MENA Oil and Gas Risks and Forecasts Report March 2013 (14 countries)
Strategic Analysis (SA) at the Henry Jackson Society (HJA) has just released its MENA Oil and Gas Sector Risks and Forecasts Report. The report consists of 11 country profiles which utilises a high-profile network with and detailed knowledge of the region. This is something that will benefit individuals within the legal, financial services, energy, banking, consultancy and infrastructure sectors.
Strategic Analysis leverages the unique specialist capabilities of the Henry Jackson Society Research Division to provide clients with decision-ready, commercially relevant research, analysis and consulting services to assist them in mitigating risks and identifying opportunities for their business. Our highly skilled analysts frequently appear on the BBC, Sky, Al-Jazeera and often write for the New York Times and the Financial Times, amongst other papers. The Henry Jackson Society regularly deals with the House of Commons and organises high profile events with the likes of Mohammad Yunus and Jeffrey Sachs.
Executive Summary
Since the discovery of the first significant oil field in Persia, in 1908, Middle Eastern oil has been central to the world’s energy needs. Over the past 105 years, Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries have been invaded; coups implemented; politicians overthrown; and wars undertaken, in order to gain access to – and protect – oil. Today, with MENA accounting for 57.8% of global oil reserves, the threats and challenges to the region are just as present as ever. As this report will show, risks to the oil and gas sector can come in multiple forms: from direct attacks, to corruption, to an overarching state. Nonetheless, by understanding where the dangers are likely to come from, it is possible to take steps in order to mitigate the effects of each risk.
The first part of the MENA Oil and Gas Sector Risks and Forecasts Report looks at the overriding themes and trends that are currently occurring – and likely to occur – in the MENA region over the next three months, as well as the opportunities for investors. The second part of this report presents a full, detailed analysis and forecast of the oil and gas sector in 11 MENA countries, in order to ensure that investors and actors are aware of the true on-the-ground events and risks to their business.
Strategic Analysis leverages the unique specialist capabilities of the Henry Jackson Society Research Division to provide clients with decision-ready, commercially relevant research, analysis and consulting services to assist them in mitigating risks and identifying opportunities for their business. Our highly skilled analysts frequently appear on the BBC, Sky, Al-Jazeera and often write for the New York Times and the Financial Times, amongst other papers. The Henry Jackson Society regularly deals with the House of Commons and organises high profile events with the likes of Mohammad Yunus and Jeffrey Sachs.
Executive Summary
Since the discovery of the first significant oil field in Persia, in 1908, Middle Eastern oil has been central to the world’s energy needs. Over the past 105 years, Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries have been invaded; coups implemented; politicians overthrown; and wars undertaken, in order to gain access to – and protect – oil. Today, with MENA accounting for 57.8% of global oil reserves, the threats and challenges to the region are just as present as ever. As this report will show, risks to the oil and gas sector can come in multiple forms: from direct attacks, to corruption, to an overarching state. Nonetheless, by understanding where the dangers are likely to come from, it is possible to take steps in order to mitigate the effects of each risk.
The first part of the MENA Oil and Gas Sector Risks and Forecasts Report looks at the overriding themes and trends that are currently occurring – and likely to occur – in the MENA region over the next three months, as well as the opportunities for investors. The second part of this report presents a full, detailed analysis and forecast of the oil and gas sector in 11 MENA countries, in order to ensure that investors and actors are aware of the true on-the-ground events and risks to their business.
INTRODUCTION
ABBREVIATIONS
EGYPT
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELD MAPS
INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES AND CONCESSIONS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
THE SUEZ CANAL
LNG TERMINALS
OIL REFINERIES
KEY OIL/GAS PIPELINES
OIL- AND GAS-EXPORTING PORTS
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
HYDROCARBON AGREEMENTS
ECONOMIC
SECTOR OVERVIEW
IMPACT OF 2011 REVOLUTION
CURRENCY AND FOREIGN-CURRENCY HOLDINGS
ENERGY AND FOOD SUBSIDIES
ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY IN OIL AND GAS
LEGISLATION
OIL AND GAS CONCESSION LAW NO.86 (1959)
INVESTMENT INCENTIVES LAW NO.8 (1997)
TAX AND FISCAL REGIME
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
FORECAST
IRAN
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
ADDITIONAL COMPANIES
FIELDS INFORMATION AND MAPS
FIELDS/OWNERSHIP IN IRAN
OIL
GAS
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS TO RESERVES
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL
RECENT REGIONAL AGREEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL RELATIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
CURRENCY AND INTEREST RATES
US SANCTIONS
EU SANCTIONS
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
IRANIAN CONSTITUTION
BUY-BACK AGREEMENTS
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
CYBER ATTACKS
TERRORISM
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
RISK BRIEFS
IRAQ
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELD INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL
OIL REFINERIES
GAS
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE
OPERATIONAL
POLITICAL
BACKGROUND
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
ECONOMIC
OVERVIEW
LABOUR
LEGISLATION
HYDROCARBON LAW
CURRENT LEGAL SITUATION
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
OTHER
INTERNATIONAL
KURDISTAN REGION
FORECAST
ISRAEL
SECTOR OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
FIELD INFORMATION AND MAPS
LEVIATHAN
TAMAR
NOA AND MARI-B
DALIT
TANIN
DOLPHIN/HANNA
COASTAL LICENCES
OTHER LICENCES UNDER DEVELOPMENT
GAZA MARINE RESERVE
ONSHORE OIL
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
INGL PROJECTS
LNG ABSORPTION BUOY
OIL PIPELINES
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
RELATIONS WITH THE PALESTINIANS
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONSHIP WITH LEBANON
RELATIONSHIP WITH EGYPT
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
FUELS USED IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION
EXPORTS AND EARNINGS
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
TAX
SECURITY
RISK OF TERRORISM
RISK OF WAR
FORECAST
JORDAN
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES MAPS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL AND GAS PIPELINES
OIL REFINERIES
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC DIVISIONS
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
ECONOMIC
ECONOMIC ISSUES
FUTURE FOREIGN INVESTMENT
LEGISLATION
TAX
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
SECURITY
TERRORISM
CIVIL UNREST
FORECAST
LEBANON
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
FIELD INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
COASTAL TERMINALS
PIPELINES
REFINERIES
POLITICAL
OPPORTUNITIES
RISKS
ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITIES
RISKS
LEGISLATION
THE OFFSHORE PETROLEUM RESOURCES LAW
THE PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATION AUTHORITY
LICENSING
TAX
SECURITY
THE SPILL-OVER OF THE SYRIAN CONFLICT INTO LEBANON
WAR
FORECAST
RISK BRIEFS
MAURITANIA
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
BLOCKS/COMPANIES GRAPH
FIELD/BLOCK INFORMATION AND MAP
PRODUCTION
RESERVES AND EXPLORATION
CФTIER BASIN (OFFSHORE) BLOCK AND OPERATOR MAP
LICENCE INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
PORTS
POWER PLANTS
PIPELINES
REFINERY
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
CIVIL UNREST
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS TO RESERVES
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL AGREEMENTS AND RELATIONS
AFRICAN UNION
ARAB LEAGUE
ARAB MAGHREB UNION
MOROCCO
SENEGAL
ECONOMIC
KEY INDICATORS
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
RENEWED INVESTOR CONFIDENCE IN THE HYDROCARBON INDUSTRY
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LAW NO.88.151 (1988) – HYDROCARBON LAW
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION CONTRACTS
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
COUNTER-TERRORISM
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
MOROCCO
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY INDICATORS
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
MAJOR LICENCE/FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
MAP OF CURRENT LICENCES AND PERMITS
LICENCES AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES
RECENT ACTIVITY
MAP OF MAJOR LICENCES – 2013
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL REFINERIES
PIPELINES
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC DIVISIONS
WESTERN SAHARA DISPUTE
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL RELATIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
KEY INDICATORS
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
OPPORTUNITIES
MOROCCAN OIL IMPORTS IN 2011
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT
RECENT REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LAW NO.27-99 (2000)
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
AQIM TERRORISM
INTERNATIONAL
AQIM EXPANSION IN SAHEL, AND THE FRENCH-LED INTERVENTION IN MALI IN 2012/2013
FORECAST
QATAR
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND SHAREHOLDERS
OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL REFINERIES
GAS LIQUEFACTION AND REFINERIES
POLITICAL
BACKGROUND
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
SAUDI ARABIA
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELD INFORMATION
GAS FIELDS
MAP OF SAUDI ARABIAN OIL FIELDS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL REFINERIES
OIL AND GAS FACILITIES
OIL-EXPORT TERMINALS
POLITICAL
OVERVIEW
CIVIL LIBERTIES
RULING FAMILY
CORRUPTION
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
DIVERSIFICATION
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
ETHNIC
INTERNATIONAL
FORECAST
SYRIA
INTRODUCTION
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
OIL AND GAS RESERVES, PRODUCTION, AND EXPORTS
OIL FIELDS
FIELDS MAPS
KEY FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
REFINERIES
PIPELINES
OPERATIONS
PORTS AND TRANSPORT ROUTES
IMPORTS/EXPORTS
THE 2011 SYRIA CONFLICT
DOMESTIC
POLITICAL
OIL AND GAS SECTOR
REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
THE UNITED NATIONS
US, EU, AND GCC STATES
IRAN
RUSSIA
FORECAST
TURKEY
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
LNG
GAS
INTERNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
MAP OF INTERNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
OIL
REFINERIES
PROJECTS
BOSPHORUS STRAIT
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC DIVISIONS
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS TO RESERVES
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL
RECENT REGIONAL AGREEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL RELATIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
PETROLEUM MARKET LAW NO.5015 (2003)
NATURAL GAS MARKET LAW NO.4646 (2001)
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
KURDISTAN WORKERS’ PARTY
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
RISK BRIEFS
THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY STATE COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS
OIL
GAS
INFRASTRUCTURE
EXPORT TERMINALS
OIL REFINERIES
GAS-PROCESSING PLANTS
STORAGE
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
LEGISLATION
SECURITY
FORECAST
YEMEN
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
PRODUCING FIELDS AND OWNERSHIP
INFRASTRACTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL
GAS
TRANSIT ROUTES
POLITICAL
BACKGROUND
POLITICAL DIVISIONS
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
ISSUES
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
INTERNAL PROBLEMS
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
APPENDIX 1 – DEFINITIONS
APPENDIX 2 – GLOSSARY OF COMPANIES
ENDNOTES
ABBREVIATIONS
EGYPT
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELD MAPS
INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES AND CONCESSIONS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
THE SUEZ CANAL
LNG TERMINALS
OIL REFINERIES
KEY OIL/GAS PIPELINES
OIL- AND GAS-EXPORTING PORTS
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
HYDROCARBON AGREEMENTS
ECONOMIC
SECTOR OVERVIEW
IMPACT OF 2011 REVOLUTION
CURRENCY AND FOREIGN-CURRENCY HOLDINGS
ENERGY AND FOOD SUBSIDIES
ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY IN OIL AND GAS
LEGISLATION
OIL AND GAS CONCESSION LAW NO.86 (1959)
INVESTMENT INCENTIVES LAW NO.8 (1997)
TAX AND FISCAL REGIME
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
FORECAST
IRAN
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
ADDITIONAL COMPANIES
FIELDS INFORMATION AND MAPS
FIELDS/OWNERSHIP IN IRAN
OIL
GAS
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS TO RESERVES
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL
RECENT REGIONAL AGREEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL RELATIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
CURRENCY AND INTEREST RATES
US SANCTIONS
EU SANCTIONS
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
IRANIAN CONSTITUTION
BUY-BACK AGREEMENTS
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
CYBER ATTACKS
TERRORISM
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
RISK BRIEFS
IRAQ
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELD INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL
OIL REFINERIES
GAS
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE
OPERATIONAL
POLITICAL
BACKGROUND
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
ECONOMIC
OVERVIEW
LABOUR
LEGISLATION
HYDROCARBON LAW
CURRENT LEGAL SITUATION
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
OTHER
INTERNATIONAL
KURDISTAN REGION
FORECAST
ISRAEL
SECTOR OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
FIELD INFORMATION AND MAPS
LEVIATHAN
TAMAR
NOA AND MARI-B
DALIT
TANIN
DOLPHIN/HANNA
COASTAL LICENCES
OTHER LICENCES UNDER DEVELOPMENT
GAZA MARINE RESERVE
ONSHORE OIL
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
INGL PROJECTS
LNG ABSORPTION BUOY
OIL PIPELINES
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
RELATIONS WITH THE PALESTINIANS
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONSHIP WITH LEBANON
RELATIONSHIP WITH EGYPT
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
FUELS USED IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION
EXPORTS AND EARNINGS
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
TAX
SECURITY
RISK OF TERRORISM
RISK OF WAR
FORECAST
JORDAN
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES MAPS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL AND GAS PIPELINES
OIL REFINERIES
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC DIVISIONS
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
ECONOMIC
ECONOMIC ISSUES
FUTURE FOREIGN INVESTMENT
LEGISLATION
TAX
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
SECURITY
TERRORISM
CIVIL UNREST
FORECAST
LEBANON
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
FIELD INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
COASTAL TERMINALS
PIPELINES
REFINERIES
POLITICAL
OPPORTUNITIES
RISKS
ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITIES
RISKS
LEGISLATION
THE OFFSHORE PETROLEUM RESOURCES LAW
THE PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATION AUTHORITY
LICENSING
TAX
SECURITY
THE SPILL-OVER OF THE SYRIAN CONFLICT INTO LEBANON
WAR
FORECAST
RISK BRIEFS
MAURITANIA
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
BLOCKS/COMPANIES GRAPH
FIELD/BLOCK INFORMATION AND MAP
PRODUCTION
RESERVES AND EXPLORATION
CФTIER BASIN (OFFSHORE) BLOCK AND OPERATOR MAP
LICENCE INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
PORTS
POWER PLANTS
PIPELINES
REFINERY
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
CIVIL UNREST
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS TO RESERVES
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL AGREEMENTS AND RELATIONS
AFRICAN UNION
ARAB LEAGUE
ARAB MAGHREB UNION
MOROCCO
SENEGAL
ECONOMIC
KEY INDICATORS
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
RENEWED INVESTOR CONFIDENCE IN THE HYDROCARBON INDUSTRY
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LAW NO.88.151 (1988) – HYDROCARBON LAW
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION CONTRACTS
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
COUNTER-TERRORISM
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
MOROCCO
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY INDICATORS
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
MAJOR LICENCE/FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
MAP OF CURRENT LICENCES AND PERMITS
LICENCES AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES
RECENT ACTIVITY
MAP OF MAJOR LICENCES – 2013
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL REFINERIES
PIPELINES
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC DIVISIONS
WESTERN SAHARA DISPUTE
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL RELATIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
KEY INDICATORS
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
OPPORTUNITIES
MOROCCAN OIL IMPORTS IN 2011
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT
RECENT REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LAW NO.27-99 (2000)
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
AQIM TERRORISM
INTERNATIONAL
AQIM EXPANSION IN SAHEL, AND THE FRENCH-LED INTERVENTION IN MALI IN 2012/2013
FORECAST
QATAR
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND SHAREHOLDERS
OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL REFINERIES
GAS LIQUEFACTION AND REFINERIES
POLITICAL
BACKGROUND
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
SAUDI ARABIA
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELD INFORMATION
GAS FIELDS
MAP OF SAUDI ARABIAN OIL FIELDS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL REFINERIES
OIL AND GAS FACILITIES
OIL-EXPORT TERMINALS
POLITICAL
OVERVIEW
CIVIL LIBERTIES
RULING FAMILY
CORRUPTION
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
DIVERSIFICATION
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
ETHNIC
INTERNATIONAL
FORECAST
SYRIA
INTRODUCTION
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
OIL AND GAS RESERVES, PRODUCTION, AND EXPORTS
OIL FIELDS
FIELDS MAPS
KEY FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
REFINERIES
PIPELINES
OPERATIONS
PORTS AND TRANSPORT ROUTES
IMPORTS/EXPORTS
THE 2011 SYRIA CONFLICT
DOMESTIC
POLITICAL
OIL AND GAS SECTOR
REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
THE UNITED NATIONS
US, EU, AND GCC STATES
IRAN
RUSSIA
FORECAST
TURKEY
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
LNG
GAS
INTERNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
MAP OF INTERNATIONAL GAS PIPELINES
OIL
REFINERIES
PROJECTS
BOSPHORUS STRAIT
POLITICAL
DOMESTIC
BACKGROUND
RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC DIVISIONS
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS TO RESERVES
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL
RECENT REGIONAL AGREEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL RELATIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
PETROLEUM MARKET LAW NO.5015 (2003)
NATURAL GAS MARKET LAW NO.4646 (2001)
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
KURDISTAN WORKERS’ PARTY
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
RISK BRIEFS
THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY STATE COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS
OIL
GAS
INFRASTRUCTURE
EXPORT TERMINALS
OIL REFINERIES
GAS-PROCESSING PLANTS
STORAGE
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
LEGISLATION
SECURITY
FORECAST
YEMEN
SECTOR OVERVIEW
KEY COMPANIES
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
FIELDS/COMPANIES GRAPH
PRODUCING FIELDS AND OWNERSHIP
INFRASTRACTURE AND TRANSIT ROUTES
OIL
GAS
TRANSIT ROUTES
POLITICAL
BACKGROUND
POLITICAL DIVISIONS
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS
CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS
ECONOMIC
BACKGROUND
ISSUES
ENERGY MARKET AND CONSUMPTION
LEGISLATION
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
TAX
SECURITY
DOMESTIC
TERRORISM
INTERNAL PROBLEMS
INTERNATIONAL
CROSS-BORDER GEOPOLITICAL RISKS
FORECAST
APPENDIX 1 – DEFINITIONS
APPENDIX 2 – GLOSSARY OF COMPANIES
ENDNOTES
