Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod market
Market status and development trend of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod market as:
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
5000 Series
Others
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Automobile Industry
Electronics Industry
Rail Transit
Machinery and Equipment
Others
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Alcoa
Chalco
Yinhai Aluminum
Yunnan Aluminum
China Hongqiao
Rusal
Rio Tinto
Nanshan Light Alloy
Ahresty
Wanji
Handtmann
Kumz
MCI
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod market
Market status and development trend of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod market as:
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
5000 Series
Others
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Automobile Industry
Electronics Industry
Rail Transit
Machinery and Equipment
Others
United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Alcoa
Chalco
Yinhai Aluminum
Yunnan Aluminum
China Hongqiao
Rusal
Rio Tinto
Nanshan Light Alloy
Ahresty
Wanji
Handtmann
Kumz
MCI
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
1.1 Definition of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
1.2.1 5000 Series
1.2.2 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
1.3.1 Automobile Industry
1.3.2 Electronics Industry
1.3.3 Rail Transit
1.3.4 Machinery and Equipment
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Alcoa
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.1.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alcoa
7.2 Chalco
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.2.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Chalco
7.3 Yinhai Aluminum
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.3.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yinhai Aluminum
7.4 Yunnan Aluminum
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.4.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yunnan Aluminum
7.5 China Hongqiao
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.5.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of China Hongqiao
7.6 Rusal
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.6.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rusal
7.7 Rio Tinto
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.7.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rio Tinto
7.8 Nanshan Light Alloy
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.8.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nanshan Light Alloy
7.9 Ahresty
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.9.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ahresty
7.10 Wanji
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.10.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wanji
7.11 Handtmann
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.11.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Handtmann
7.12 Kumz
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.12.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kumz
7.13 MCI
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.13.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MCI
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
8.1 Industry Chain of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
1.2.1 5000 Series
1.2.2 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
1.3.1 Automobile Industry
1.3.2 Electronics Industry
1.3.3 Rail Transit
1.3.4 Machinery and Equipment
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Alcoa
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.1.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alcoa
7.2 Chalco
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.2.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Chalco
7.3 Yinhai Aluminum
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.3.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yinhai Aluminum
7.4 Yunnan Aluminum
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.4.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yunnan Aluminum
7.5 China Hongqiao
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.5.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of China Hongqiao
7.6 Rusal
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.6.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rusal
7.7 Rio Tinto
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.7.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rio Tinto
7.8 Nanshan Light Alloy
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.8.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nanshan Light Alloy
7.9 Ahresty
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.9.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ahresty
7.10 Wanji
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.10.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wanji
7.11 Handtmann
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.11.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Handtmann
7.12 Kumz
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.12.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kumz
7.13 MCI
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Product
7.13.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MCI
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
8.1 Industry Chain of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys Rod
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS ROD
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
