Land-based CDR
4.14.3 Technologies
4.14.3.1 Remote Sensing
4.14.3.2 Drone technology and robotics
4.14.3.3 Automated forest fire detection systems
4.14.3.4 AI/ML
4.14.3.5 Genetics
4.14.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.14.5 Challenges and Risks
4.14.5.1 SWOT analysis
4.14.5.2 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
4.14.5.2.1 Overview
4.14.5.2.2 Practices
4.14.5.2.3 Measuring and Verifying
4.14.5.2.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.14.5.2.5 Carbon credits
4.14.5.2.6 Challenges and Risks
4.14.5.2.7 SWOT analysis
4.14.5.3 Biochar
4.14.5.3.1 What is biochar?
4.14.5.3.2 Carbon sequestration
4.14.5.3.3 Properties of biochar
4.14.5.3.4 Feedstocks
4.14.5.3.5 Production processes
4.14.5.3.5.1 Sustainable production
4.14.5.3.5.2 Pyrolysis
4.14.5.3.5.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
4.14.5.3.5.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
4.14.5.3.5.3 Gasification
4.14.5.3.5.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
4.14.5.3.5.5 Torrefaction
4.14.5.3.5.6 Equipment manufacturers
4.14.5.3.6 Biochar pricing
4.14.5.3.7 Biochar carbon credits
4.14.5.3.7.1 Overview
4.14.5.3.7.2 Removal and reduction credits
4.14.5.3.7.3 The advantage of biochar
4.14.5.3.7.4 Prices
4.14.5.3.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits
4.14.5.3.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies
4.14.5.3.8 Bio-oil based CDR
4.14.5.3.9 Biomass burial for CO? removal
4.14.5.3.10 Bio-based construction materials for CDR
4.14.5.3.11 SWOT analysis
4.15 Ocean-based CDR
4.15.1 Overview
4.15.2 CO? capture from seawater
4.15.3 Ocean fertilisation
4.15.3.1 Biotic Methods
4.15.3.2 Coastal blue carbon ecosystems
4.15.3.3 Algal Cultivation
4.15.3.4 Artificial Upwelling
4.15.4 Ocean alkalinisation
4.15.4.1 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
4.15.4.2 Direct Ocean Capture
4.15.4.3 Artificial Downwelling
4.15.5 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
4.15.6 Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits
4.15.7 Trends and Opportunities
4.15.8 Ocean-based carbon credits
4.15.9 Cost analysis
4.15.10 Challenges and Risks
4.15.11 SWOT analysis
4.15.12 Companies
5 CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Current market status
5.2 Competition with other low carbon technologies
5.3 Carbon utilization business models
5.3.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
5.3.2 Market challenges
5.4 Co2 utilization pathways
5.5 Conversion processes
5.5.1 Thermochemical
5.5.1.1 Process overview
5.5.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
5.5.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
5.5.2.1 Process overview
5.5.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
5.5.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
5.5.5 Biological conversion of CO2
5.5.6 Copolymerization of CO2
5.5.7 Mineral carbonation
5.6 CO2-Utilization in Fuels
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 Production routes
5.6.3 CO? -fuels in road vehicles
5.6.4 CO? -fuels in shipping
5.6.5 CO? -fuels in aviation
5.6.6 Green hydrogen for e-fuels
5.6.7 Production routes
5.6.8 Costs of e-fuel
5.6.9 Power-to-methane
5.6.9.1 Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
5.6.9.2 Biological fermentation
5.6.9.3 Costs
5.6.10 Algae based biofuels
5.6.11 DAC for e-fuels
5.6.12 Syngas Production Options
5.6.13 CO?-fuels from solar
5.6.14 Companies
5.6.15 Challenges
5.6.16 Global market forecasts
5.7 CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
5.7.1 Overview
5.7.2 Carbon nanostructures
5.7.3 Scalability
5.7.4 Pathways
5.7.4.1 Thermochemical
5.7.4.2 Electrochemical
5.7.4.2.1 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.7.4.2.2 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
5.7.4.2.3 Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.7.4.3 Microbial conversion
5.7.4.4 Other
5.7.4.4.1 Photocatalytic
5.7.4.4.2 Plasma technology
5.7.5 Applications
5.7.5.1 Urea production
5.7.5.2 CO?-derived polymers
5.7.5.2.1 Pathways
5.7.5.2.2 Polycarbonate from CO?
5.7.5.2.3 Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
5.7.5.2.4 Ethanol to polymers
5.7.5.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.7.6 Companies
5.7.7 Global market forecasts
5.8 CO?-Utilization in Carbon Materials
5.8.1 Overview
5.8.2 The triple-revenue thesis
5.8.3 Production routes
5.8.4 Output materials
5.8.5 Net-negative carbon claim quantification
5.8.6 Pricing comparison
5.8.7 Market forecasts
5.9 CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
5.9.1 Overview
5.9.2 Market drivers
5.9.3 Key CO? utilization technologies in construction
5.9.4 Carbonated aggregates
5.9.5 Additives during mixing
5.9.6 Concrete curing
5.9.7 Costs
5.9.8 Market trends and business models
5.9.9 Carbon credits
5.9.10 Companies
5.9.11 Challenges
5.9.12 Global market forecasts
5.10 CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.10.1 Overview
5.10.2 CO? utilization in biological processes
5.10.3 Applications
5.10.3.1 Greenhouses
5.10.3.1.1 CO? enrichment
5.10.3.2 Algae cultivation
5.10.3.2.1 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
5.10.3.2.2 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
5.10.3.3 Microbial conversion
5.10.3.4 Food and feed production
5.10.4 Companies
5.10.5 Global market forecasts
5.11 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.11.1 Overview
5.11.1.1 Process
5.11.1.2 CO? sources
5.11.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
5.11.3 Challenges
5.11.4 Global market forecasts
5.12 Enhanced mineralization
5.12.1 Advantages
5.12.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
5.12.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
5.12.4 Challenges
5.13 Digital Solutions and IoT in Carbon Utilization
5.14 Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
5.15 Carbon Utilization in Data Centers
5.16 Integration with Smart City Infrastructure
5.17 Novel Applications
5.17.1 3D Printing with CO2-derived Materials
5.17.2 CO2 in Energy Storage
5.17.3 CO2 in Electronics Manufacturing
6 CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 CO2 storage sites
6.2.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
6.2.2 Oil and gas fields
6.2.3 Saline formations
6.2.4 Coal seams and shale
6.2.5 Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
6.3 CO? leakage
6.4 Global CO2 storage capacity
6.5 CO? Storage Projects
6.6 CO? -EOR
6.6.1 Description
6.6.2 Injected CO?
6.6.3 CO? capture with CO? -EOR facilities
6.6.4 Companies
6.6.5 Economics
6.7 Costs
6.8 Challenges
6.9 Storage Monitoring Technologies
6.10 Underground Hydrogen Storage Synergies
6.11 Advanced Modelling and Simulation
6.12 Storage Site Selection Criteria
6.13 Risk Assessment and Management
7 CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 CO? transportation methods and conditions
7.3 CO? transportation by pipeline
7.4 CO? transportation by ship
7.5 CO? transportation by rail and truck
7.6 Cost analysis of different methods
7.7 Smart Pipeline Networks
7.8 Transportation Hubs and Infrastructure
7.9 Safety Systems and Monitoring
7.10 Future Transportation Technologies
7.11 Companies
8 COMPANY PROFILES (395 COMPANY PROFILES)
9 APPENDICES
9.1 Abbreviations
9.2 Research Methodology
9.3 Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
9.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
1.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
1.2 CO2 as a commodity
1.3 Meeting climate targets
1.4 Market drivers and trends
1.5 The current market and future outlook
1.6 CCUS investments
1.6.1 Venture Capital Funding
1.6.1.1 2010-2026
1.6.1.2 CCUS VC deals 2022-2026
1.7 Government CCUS initiatives and policy environment
1.8 Market map
1.9 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
1.9.1 Facilities
1.9.1.1 Operational
1.9.1.2 Under development/construction
1.10 Economics of CCUS projects
1.10.1 CAPEX Reduction Strategies
1.10.2 OPEX Reduction Approaches
1.10.3 Emerging Technology Solutions
1.11 CCUS Value Chain
1.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
1.13 CCUS and the energy trilemma
1.14 Growth markets for CUS
1.15 Carbon pricing
1.15.1 Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
1.15.2 Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
1.15.3 Business models
1.15.3.1 Full chain
1.15.3.2 Networks and hub model
1.15.3.3 Partial-chain
1.15.3.4 Carbon dioxide utilization business model
1.15.4 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
1.15.5 Carbon Pricing in the US
1.15.6 Carbon Pricing in China
1.15.7 Voluntary Carbon Markets
1.15.8 Challenges with Carbon Pricing
1.16 Global market forecasts
1.16.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
1.16.2 Capture capacity by region to 2047, Mtpa
1.16.3 Revenues
1.16.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type
1.16.5 Cost projections 2025-2047
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 What is CCUS?
2.1.1 Carbon Capture
2.1.1.1 Source Characterization
2.1.1.2 Purification
2.1.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
2.1.2 Carbon Utilization
2.1.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
2.1.3 Carbon storage
2.1.3.1 Passive storage
2.1.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
2.2 Transporting CO2
2.2.1 Methods of CO2 transport
2.2.1.1 Pipeline
2.2.1.2 Ship
2.2.1.3 Road
2.2.1.4 Rail
2.2.2 Safety
2.3 Costs
2.3.1 Cost of CO2 transport
2.4 Carbon credits
2.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of CCUS Technologies
2.6 Environmental Impact Assessment
2.7 Social acceptance and public perception
2.8 Fate of CO2
3 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE
3.1 Historical CO2 capture
3.2 CO? capture technologies
3.3 Maturity of technologies
3.4 Technology selection
3.5 Capture Percentages
3.5.1 >90% capture rate
3.5.2 99% capture rate
3.6 CO2 capture agent performance
3.7 Energy Consumption
3.8 TRL
3.9 Global Pipeline of Carbon Capture Facilities-Current and PLanned
3.10 CO2 capture from point sources
3.10.1 Energy Availability and Costs
3.10.2 Power plants with CCUS
3.10.3 Transportation
3.10.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
3.10.5 Blue hydrogen
3.10.5.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
3.10.5.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
3.10.5.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
3.10.5.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
3.10.5.5 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
3.10.5.6 Blue hydrogen projects
3.10.5.7 Costs
3.10.5.8 Market players
3.10.6 Carbon capture in cement
3.10.6.1 CCUS Projects
3.10.6.2 Carbon capture technologies
3.10.6.3 Costs
3.10.6.4 Challenges
3.10.7 Maritime carbon capture
3.11 Main carbon capture processes
3.11.1 Materials
3.11.2 Natural Gas Sweetening
3.11.3 Post-combustion
3.11.3.1 Chemicals/Solvents
3.11.3.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO? absorption
3.11.3.3 Physical absorption solvents
3.11.3.4 Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture
3.11.3.5 Chilled Ammonia Process (CAP)
3.11.3.6 Molten Borates
3.11.3.7 Costs
3.11.3.8 Alternatives to Solvent-Based Carbon Capture
3.11.4 Oxy-fuel combustion
3.11.4.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
3.11.4.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
3.11.5 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
3.11.6 Pre-combustion
3.12 Carbon separation technologies
3.12.1 Absorption capture
3.12.2 Adsorption capture
3.12.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO? separation
3.12.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
3.12.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents
3.12.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents
3.12.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents
3.12.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents
3.12.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
3.12.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
3.12.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion
3.12.3 Membranes
3.12.3.1 Membrane-based CO? separation
3.12.3.2 Gas Separation Membranes
3.12.3.3 Post-combustion CO? capture
3.12.3.4 Facilitated transport membranes
3.12.3.5 Pre-combustion capture
3.12.3.6 Advanced membrane materials
3.12.3.6.1 Graphene-based membranes
3.12.3.6.2 Metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes
3.12.3.7 Membranes for Direct Air Capture
3.12.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
3.12.5 Calcium Looping
3.12.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner
3.12.6 Other technologies
3.12.6.1 LEILAC process
3.12.6.2 CO? capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
3.12.6.3 CO? capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
3.12.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture
3.12.7 Comparison of key separation technologies
3.12.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
3.13 Opportunities and barriers
3.14 Costs of CO2 capture
3.15 CO2 capture capacity
3.16 Direct air capture (DAC)
3.16.1 Technology description
3.16.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
3.16.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
3.16.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
3.16.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
3.16.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
3.16.2 Advantages of DAC
3.16.3 Deployment
3.16.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
3.16.5 Technologies
3.16.5.1 Solid sorbents
3.16.5.2 Liquid sorbents
3.16.5.3 Liquid solvents
3.16.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
3.16.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
3.16.5.6 Direct conversion
3.16.5.7 Co-product generation
3.16.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
3.16.5.9 Regeneration methods
3.16.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
3.16.7 Commercialization and plants
3.16.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
3.16.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
3.16.10 Capacity forecasts
3.16.11 Costs
3.16.12 Market challenges for DAC
3.16.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
3.16.14 Players and production
3.16.15 Co2 utilization pathways
3.16.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
3.17 Hybrid Capture Systems
3.18 Artificial Intelligence in Carbon Capture
3.19 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems
3.20 Mobile Carbon Capture Solutions
3.21 Carbon Capture Retrofitting
4 CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL
4.1 Conventional CDR on land
4.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration
4.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
4.2 Technological CDR Solutions
4.3 Main CDR methods
4.4 Novel CDR methods
4.5 Value chain
4.6 Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies
4.7 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
4.8 Carbon Credits
4.8.1 Description
4.8.2 Carbon pricing
4.8.3 Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting
4.8.4 Carbon credit certification
4.8.5 Carbon registries
4.8.6 Carbon credit quality
4.8.7 Voluntary Carbon Credits
4.8.7.1 Definition
4.8.7.2 Purchasing
4.8.7.3 Key Market Players and Projects
4.8.7.4 Pricing
4.8.8 Compliance Carbon Credits
4.8.8.1 Definition
4.8.8.2 Market players
4.8.8.3 Pricing
4.8.9 Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits
4.8.10 Corporate commitments
4.8.11 Increasing government support and regulations
4.8.12 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
4.8.13 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
4.8.14 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
4.8.14.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
4.8.14.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
4.8.14.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
4.8.15 Certification
4.8.16 Challenges and risks
4.9 Monitoring, reporting, and verification
4.10 Government policies
4.11 Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
4.11.1 Feedstocks
4.11.2 BiCRS Conversion Pathways
4.12 BECCS
4.12.1 Technology overview
4.12.1.1 Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
4.12.1.2 Energy efficiency
4.12.1.3 Heat generation
4.12.1.4 Waste-to-Energy
4.12.1.5 Blue Hydrogen Production
4.12.2 Biomass conversion
4.12.3 CO? capture technologies
4.12.4 BECCS facilities
4.12.5 Cost analysis
4.12.6 BECCS carbon credits
4.12.7 Sustainability
4.12.8 Challenges
4.13 Mineralization-based CDR
4.13.1 Overview
4.13.2 Storage in CO?-Derived Concrete
4.13.3 Oxide Looping
4.13.4 Enhanced Weathering
4.13.4.1 Overview
4.13.4.2 Benefits
4.13.4.3 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
4.13.4.4 Applications
4.13.4.5 Commercial activity and companies
4.13.4.6 Challenges and Risks
4.13.5 Cost analysis
4.13.6 SWOT analysis
4.14 Afforestation/Reforestation
4.14.1 Overview
4.14.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods
4.14.2.1 Nature-based CDR
4.14.2.2 Land-based CDR
4.14.3 Technologies
4.14.3.1 Remote Sensing
4.14.3.2 Drone technology and robotics
4.14.3.3 Automated forest fire detection systems
4.14.3.4 AI/ML
4.14.3.5 Genetics
4.14.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.14.5 Challenges and Risks
4.14.5.1 SWOT analysis
4.14.5.2 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
4.14.5.2.1 Overview
4.14.5.2.2 Practices
4.14.5.2.3 Measuring and Verifying
4.14.5.2.4 Trends and Opportunities
4.14.5.2.5 Carbon credits
4.14.5.2.6 Challenges and Risks
4.14.5.2.7 SWOT analysis
4.14.5.3 Biochar
4.14.5.3.1 What is biochar?
4.14.5.3.2 Carbon sequestration
4.14.5.3.3 Properties of biochar
4.14.5.3.4 Feedstocks
4.14.5.3.5 Production processes
4.14.5.3.5.1 Sustainable production
4.14.5.3.5.2 Pyrolysis
4.14.5.3.5.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
4.14.5.3.5.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
4.14.5.3.5.3 Gasification
4.14.5.3.5.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
4.14.5.3.5.5 Torrefaction
4.14.5.3.5.6 Equipment manufacturers
4.14.5.3.6 Biochar pricing
4.14.5.3.7 Biochar carbon credits
4.14.5.3.7.1 Overview
4.14.5.3.7.2 Removal and reduction credits
4.14.5.3.7.3 The advantage of biochar
4.14.5.3.7.4 Prices
4.14.5.3.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits
4.14.5.3.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies
4.14.5.3.8 Bio-oil based CDR
4.14.5.3.9 Biomass burial for CO? removal
4.14.5.3.10 Bio-based construction materials for CDR
4.14.5.3.11 SWOT analysis
4.15 Ocean-based CDR
4.15.1 Overview
4.15.2 CO? capture from seawater
4.15.3 Ocean fertilisation
4.15.3.1 Biotic Methods
4.15.3.2 Coastal blue carbon ecosystems
4.15.3.3 Algal Cultivation
4.15.3.4 Artificial Upwelling
4.15.4 Ocean alkalinisation
4.15.4.1 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
4.15.4.2 Direct Ocean Capture
4.15.4.3 Artificial Downwelling
4.15.5 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
4.15.6 Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits
4.15.7 Trends and Opportunities
4.15.8 Ocean-based carbon credits
4.15.9 Cost analysis
4.15.10 Challenges and Risks
4.15.11 SWOT analysis
4.15.12 Companies
5 CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Current market status
5.2 Competition with other low carbon technologies
5.3 Carbon utilization business models
5.3.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
5.3.2 Market challenges
5.4 Co2 utilization pathways
5.5 Conversion processes
5.5.1 Thermochemical
5.5.1.1 Process overview
5.5.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
5.5.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
5.5.2.1 Process overview
5.5.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
5.5.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
5.5.5 Biological conversion of CO2
5.5.6 Copolymerization of CO2
5.5.7 Mineral carbonation
5.6 CO2-Utilization in Fuels
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 Production routes
5.6.3 CO? -fuels in road vehicles
5.6.4 CO? -fuels in shipping
5.6.5 CO? -fuels in aviation
5.6.6 Green hydrogen for e-fuels
5.6.7 Production routes
5.6.8 Costs of e-fuel
5.6.9 Power-to-methane
5.6.9.1 Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
5.6.9.2 Biological fermentation
5.6.9.3 Costs
5.6.10 Algae based biofuels
5.6.11 DAC for e-fuels
5.6.12 Syngas Production Options
5.6.13 CO?-fuels from solar
5.6.14 Companies
5.6.15 Challenges
5.6.16 Global market forecasts
5.7 CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
5.7.1 Overview
5.7.2 Carbon nanostructures
5.7.3 Scalability
5.7.4 Pathways
5.7.4.1 Thermochemical
5.7.4.2 Electrochemical
5.7.4.2.1 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.7.4.2.2 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
5.7.4.2.3 Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO? Reduction
5.7.4.3 Microbial conversion
5.7.4.4 Other
5.7.4.4.1 Photocatalytic
5.7.4.4.2 Plasma technology
5.7.5 Applications
5.7.5.1 Urea production
5.7.5.2 CO?-derived polymers
5.7.5.2.1 Pathways
5.7.5.2.2 Polycarbonate from CO?
5.7.5.2.3 Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
5.7.5.2.4 Ethanol to polymers
5.7.5.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.7.6 Companies
5.7.7 Global market forecasts
5.8 CO?-Utilization in Carbon Materials
5.8.1 Overview
5.8.2 The triple-revenue thesis
5.8.3 Production routes
5.8.4 Output materials
5.8.5 Net-negative carbon claim quantification
5.8.6 Pricing comparison
5.8.7 Market forecasts
5.9 CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
5.9.1 Overview
5.9.2 Market drivers
5.9.3 Key CO? utilization technologies in construction
5.9.4 Carbonated aggregates
5.9.5 Additives during mixing
5.9.6 Concrete curing
5.9.7 Costs
5.9.8 Market trends and business models
5.9.9 Carbon credits
5.9.10 Companies
5.9.11 Challenges
5.9.12 Global market forecasts
5.10 CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.10.1 Overview
5.10.2 CO? utilization in biological processes
5.10.3 Applications
5.10.3.1 Greenhouses
5.10.3.1.1 CO? enrichment
5.10.3.2 Algae cultivation
5.10.3.2.1 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
5.10.3.2.2 CO?-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
5.10.3.3 Microbial conversion
5.10.3.4 Food and feed production
5.10.4 Companies
5.10.5 Global market forecasts
5.11 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.11.1 Overview
5.11.1.1 Process
5.11.1.2 CO? sources
5.11.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
5.11.3 Challenges
5.11.4 Global market forecasts
5.12 Enhanced mineralization
5.12.1 Advantages
5.12.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
5.12.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
5.12.4 Challenges
5.13 Digital Solutions and IoT in Carbon Utilization
5.14 Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
5.15 Carbon Utilization in Data Centers
5.16 Integration with Smart City Infrastructure
5.17 Novel Applications
5.17.1 3D Printing with CO2-derived Materials
5.17.2 CO2 in Energy Storage
5.17.3 CO2 in Electronics Manufacturing
6 CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 CO2 storage sites
6.2.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
6.2.2 Oil and gas fields
6.2.3 Saline formations
6.2.4 Coal seams and shale
6.2.5 Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
6.3 CO? leakage
6.4 Global CO2 storage capacity
6.5 CO? Storage Projects
6.6 CO? -EOR
6.6.1 Description
6.6.2 Injected CO?
6.6.3 CO? capture with CO? -EOR facilities
6.6.4 Companies
6.6.5 Economics
6.7 Costs
6.8 Challenges
6.9 Storage Monitoring Technologies
6.10 Underground Hydrogen Storage Synergies
6.11 Advanced Modelling and Simulation
6.12 Storage Site Selection Criteria
6.13 Risk Assessment and Management
7 CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 CO? transportation methods and conditions
7.3 CO? transportation by pipeline
7.4 CO? transportation by ship
7.5 CO? transportation by rail and truck
7.6 Cost analysis of different methods
7.7 Smart Pipeline Networks
7.8 Transportation Hubs and Infrastructure
7.9 Safety Systems and Monitoring
7.10 Future Transportation Technologies
7.11 Companies
8 COMPANY PROFILES (395 COMPANY PROFILES)
9 APPENDICES
9.1 Abbreviations
9.2 Research Methodology
9.3 Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
9.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends
Table 2. Global Investment in Carbon Capture Technologies (2010-2024)
Table 3. CCUS VC deals 2022-2025
Table 4. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook
Table 5. Global Commercial CCUS Facilities — In Operation (2026)
Table 6. Global Commercial CCUS Facilities — Under Development/Construction
Table 7. Cost Reduction Using Proven and Emerging Technologies
Table 8. Key market barriers for CCUS
Table 9. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world
Table 10. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters
Table 11. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 endpoint, Mtpa of CO2, to 2047
Table 12. Capture capacity by region to 2047, Mtpa
Table 13. CCUS revenue potential ($bn)
Table 14. Capacity by capture type (Mtpa)
Table 15. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 source sector, Mtpa of CO2, to 2046
Table 16. CCUS Cost Projections 2025-2047
Table 17. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 18. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
Table 19. CO2 capture technologies
Table 20. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
Table 21. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
Table 22. Methods of CO2 transport
Table 23. Comparison of CO2 Transportation Methods
Table 24. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
Table 25. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
Table 26. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Table 27. Key Milestones in Carbon Market Development
Table 28. Carbon Credit Prices by Market
Table 29. Carbon Credit Project Types
Table 30. Life Cycle Assessment of CCUS Technologies
Table 31. Environmental Impact Assessment for CCUS Technologies
Table 32. Comparison of CO2 capture technologies
Table 33. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies
Table 34. Conditions and Performance for Capture Technologies
Table 35. Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Existing Large-Scale Projects
Table 36. Capture Percentages by technology
Table 37. Metrics for CO2 Capture Agents
Table 38. Energy consumption by technology
Table 39. Technology Readiness of Carbon capture Technologies
Table 40. Global CCUS Facilities Pipeline
Table 41. PSCC technologies
Table 42. Point source examples
Table 43. Comparison of point-source CO2 capture systems
Table 44. Global point source CO2 capture capacities
Table 45. Blue hydrogen projects
Table 46. Commercial CO2 capture systems for blue H2
Table 47. Market players in blue hydrogen
Table 48. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector
Table 49. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector
Table 50. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector
Table 51. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 52. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
Table 53. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems
Table 54. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 55. Amine Solvent Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Post-Combustion Capture
Table 56. Comparison of key physical absorption solvents
Table 57. Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 58. Emerging solvents for carbon capture
Table 59. Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture
Table 60. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion
Table 61. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
Table 62. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
Table 63. Main capture processes and their separation technologies
Table 64. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 65. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption
Table 66. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 67. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture
Table 68. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO2 capture
Table 69. Polymer-based adsorbents
Table 70. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture
Table 71. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems
Table 72. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 73. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
Table 74. Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
Table 75. Membranes for pre-combustion capture
Table 76. Status of cryogenic CO2 capture technologies
Table 77. Cryogenic Direct Air Capture Companies
Table 78. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture
Table 79. Comparison of main separation technologies
Table 80. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
Table 81. Opportunities and Barriers by sector
Table 82. DAC technologies
Table 83. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 84. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy
Table 85. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods
Table 86. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 87. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 88. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 89. DAC companies and technologies
Table 90. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Table 91. DAC technology developers and production (2026)
Table 92. DAC projects in development
Table 93. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast — Base Case (Mtpa CO2), 2024–2047
Table 94. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast — Optimistic Case (Mtpa CO2), 2030–2047
Table 95. Costs summary for DAC
Table 96. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system
Table 97. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 98. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 99. DAC companies and technologies
Table 100. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 101. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
Table 116. AI Applications in Carbon Capture
Table 117. Renewable Energy Integration in Carbon Capture
Table 118. Mobile Carbon Capture Applications
Table 119. Carbon Capture Retrofitting
Table 124. Market Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
Table 125. CDR versus CCUS
Table 126. Status and Potential of CDR Technologies
Table 127. Main CDR methods
Table 128. Novel CDR Methods
Table 129. Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
Table 130. CDR Value Chain
Table 131. Engineered Carbon Dioxide Removal Value Chain
Table 132. Carbon pricing and carbon markets
Table 133. Carbon Removal vs Emission Reduction Offsets
Table 134. Carbon Crediting Programs
Table 135. Channels for Purchasing Voluntary Carbon Credits
Table 136. Voluntary Carbon Credits Trading Platforms and Exchanges
Table 137. Voluntary Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
Table 138. Nature-Based Solutions Market Dynamics
Table 139. Voluntary Carbon Credits Pricing by Category and Project Type
Table 140. Price Range Analysis by Project Quality and Type
Table 141. Compliance Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
Table 142. Comparison of Voluntary and Compliance Carbon Credits
Table 143. Durable Carbon Removal Buyers
Table 144. Prices of CDR Credits
Table 145. Major Corporate Carbon Credit Commitments
Table 146. Key Carbon Market Regulations and Support Mechanisms
Table 147. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
Table 148. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms
Table 149. OTC Carbon Market Characteristics
Table 150. Challenges and Risks
Table 151. TRL of Biomass Conversion Processes and Products by Feedstock
Table 152. BiCRS feedstocks
Table 153. BiCRS conversion pathways
Table 154. BiCRS Technological Challenges
Table 155. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
Table 156. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
Table 157. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
Table 158. Challenges of BECCS
Table 159. Ex Situ Mineralization CDR Methods
Table 160. Source Materials for Ex Situ Mineralization
Table 161. Companies in CO2-derived Concrete
Table 162. Enhanced Weathering Applications
Table 163. Enhanced Weathering Materials and Processes
Table 164. Enhanced Weathering Companies
Table 165. Trends and Opportunities in Enhanced Weathering
Table 166. Challenges and Risks in Enhanced Weathering
Table 167. Cost analysis of enhanced weathering
Table 168. Nature-based CDR approaches
Table 169. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
Table 170. Forest Carbon Removal Projects
Table 171. Companies in Robotics in A/R
Table 172. Trends and Opportunities in Afforestation/Reforestation
Table 173. Challenges and Risks in Afforestation/Reforestation
Table 174. Soil carbon sequestration practices
Table 175. Soil sampling and analysis methods
Table 176. Remote sensing and modeling techniques
Table 177. Carbon credit protocols and standards
Table 178. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
Table 179. Key aspects of soil carbon credits
Table 180. Challenges and Risks in SCS
Table 181. Summary of key properties of biochar
Table 182. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 183. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
Table 184. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
Table 185. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
Table 186. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
Table 187. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
Table 188. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
Table 189. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
Table 190. Ocean-based CDR methods
Table 191. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Chart for Ocean-based CDR
Table 192. Benchmarking of Ocean-based CDR Methods
Table 193. Ocean-based CDR: Biotic Methods
Table 194. Market Players in Ocean-based CDR
Table 195. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
Table 196. Comparison of Low Carbon CO2 vs Incumbent Low Carbon Technologies
Table 197. Carbon utilization business models
Table 198. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 199. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
Table 200. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 201. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion
Table 202. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion
Table 203. CO2 derived products via biological conversion
Table 204. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
Table 205. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
Table 206. Comparison of emerging CO2 utilization applications
Table 207. Main routes to CO2-fuels
Table 208. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 209. Main routes to CO2-fuels
Table 210. Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels
Table 211. Existing and future CO2-derived synfuels projects
Table 212. CO2-Derived Methane Projects
Table 213. Power-to-Methane projects worldwide
Table 214. Power-to-Methane projects
Table 215. Microalgae products and prices
Table 216. Syngas Production Options for E-fuels
Table 217. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 218. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 219. CO2 utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 220. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 221. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 222. CO2-derived Chemicals: Thermochemical Pathways
Table 223. Thermochemical Methods: CO2-derived Methanol
Table 224. CO2-derived Methanol Projects
Table 225. CO2-Derived Methanol: Economic and Market Analysis (Next 5-10 Years)
Table 226. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
Table 227. Comparison of RWGS and SOEC Co-electrolysis Routes
Table 228. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
Table 229. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO2U Chemicals
Table 230. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 231. CO2 utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 232. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 233. Carbon sequestered per tonne of output, by route
Table 234. CCU-derived vs conventional pricing ($/kg unless noted)
Table 235. Total CCU-derived carbon materials market revenue
Table 236. Market revenue by output material, base case ($M)
Table 237. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 238. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets
Table 239. CO2 utilization in concrete curing or mixing
Table 240. CO2 utilization business models in building materials
Table 241. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 242. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 243. CO2 utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 244. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 245. Enrichment Technology
Table 246. Food and Feed Production from CO2
Table 247. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 248. CO2 utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 249. Global revenue forecast for CO2 use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 250. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 251. CO2 utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 252. Global revenue forecast for CO2-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2046
Table 253. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
Table 254. Digital and IoT Applications in Carbon Utilization
Table 255. Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
Table 256. Carbon Utilization Strategies in Data Centers
Table 257. CCU Integration in Smart City Infrastructure
Table 258. CO2-derived Materials in 3D Printing
Table 259. CO2 Applications in Energy Storage
Table 260. CO2 Applications in Electronics Manufacturing
Table 261. Storage and utilization of CO2
Table 262. Mechanisms of subsurface CO2 trapping
Table 263. Global depleted reservoir storage projects
Table 264. Global CO2 ECBM (Enhanced Coal-Bed Methane) Storage Projects (2026)
Table 265. CO2 EOR/storage projects
Table 266. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects
Table 267. Global storage capacity estimates, by region
Table 268. MRV Technologies and Costs in CO2 Storage
Table 269. Carbon storage challenges
Table 270. Status of CO2 Storage Projects
Table 271. Types of CO2-EOR designs
Table 272. CO2 capture with CO2-EOR facilities
Table 273. CO2-EOR companies
Table 274. Carbon Capture Storage Monitoring Technologies
Table 275. Storage Site Selection Criteria
Table 276. Phases of CO2 for transportation
Table 277. CO2 transportation methods and conditions
Table 278. Status of CO2 transportation methods in CCS projects
Table 279. CO2 pipelines Technical challenges
Table 280. Cost comparison of CO2 transportation methods
Table 281. Components of Smart Pipeline Networks
Table 282. Components of CO2 Transportation Hubs
Table 283. CO2 Pipeline Safety Systems and Monitoring
Table 284. Emerging CO2 Transportation Technologies
Table 285. CO2 transport operators
Table 286. List of abbreviations
Table 287. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples
Table 1. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends
Table 2. Global Investment in Carbon Capture Technologies (2010-2024)
Table 3. CCUS VC deals 2022-2025
Table 4. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook
Table 5. Global Commercial CCUS Facilities — In Operation (2026)
Table 6. Global Commercial CCUS Facilities — Under Development/Construction
Table 7. Cost Reduction Using Proven and Emerging Technologies
Table 8. Key market barriers for CCUS
Table 9. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world
Table 10. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters
Table 11. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 endpoint, Mtpa of CO2, to 2047
Table 12. Capture capacity by region to 2047, Mtpa
Table 13. CCUS revenue potential ($bn)
Table 14. Capacity by capture type (Mtpa)
Table 15. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 source sector, Mtpa of CO2, to 2046
Table 16. CCUS Cost Projections 2025-2047
Table 17. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 18. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
Table 19. CO2 capture technologies
Table 20. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
Table 21. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
Table 22. Methods of CO2 transport
Table 23. Comparison of CO2 Transportation Methods
Table 24. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
Table 25. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
Table 26. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Table 27. Key Milestones in Carbon Market Development
Table 28. Carbon Credit Prices by Market
Table 29. Carbon Credit Project Types
Table 30. Life Cycle Assessment of CCUS Technologies
Table 31. Environmental Impact Assessment for CCUS Technologies
Table 32. Comparison of CO2 capture technologies
Table 33. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies
Table 34. Conditions and Performance for Capture Technologies
Table 35. Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Existing Large-Scale Projects
Table 36. Capture Percentages by technology
Table 37. Metrics for CO2 Capture Agents
Table 38. Energy consumption by technology
Table 39. Technology Readiness of Carbon capture Technologies
Table 40. Global CCUS Facilities Pipeline
Table 41. PSCC technologies
Table 42. Point source examples
Table 43. Comparison of point-source CO2 capture systems
Table 44. Global point source CO2 capture capacities
Table 45. Blue hydrogen projects
Table 46. Commercial CO2 capture systems for blue H2
Table 47. Market players in blue hydrogen
Table 48. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector
Table 49. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector
Table 50. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector
Table 51. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 52. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
Table 53. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems
Table 54. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 55. Amine Solvent Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Post-Combustion Capture
Table 56. Comparison of key physical absorption solvents
Table 57. Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 58. Emerging solvents for carbon capture
Table 59. Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture
Table 60. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion
Table 61. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
Table 62. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
Table 63. Main capture processes and their separation technologies
Table 64. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 65. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption
Table 66. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 67. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture
Table 68. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO2 capture
Table 69. Polymer-based adsorbents
Table 70. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture
Table 71. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems
Table 72. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 73. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
Table 74. Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
Table 75. Membranes for pre-combustion capture
Table 76. Status of cryogenic CO2 capture technologies
Table 77. Cryogenic Direct Air Capture Companies
Table 78. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture
Table 79. Comparison of main separation technologies
Table 80. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
Table 81. Opportunities and Barriers by sector
Table 82. DAC technologies
Table 83. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 84. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy
Table 85. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods
Table 86. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 87. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 88. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 89. DAC companies and technologies
Table 90. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Table 91. DAC technology developers and production (2026)
Table 92. DAC projects in development
Table 93. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast — Base Case (Mtpa CO2), 2024–2047
Table 94. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast — Optimistic Case (Mtpa CO2), 2030–2047
Table 95. Costs summary for DAC
Table 96. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system
Table 97. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 98. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 99. DAC companies and technologies
Table 100. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 101. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
Table 116. AI Applications in Carbon Capture
Table 117. Renewable Energy Integration in Carbon Capture
Table 118. Mobile Carbon Capture Applications
Table 119. Carbon Capture Retrofitting
Table 124. Market Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
Table 125. CDR versus CCUS
Table 126. Status and Potential of CDR Technologies
Table 127. Main CDR methods
Table 128. Novel CDR Methods
Table 129. Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
Table 130. CDR Value Chain
Table 131. Engineered Carbon Dioxide Removal Value Chain
Table 132. Carbon pricing and carbon markets
Table 133. Carbon Removal vs Emission Reduction Offsets
Table 134. Carbon Crediting Programs
Table 135. Channels for Purchasing Voluntary Carbon Credits
Table 136. Voluntary Carbon Credits Trading Platforms and Exchanges
Table 137. Voluntary Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
Table 138. Nature-Based Solutions Market Dynamics
Table 139. Voluntary Carbon Credits Pricing by Category and Project Type
Table 140. Price Range Analysis by Project Quality and Type
Table 141. Compliance Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
Table 142. Comparison of Voluntary and Compliance Carbon Credits
Table 143. Durable Carbon Removal Buyers
Table 144. Prices of CDR Credits
Table 145. Major Corporate Carbon Credit Commitments
Table 146. Key Carbon Market Regulations and Support Mechanisms
Table 147. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
Table 148. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms
Table 149. OTC Carbon Market Characteristics
Table 150. Challenges and Risks
Table 151. TRL of Biomass Conversion Processes and Products by Feedstock
Table 152. BiCRS feedstocks
Table 153. BiCRS conversion pathways
Table 154. BiCRS Technological Challenges
Table 155. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
Table 156. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
Table 157. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
Table 158. Challenges of BECCS
Table 159. Ex Situ Mineralization CDR Methods
Table 160. Source Materials for Ex Situ Mineralization
Table 161. Companies in CO2-derived Concrete
Table 162. Enhanced Weathering Applications
Table 163. Enhanced Weathering Materials and Processes
Table 164. Enhanced Weathering Companies
Table 165. Trends and Opportunities in Enhanced Weathering
Table 166. Challenges and Risks in Enhanced Weathering
Table 167. Cost analysis of enhanced weathering
Table 168. Nature-based CDR approaches
Table 169. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
Table 170. Forest Carbon Removal Projects
Table 171. Companies in Robotics in A/R
Table 172. Trends and Opportunities in Afforestation/Reforestation
Table 173. Challenges and Risks in Afforestation/Reforestation
Table 174. Soil carbon sequestration practices
Table 175. Soil sampling and analysis methods
Table 176. Remote sensing and modeling techniques
Table 177. Carbon credit protocols and standards
Table 178. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
Table 179. Key aspects of soil carbon credits
Table 180. Challenges and Risks in SCS
Table 181. Summary of key properties of biochar
Table 182. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 183. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
Table 184. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
Table 185. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
Table 186. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
Table 187. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
Table 188. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
Table 189. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
Table 190. Ocean-based CDR methods
Table 191. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Chart for Ocean-based CDR
Table 192. Benchmarking of Ocean-based CDR Methods
Table 193. Ocean-based CDR: Biotic Methods
Table 194. Market Players in Ocean-based CDR
Table 195. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
Table 196. Comparison of Low Carbon CO2 vs Incumbent Low Carbon Technologies
Table 197. Carbon utilization business models
Table 198. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 199. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
Table 200. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 201. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion
Table 202. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion
Table 203. CO2 derived products via biological conversion
Table 204. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
Table 205. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
Table 206. Comparison of emerging CO2 utilization applications
Table 207. Main routes to CO2-fuels
Table 208. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 209. Main routes to CO2-fuels
Table 210. Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels
Table 211. Existing and future CO2-derived synfuels projects
Table 212. CO2-Derived Methane Projects
Table 213. Power-to-Methane projects worldwide
Table 214. Power-to-Methane projects
Table 215. Microalgae products and prices
Table 216. Syngas Production Options for E-fuels
Table 217. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 218. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 219. CO2 utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 220. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 221. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 222. CO2-derived Chemicals: Thermochemical Pathways
Table 223. Thermochemical Methods: CO2-derived Methanol
Table 224. CO2-derived Methanol Projects
Table 225. CO2-Derived Methanol: Economic and Market Analysis (Next 5-10 Years)
Table 226. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
Table 227. Comparison of RWGS and SOEC Co-electrolysis Routes
Table 228. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
Table 229. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO2U Chemicals
Table 230. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 231. CO2 utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 232. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 233. Carbon sequestered per tonne of output, by route
Table 234. CCU-derived vs conventional pricing ($/kg unless noted)
Table 235. Total CCU-derived carbon materials market revenue
Table 236. Market revenue by output material, base case ($M)
Table 237. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 238. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets
Table 239. CO2 utilization in concrete curing or mixing
Table 240. CO2 utilization business models in building materials
Table 241. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 242. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 243. CO2 utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 244. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 245. Enrichment Technology
Table 246. Food and Feed Production from CO2
Table 247. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 248. CO2 utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 249. Global revenue forecast for CO2 use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2027–2047
Table 250. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 251. CO2 utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes CO2/year), 2027–2047
Table 252. Global revenue forecast for CO2-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2046
Table 253. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
Table 254. Digital and IoT Applications in Carbon Utilization
Table 255. Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
Table 256. Carbon Utilization Strategies in Data Centers
Table 257. CCU Integration in Smart City Infrastructure
Table 258. CO2-derived Materials in 3D Printing
Table 259. CO2 Applications in Energy Storage
Table 260. CO2 Applications in Electronics Manufacturing
Table 261. Storage and utilization of CO2
Table 262. Mechanisms of subsurface CO2 trapping
Table 263. Global depleted reservoir storage projects
Table 264. Global CO2 ECBM (Enhanced Coal-Bed Methane) Storage Projects (2026)
Table 265. CO2 EOR/storage projects
Table 266. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects
Table 267. Global storage capacity estimates, by region
Table 268. MRV Technologies and Costs in CO2 Storage
Table 269. Carbon storage challenges
Table 270. Status of CO2 Storage Projects
Table 271. Types of CO2-EOR designs
Table 272. CO2 capture with CO2-EOR facilities
Table 273. CO2-EOR companies
Table 274. Carbon Capture Storage Monitoring Technologies
Table 275. Storage Site Selection Criteria
Table 276. Phases of CO2 for transportation
Table 277. CO2 transportation methods and conditions
Table 278. Status of CO2 transportation methods in CCS projects
Table 279. CO2 pipelines Technical challenges
Table 280. Cost comparison of CO2 transportation methods
Table 281. Components of Smart Pipeline Networks
Table 282. Components of CO2 Transportation Hubs
Table 283. CO2 Pipeline Safety Systems and Monitoring
Table 284. Emerging CO2 Transportation Technologies
Table 285. CO2 transport operators
Table 286. List of abbreviations
Table 287. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 3. CCUS business model
Figure 4. Pathways for CO2 use
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain
Figure 11. Schematic of CCUS process
Figure 12. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
Figure 13. A pre-combustion capture system
Figure 14. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
Figure 15. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
Figure 16. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
Figure 17. Transport of CCS technologies
Figure 18. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
Figure 21. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
Figure 22. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 26. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage
Figure 27. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage plant
Figure 28. POX process flow diagram
Figure 29. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
Figure 30. Post-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 31. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
Figure 32. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 33. Process schematic of chemical looping
Figure 34. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
Figure 35. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 36. Amine-based absorption technology
Figure 37. Pressure swing absorption technology
Figure 38. Membrane separation technology
Figure 39. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation
Figure 40. Cryocap process
Figure 41. Calix advanced calcination reactor
Figure 42. LEILAC process
Figure 43. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram
Figure 44. Microalgal carbon capture
Figure 45. Cost of carbon capture
Figure 46. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2
Figure 47. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030
Figure 48. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 50. DAC technologies
Figure 51. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 52. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 53. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 54. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 55. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 56. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 57. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 58. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 74. Process Flow of Carbon Trading
Figure 75. BiCRS Value Chain
Figure 76. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
Figure 77. Capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using bricks of calcium hydroxide
Figure 78. Carbon capture using mineral carbonation
Figure 79. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
Figure 80. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
Figure 81. SWOT analysis: SCS
Figure 82. Schematic of biochar production
Figure 83. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
Figure 84. Compressed biochar
Figure 85. Biochar production diagram
Figure 86. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
Figure 87. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR
Figure 88. SWOT analysis: Ocean-based CDR
Figure 89. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
Figure 90. Applications for CO2
Figure 91. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
Figure 92. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 93. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 94. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
Figure 95. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
Figure 96. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 97. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 98. Econic catalyst systems
Figure 99. Mineral carbonation processes
Figure 100. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 101. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 102. SWOT analysis: e-fuels
Figure 103. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 106. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 107. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 108. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 109. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 110. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
Figure 111. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 112. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 113. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 114. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 116. Carbon mineralization pathways
Figure 117. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 118. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use
Figure 119. Subsurface storage cost estimation
Figure 120. Air Products production process
Figure 121. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor
Figure 122. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
Figure 123. Aspiring Materials method
Figure 124. Aymium's Biocarbon production
Figure 125. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
Figure 126. Carbonminer technology
Figure 127. Carbon Blade system
Figure 128. CarbonCure Technology
Figure 129. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 130. CRI process
Figure 131. PCCSD Project in China
Figure 132. Orca facility
Figure 133. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant
Figure 134. Colyser process
Figure 135. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 136. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 137. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture
Figure 138. Topsoe's SynCOR autothermal reforming technology
Figure 139. Heirloom DAC facilities
Figure 140. Carbon Capture balloon
Figure 141. Holy Grail DAC system
Figure 142. INERATEC unit
Figure 143. Infinitree swing method
Figure 144. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 145. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 146. Mosaic Materials MOFs
Figure 147. Neustark modular plant
Figure 148. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 149. ZerCaL process
Figure 150. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field
Figure 151. RepAir technology
Figure 152. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system
Figure 153. Soletair Power unit
Figure 154. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 155. CALF-20 integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine
Figure 156. Takavator
Figure 157. O12 Reactor
Figure 158. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 159. CO2 made car part
Figure 160. Molecular sieving membrane
Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 3. CCUS business model
Figure 4. Pathways for CO2 use
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain
Figure 11. Schematic of CCUS process
Figure 12. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
Figure 13. A pre-combustion capture system
Figure 14. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
Figure 15. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
Figure 16. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
Figure 17. Transport of CCS technologies
Figure 18. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
Figure 21. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
Figure 22. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 26. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage
Figure 27. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage plant
Figure 28. POX process flow diagram
Figure 29. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
Figure 30. Post-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 31. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
Figure 32. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 33. Process schematic of chemical looping
Figure 34. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
Figure 35. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 36. Amine-based absorption technology
Figure 37. Pressure swing absorption technology
Figure 38. Membrane separation technology
Figure 39. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation
Figure 40. Cryocap process
Figure 41. Calix advanced calcination reactor
Figure 42. LEILAC process
Figure 43. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram
Figure 44. Microalgal carbon capture
Figure 45. Cost of carbon capture
Figure 46. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2
Figure 47. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030
Figure 48. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 50. DAC technologies
Figure 51. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 52. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 53. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 54. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 55. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 56. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 57. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 58. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 74. Process Flow of Carbon Trading
Figure 75. BiCRS Value Chain
Figure 76. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
Figure 77. Capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using bricks of calcium hydroxide
Figure 78. Carbon capture using mineral carbonation
Figure 79. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
Figure 80. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
Figure 81. SWOT analysis: SCS
Figure 82. Schematic of biochar production
Figure 83. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
Figure 84. Compressed biochar
Figure 85. Biochar production diagram
Figure 86. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
Figure 87. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR
Figure 88. SWOT analysis: Ocean-based CDR
Figure 89. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
Figure 90. Applications for CO2
Figure 91. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
Figure 92. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 93. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 94. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
Figure 95. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
Figure 96. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 97. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 98. Econic catalyst systems
Figure 99. Mineral carbonation processes
Figure 100. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 101. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 102. SWOT analysis: e-fuels
Figure 103. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 106. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 107. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 108. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 109. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 110. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
Figure 111. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 112. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 113. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 114. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 116. Carbon mineralization pathways
Figure 117. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 118. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use
Figure 119. Subsurface storage cost estimation
Figure 120. Air Products production process
Figure 121. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor
Figure 122. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
Figure 123. Aspiring Materials method
Figure 124. Aymium's Biocarbon production
Figure 125. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
Figure 126. Carbonminer technology
Figure 127. Carbon Blade system
Figure 128. CarbonCure Technology
Figure 129. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 130. CRI process
Figure 131. PCCSD Project in China
Figure 132. Orca facility
Figure 133. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant
Figure 134. Colyser process
Figure 135. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 136. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 137. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture
Figure 138. Topsoe's SynCOR autothermal reforming technology
Figure 139. Heirloom DAC facilities
Figure 140. Carbon Capture balloon
Figure 141. Holy Grail DAC system
Figure 142. INERATEC unit
Figure 143. Infinitree swing method
Figure 144. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 145. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 146. Mosaic Materials MOFs
Figure 147. Neustark modular plant
Figure 148. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 149. ZerCaL process
Figure 150. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field
Figure 151. RepAir technology
Figure 152. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system
Figure 153. Soletair Power unit
Figure 154. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 155. CALF-20 integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine
Figure 156. Takavator
Figure 157. O12 Reactor
Figure 158. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 159. CO2 made car part
Figure 160. Molecular sieving membrane
