The Global Market for Biobased and Sustainable Materials 2024-2035

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Definition of Biobased and Sustainable Materials
2.2 Importance and Benefits of Biobased and Sustainable Materials

3 BIOBASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES

3.1 BIOREFINERIES
3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
3.3 PLANT-BASED
  3.3.1 STARCH
    3.3.1.1 Overview
    3.3.1.2 Sources
    3.3.1.3 Global production
    3.3.1.4 Lysine
      3.3.1.4.1 Source
      3.3.1.4.2 Applications
      3.3.1.4.3 Global production
    3.3.1.5 Glucose
      3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
        3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
      3.3.1.5.2 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
        3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
      3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
        3.3.1.5.3.1 Isosorbide
          3.3.1.5.3.1.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.3.1.2 Sources
          3.3.1.5.3.1.3 Applications
          3.3.1.5.3.1.4 Global production
      3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
        3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
        3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
        3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
      3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
        3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
      3.3.1.5.6 3-HP
        3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
        3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
          3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
          3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
        3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
          3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
          3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
      3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
        3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
        3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
          3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
          3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Gobal production
        3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
          3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
          3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
      3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
        3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
        3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
          3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
          3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
      3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
        3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
        3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
          3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
          3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
          3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
          3.3.1.5.9.5.5 Terephthalic acid
          3.3.1.5.9.5.6 Overview
      3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
        3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
      3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
        3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
      3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
        3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
        3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
        3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
        3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
        3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
          3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
          3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
          3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
          3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
          3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
        3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
  3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
    3.3.2.1 Saccharose
      3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
        3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
        3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
        3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
      3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
        3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
        3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
        3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
        3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
          3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
          3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
          3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
        3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
          3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
          3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
          3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
        3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
          3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
          3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
          3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
        3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
          3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
          3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
          3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
        3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
          3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
          3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
          3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
  3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
    3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
      3.3.3.1.1 Overview
      3.3.3.1.2 Applications
      3.3.3.1.3 Global production
    3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
      3.3.3.2.1 Overview
      3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
      3.3.3.2.3 Global production
      3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
        3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
        3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
        3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
        3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
          3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
          3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
          3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
    3.3.3.3 Lignin
      3.3.3.3.1 Overview
      3.3.3.3.2 Sources
      3.3.3.3.3 Applications
        3.3.3.3.3.1 Aromatic compounds
          3.3.3.3.3.1.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
          3.3.3.3.3.1.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
          3.3.3.3.3.1.3 Vanillin
        3.3.3.3.3.2 Polymers
      3.3.3.3.4 Global production
  3.3.4 PLANT OILS
    3.3.4.1 Overview
    3.3.4.2 Glycerol
      3.3.4.2.1 Overview
      3.3.4.2.2 Applications
      3.3.4.2.3 Global production
      3.3.4.2.4 MPG
        3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
        3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
        3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
      3.3.4.2.5 ECH
        3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
        3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
        3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
    3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
      3.3.4.3.1 Overview
      3.3.4.3.2 Applications
      3.3.4.3.3 Global production
    3.3.4.4 Castor oil
      3.3.4.4.1 Overview
      3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
        3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
        3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
        3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
      3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
        3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
        3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
        3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
    3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
      3.3.4.5.1 Overview
      3.3.4.5.2 Applications
      3.3.4.5.3 Global production
    3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
      3.3.4.6.1 Overview
      3.3.4.6.2 Applications
      3.3.4.6.3 Global production
  3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
    3.3.5.1 Casein
      3.3.5.1.1 Overview
      3.3.5.1.2 Applications
      3.3.5.1.3 Global production
3.4 WASTE
  3.4.1 Food waste
    3.4.1.1 Overview
    3.4.1.2 Products and applications
      3.4.1.2.1 Global production
  3.4.2 Agricultural waste
    3.4.2.1 Overview
    3.4.2.2 Products and applications
    3.4.2.3 Global production
  3.4.3 Forestry waste
    3.4.3.1 Overview
    3.4.3.2 Products and applications
    3.4.3.3 Global production
  3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
    3.4.4.1 Overview
    3.4.4.2 Products and applications
    3.4.4.3 Global production
  3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
    3.4.5.1 Overview
    3.4.5.2 Products and applications
    3.4.5.3 Global production
  3.4.6 Industrial waste
    3.4.6.1 Overview
  3.4.7 Waste oils
    3.4.7.1 Overview
    3.4.7.2 Products and applications
    3.4.7.3 Global production
3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
  3.5.1 Microalgae
    3.5.1.1 Overview
    3.5.1.2 Products and applications
    3.5.1.3 Global production
  3.5.2 Macroalgae
    3.5.2.1 Overview
    3.5.2.2 Products and applications
    3.5.2.3 Global production
  3.5.3 Mineral sources
    3.5.3.1 Overview
    3.5.3.2 Products and applications
3.6 GASEOUS
  3.6.1 Biogas
    3.6.1.1 Overview
    3.6.1.2 Products and applications
    3.6.1.3 Global production
  3.6.2 Syngas
    3.6.2.1 Overview
    3.6.2.2 Products and applications
    3.6.2.3 Global production
  3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
    3.6.3.1 Overview
    3.6.3.2 Products and applications
3.7 COMPANY PROFILES 231 (115 company profiles)

4 BIOBASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
  4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
4.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
  4.2.1 Biodegradability
  4.2.2 Compostability
4.3 Types
4.4 Key market players
4.5 Synthetic biobased polymers
  4.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    4.5.1.1 Market analysis
    4.5.1.2 Production
    4.5.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      4.5.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      4.5.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities
      4.5.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  4.5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    4.5.2.1 Market analysis
    4.5.2.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.5.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  4.5.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    4.5.3.1 Market analysis
    4.5.3.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.5.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  4.5.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    4.5.4.1 Market analysis
    4.5.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
    4.5.4.3 Producers and production capacities
      4.5.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      4.5.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
  4.5.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    4.5.5.1 Market analysis
    4.5.5.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.5.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  4.5.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    4.5.6.1 Market analysis
    4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.5.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  4.5.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    4.5.7.1 Market analysis
    4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.5.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  4.5.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    4.5.8.1 Market analysis
    4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.5.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
  4.5.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    4.5.9.1 Market analysis
    4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.5.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
4.6 Natural biobased polymers
  4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    4.6.1.1 Technology description
    4.6.1.2 Types
      4.6.1.2.1 PHB
      4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
    4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
    4.6.1.4 Market analysis
    4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
    4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
      4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
      4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
        4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
      4.6.1.6.3 Medical
        4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
        4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
      4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
        4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
        4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
    4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
    4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  4.6.2 Cellulose
    4.6.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
      4.6.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities
    4.6.2.2 Nanocellulose
      4.6.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
        4.6.2.2.1.1 Synthesis
        4.6.2.2.1.2 Properties
        4.6.2.2.1.3 Production
        4.6.2.2.1.4 Applications
        4.6.2.2.1.5 Market analysis
        4.6.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities
      4.6.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers
        4.6.2.2.2.1 Applications
        4.6.2.2.2.2 Market analysis
        4.6.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities
      4.6.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        4.6.2.2.3.1 Production
        4.6.2.2.3.2 Applications
  4.6.3 Protein-based bioplastics
    4.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers
  4.6.4 Algal and fungal
    4.6.4.1 Algal
      4.6.4.1.1 Advantages
      4.6.4.1.2 Production
      4.6.4.1.3 Producers
    4.6.4.2 Mycelium
      4.6.4.2.1 Properties
      4.6.4.2.2 Applications
      4.6.4.2.3 Commercialization
  4.6.5 Chitosan
    4.6.5.1 Technology description
4.7 Production by region
  4.7.1 North America
  4.7.2 Europe
  4.7.3 Asia-Pacific
    4.7.3.1 China
    4.7.3.2 Japan
    4.7.3.3 Thailand
    4.7.3.4 Indonesia
  4.7.4 Latin America
4.8 End use markets
  4.8.1 Packaging
    4.8.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    4.8.1.2 Applications
    4.8.1.3 Flexible packaging
      4.8.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2035
    4.8.1.4 Rigid packaging
      4.8.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2035
  4.8.2 Consumer products
    4.8.2.1 Applications
    4.8.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
  4.8.3 Automotive
    4.8.3.1 Applications
    4.8.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
  4.8.4 Construction
    4.8.4.1 Applications
    4.8.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
  4.8.5 Textiles
    4.8.5.1 Apparel
    4.8.5.2 Footwear
    4.8.5.3 Medical textiles
    4.8.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2035
  4.8.6 Electronics
    4.8.6.1 Applications
    4.8.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
  4.8.7 Agriculture and horticulture
    4.8.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2035
4.9 Lignin
  4.9.1 Introduction
    4.9.1.1 What is lignin?
      4.9.1.1.1 Lignin structure
    4.9.1.2 Types of lignin
      4.9.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
      4.9.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
    4.9.1.3 Properties
    4.9.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
    4.9.1.5 Markets and applications
    4.9.1.6 Challenges for using lignin
  4.9.2 Lignin production processes
    4.9.2.1 Lignosulphonates
    4.9.2.2 Kraft Lignin
      4.9.2.2.1 LignoBoost process
      4.9.2.2.2 LignoForce method
      4.9.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
      4.9.2.2.4 A-Recovery+
    4.9.2.3 Soda lignin
    4.9.2.4 Biorefinery lignin
      4.9.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
    4.9.2.5 Organosolv lignins
    4.9.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin
  4.9.3 Markets for lignin
    4.9.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin
    4.9.3.2 Production capacities
      4.9.3.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
      4.9.3.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
    4.9.3.3 Estimated consumption of lignin
    4.9.3.4 Prices
    4.9.3.5 Heat and power energy
    4.9.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas
    4.9.3.7 Aromatic compounds
      4.9.3.7.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
      4.9.3.7.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
      4.9.3.7.3 Vanillin
    4.9.3.8 Plastics and polymers
4.10 COMPANY PROFILES 441 (516 company profiles)

5 NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

5.1 Introduction
  5.1.1 What are natural fiber materials?
  5.1.2 Benefits of natural fibers over synthetic
  5.1.3 Markets and applications for natural fibers
  5.1.4 Commercially available natural fiber products
  5.1.5 Market drivers for natural fibers
  5.1.6 Market challenges
  5.1.7 Wood flour as a plastic filler
5.2 Types of natural fibers in plastic composites
  5.2.1 Plants
    5.2.1.1 Seed fibers
      5.2.1.1.1 Kapok
      5.2.1.1.2 Luffa
    5.2.1.2 Bast fibers
      5.2.1.2.1 Jute
      5.2.1.2.2 Hemp
      5.2.1.2.3 Flax
      5.2.1.2.4 Ramie
      5.2.1.2.5 Kenaf
    5.2.1.3 Leaf fibers
      5.2.1.3.1 Sisal
      5.2.1.3.2 Abaca
    5.2.1.4 Fruit fibers
      5.2.1.4.1 Coir
      5.2.1.4.2 Banana
      5.2.1.4.3 Pineapple
    5.2.1.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
      5.2.1.5.1 Rice fiber
      5.2.1.5.2 Corn
    5.2.1.6 Cane, grasses and reed
      5.2.1.6.1 Switchgrass
      5.2.1.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
      5.2.1.6.3 Bamboo
      5.2.1.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
    5.2.1.7 Modified natural polymers
      5.2.1.7.1 Mycelium
      5.2.1.7.2 Chitosan
      5.2.1.7.3 Alginate
  5.2.2 Animal (fibrous protein)
    5.2.2.1 Silk fiber
  5.2.3 Wood-based natural fibers
    5.2.3.1 Cellulose fibers
      5.2.3.1.1 Market overview
      5.2.3.1.2 Producers
    5.2.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      5.2.3.2.1 Market overview
      5.2.3.2.2 Producers
    5.2.3.3 Cellulose nanocrystals
      5.2.3.3.1 Market overview
      5.2.3.3.2 Producers
    5.2.3.4 Cellulose nanofibers
      5.2.3.4.1 Market overview
      5.2.3.4.2 Producers
5.3 Processing and Treatment of Natural Fibers
5.4 Interface and Compatibility of Natural Fibers with Plastic Matrices
  5.4.1 Adhesion and Bonding
  5.4.2 Moisture Absorption and Dimensional Stability
  5.4.3 Thermal Expansion and Compatibility
  5.4.4 Dispersion and Distribution
  5.4.5 Matrix Selection
  5.4.6 Fiber Content and Alignment
  5.4.7 Manufacturing Techniques
5.5 Manufacturing processes
  5.5.1 Injection molding
  5.5.2 Compression moulding
  5.5.3 Extrusion
  5.5.4 Thermoforming
  5.5.5 Thermoplastic pultrusion
  5.5.6 Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
5.6 Global market for natural fibers
  5.6.1 Automotive
    5.6.1.1 Applications
    5.6.1.2 Commercial production
    5.6.1.3 SWOT analysis
  5.6.2 Packaging
    5.6.2.1 Applications
    5.6.2.2 SWOT analysis
  5.6.3 Construction
    5.6.3.1 Applications
    5.6.3.2 SWOT analysis
  5.6.4 Appliances
    5.6.4.1 Applications
    5.6.4.2 SWOT analysis
  5.6.5 Consumer electronics
    5.6.5.1 Applications
    5.6.5.2 SWOT analysis
  5.6.6 Furniture
    5.6.6.1 Applications
    5.6.6.2 SWOT analysis
5.7 Competitive landscape
5.8 Future outlook
5.9 Revenues
  5.9.1 By end use market
  5.9.2 By Material Type
  5.9.3 By Plastic Type
  5.9.4 By region
5.10 Company profiles 951 (67 company profiles)

6 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 1029

6.1 Market overview 1029
  6.1.1 Benefits of Sustainable Construction 1029
  6.1.2 Global Trends and Drivers 1030
  6.1.3 Global revenues 1030
    6.1.3.1 By materials type 1031
    6.1.3.2 By market 1031
6.2 Types 1032
  6.2.1 Established bio-based construction materials 1032
  6.2.2 Hemp-based Materials 1032
    6.2.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete) 1032
    6.2.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard 1033
    6.2.2.3 Hemp Insulation 1034
  6.2.3 Mycelium-based Materials 1034
  6.2.4 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives 1035
    6.2.4.1 Self-healing concrete 1035
    6.2.4.2 Bioconcrete 1037
    6.2.4.3 Fibre concrete 1038
    6.2.4.4 Microalgae biocement 1038
    6.2.4.5 Carbon-negative concrete 1039
  6.2.5 Natural Fiber Composites 1040
  6.2.6 Sustainable Insulation Materials 1040
    6.2.6.1 Cellulose Insulation 1040
      6.2.6.1.1 Cellulose nanofibers 1040
        6.2.6.1.1.1 Sandwich composites 1041
        6.2.6.1.1.2 Cement additives 1041
        6.2.6.1.1.3 Pump primers 1041
        6.2.6.1.1.4 Thermal insulation and damping 1042
    6.2.6.2 Aerogel Insulation 1042
      6.2.6.2.1 Silica aerogels 1045
        6.2.6.2.1.1 Properties 1046
        6.2.6.2.1.2 Thermal conductivity 1046
        6.2.6.2.1.3 Mechanical 1047
        6.2.6.2.1.4 Silica aerogel precursors 1047
        6.2.6.2.1.5 Products 1047
          6.2.6.2.1.5.1 Monoliths 1047
          6.2.6.2.1.5.2 Powder 1048
          6.2.6.2.1.5.3 Granules 1049
          6.2.6.2.1.5.4 Blankets 1050
          6.2.6.2.1.5.5 Aerogel boards 1051
          6.2.6.2.1.5.6 Aerogel renders 1052
        6.2.6.2.1.6 3D printing of aerogels 1053
        6.2.6.2.1.7 Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks 1053
        6.2.6.2.1.8 Silica composite aerogels 1054
          6.2.6.2.1.8.1 Organic crosslinkers 1054
        6.2.6.2.1.9 Cost of silica aerogels 1055
        6.2.6.2.1.10 Main players 1056
      6.2.6.2.2 Aerogel-like foam materials 1057
        6.2.6.2.2.1 Properties 1057
        6.2.6.2.2.2 Applications 1057
      6.2.6.2.3 Metal oxide aerogels 1058
      6.2.6.2.4 Organic aerogels 1059
        6.2.6.2.4.1 Polymer aerogels 1059
      6.2.6.2.5 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels) 1061
      6.2.6.2.6 Cellulose aerogels 1062
        6.2.6.2.6.1 Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels 1063
        6.2.6.2.6.2 Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels 1064
        6.2.6.2.6.3 Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels 1064
    6.2.6.3 Lignin aerogels 1064
    6.2.6.4 Alginate aerogels 1065
    6.2.6.5 Starch aerogels 1065
    6.2.6.6 Chitosan aerogels 1066
    6.2.6.7 Protein aerogels 1067
      6.2.6.7.1 Albumin aerogels 1067
      6.2.6.7.2 Casein aerogels 1067
      6.2.6.7.3 Gelatin aerogels 1067
    6.2.6.8 Silk fiber 1067
      6.2.6.8.1 Carbon aerogels 1069
      6.2.6.8.2 Carbon nanotube aerogels 1071
      6.2.6.8.3 Graphene and graphite aerogels 1071
      6.2.6.8.4 Additive manufacturing (3D printing) 1072
    6.2.6.9 Graphene oxide 1073
    6.2.6.10 Carbon nitride 1073
    6.2.6.11 Gold 1074
    6.2.6.12 Cellulose 1074
      6.2.6.12.1 Hybrid aerogels 1075
  6.2.7 Carbon capture and utilization 1075
    6.2.7.1 Overview 1076
    6.2.7.2 Market structure 1078
    6.2.7.3 CCUS technologies in the cement industry 1081
    6.2.7.4 Products 1083
      6.2.7.4.1 Carbonated aggregates 1083
      6.2.7.4.2 Additives during mixing 1085
      6.2.7.4.3 Carbonates from natural minerals 1086
      6.2.7.4.4 Carbonates from waste 1087
    6.2.7.5 Concrete curing 1088
    6.2.7.6 Costs 1089
    6.2.7.7 Challenges 1089
  6.2.8 Green steel 1090
  6.2.9 Current Steelmaking processes 1090
  6.2.10 Decarbonization target and policies 1094
    6.2.10.1 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) 1096
  6.2.11 Advances in clean production technologies 1097
  6.2.12 Production technologies 1097
    6.2.12.1 The role of hydrogen 1097
    6.2.12.2 Comparative analysis 1099
    6.2.12.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) 1100
    6.2.12.4 Electrolysis 1102
    6.2.12.5 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) 1103
    6.2.12.6 Biochar replacing coke 1105
    6.2.12.7 Hydrogen Blast Furnace 1106
    6.2.12.8 Renewable energy powered processes 1108
    6.2.12.9 Flash ironmaking 1108
    6.2.12.10 Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction 1110
    6.2.12.11 Ferrous Bioprocessing 1111
    6.2.12.12 Microwave Processing 1112
    6.2.12.13 Additive Manufacturing 1112
    6.2.12.14 Technology readiness level (TRL) 1113
  6.2.13 Properties 1114
6.3 Markets and applications 1116
  6.3.1 Residential Buildings 1116
  6.3.2 Commercial and Office Buildings 1116
  6.3.3 Infrastructure 1116
6.4 Company profiles 1118 (112 company profiles)

7 BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS 1229

7.1 Market overview 1229
  7.1.1 Current global packaging market and materials 1229
  7.1.2 Market trends 1230
  7.1.3 Drivers for recent growth in bioplastics in packaging 1232
  7.1.4 Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging 1232
7.2 Materials 1234
  7.2.1 Materials innovation 1234
  7.2.2 Active packaging 1234
  7.2.3 Monomaterial packaging 1235
  7.2.4 Conventional polymer materials used in packaging 1235
    7.2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene 1236
    7.2.4.2 PET and other polyester polymers 1239
    7.2.4.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging 1239
    7.2.4.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers 1241
    7.2.4.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging 1242
    7.2.4.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging 1243
7.3 Synthetic bio-based packaging materials 1244
  7.3.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 1244
    7.3.1.1 Market analysis 1245
    7.3.1.2 Producers and production capacities, current and planned 1246
      7.3.1.2.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities 1247
      7.3.1.2.2 LA producers and production capacities 1247
  7.3.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 1249
    7.3.2.1 Market analysis 1249
    7.3.2.2 Producers and production capacities 1250
  7.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 1250
    7.3.3.1 Market analysis 1251
    7.3.3.2 Producers and production capacities 1251
  7.3.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 1251
    7.3.4.1 Market analysis 1252
    7.3.4.2 Comparative properties to PET 1253
    7.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities 1254
      7.3.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities 1254
  7.3.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA) 1255
    7.3.5.1 Market analysis 1255
    7.3.5.2 Producers and production capacities 1256
  7.3.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters 1256
    7.3.6.1 Market analysis 1257
    7.3.6.2 Producers and production capacities 1257
  7.3.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 1258
    7.3.7.1 Market analysis 1259
    7.3.7.2 Producers and production capacities 1259
  7.3.8 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 1260
    7.3.8.1 Market analysis 1260
    7.3.8.2 Comparative properties to PET 1262
    7.3.8.3 Producers and production capacities 1262
      7.3.8.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities 1262
      7.3.8.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tons). 1263
  7.3.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 1264
    7.3.9.1 Market analysis 1265
    7.3.9.2 Producers and production capacities 1266
  7.3.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 1266
    7.3.10.1 Market analysis 1266
    7.3.10.2 Producers and production capacities 1267
7.4 Natural bio-based packaging materials 1268
  7.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 1268
    7.4.1.1 Technology description 1268
    7.4.1.2 Types 1270
      7.4.1.2.1 PHB 1272
      7.4.1.2.2 PHBV 1273
    7.4.1.3 Synthesis and production processes 1274
    7.4.1.4 Market analysis 1277
    7.4.1.5 Commercially available PHAs 1279
    7.4.1.6 PHAS in packaging 1280
    7.4.1.7 PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tons) 1284
  7.4.2 Starch-based blends 1285
    7.4.2.1 Properties 1285
    7.4.2.2 Applications in packaging 1285
  7.4.3 Cellulose 1285
    7.4.3.1 Feedstocks 1287
      7.4.3.1.1 Wood 1288
      7.4.3.1.2 Plant 1288
      7.4.3.1.3 Tunicate 1289
      7.4.3.1.4 Algae 1289
      7.4.3.1.5 Bacteria 1290
    7.4.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 1291
      7.4.3.2.1 Properties 1291
    7.4.3.3 Nanocellulose 1292
      7.4.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 1292
        7.4.3.3.1.1 Applications in packaging 1292
      7.4.3.3.2 Cellulose nanofibers 1294
        7.4.3.3.2.1 Applications in packaging 1295
          7.4.3.3.2.1.1 Reinforcement and barrier 1300
          7.4.3.3.2.1.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films 1300
          7.4.3.3.2.1.3 Paperboard coatings 1301
      7.4.3.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 1301
        7.4.3.3.3.1 Applications in packaging 1304
  7.4.4 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging 1305
  7.4.5 Lipids and waxes for packaging 1308
  7.4.6 Seaweed-based packaging 1308
    7.4.6.1 Production 1310
    7.4.6.2 Applications in packaging 1310
    7.4.6.3 Producers 1311
  7.4.7 Mycelium 1311
    7.4.7.1 Applications in packaging 1312
  7.4.8 Chitosan 1314
    7.4.8.1 Applications in packaging 1315
  7.4.9 Bio-naphtha 1315
    7.4.9.1 Overview 1315
    7.4.9.2 Markets and applications 1316
7.5 Applications 1318
  7.5.1 Paper and board packaging 1318
  7.5.2 Food packaging 1319
    7.5.2.1 Bio-Based films and trays 1319
    7.5.2.2 Bio-Based pouches and bags 1320
    7.5.2.3 Bio-Based textiles and nets 1320
    7.5.2.4 Bioadhesives 1321
      7.5.2.4.1 Starch 1322
      7.5.2.4.2 Cellulose 1322
      7.5.2.4.3 Protein-Based 1322
    7.5.2.5 Barrier coatings and films 1323
      7.5.2.5.1 Polysaccharides 1324
        7.5.2.5.1.1 Chitin 1324
        7.5.2.5.1.2 Chitosan 1324
        7.5.2.5.1.3 Starch 1325
      7.5.2.5.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 1325
      7.5.2.5.3 Poly(butylene Succinate) 1325
      7.5.2.5.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings 1325
    7.5.2.6 Active and Smart Food Packaging 1325
      7.5.2.6.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems 1325
      7.5.2.6.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging 1327
    7.5.2.7 Antimicrobial films and agents 1328
      7.5.2.7.1 Natural 1329
      7.5.2.7.2 Inorganic nanoparticles 1330
      7.5.2.7.3 Biopolymers 1330
    7.5.2.8 Bio-based Inks and Dyes 1331
    7.5.2.9 Edible films and coatings 1331
7.6 Biobased films and coatings in packaging 1333
  7.6.1 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings 1334
  7.6.2 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging 1337
    7.6.2.1 Polyurethane coatings 1337
      7.6.2.1.1 Properties 1337
      7.6.2.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings 1337
      7.6.2.1.3 Products 1339
    7.6.2.2 Acrylate resins 1339
      7.6.2.2.1 Properties 1340
      7.6.2.2.2 Bio-based acrylates 1340
      7.6.2.2.3 Products 1340
    7.6.2.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 1341
      7.6.2.3.1 Properties 1343
      7.6.2.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films 1343
    7.6.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings 1344
    7.6.2.5 Cellulose coatings and films 1345
      7.6.2.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 1345
      7.6.2.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers 1346
        7.6.2.5.2.1 Properties 1346
        7.6.2.5.2.2 Product developers 1348
    7.6.2.6 Lignin coatings 1350
    7.6.2.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings 1351
      7.6.2.7.1 Plant derived proteins 1351
      7.6.2.7.2 Animal origin proteins 1351
7.7 Carbon capture derived materials for packaging 1354
  7.7.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks 1355
  7.7.2 CO?-derived polymers and plastics 1357
  7.7.3 CO2 utilization products 1358
7.8 Global biobased packaging markets 1360
  7.8.1 Flexible packaging 1360
  7.8.2 Rigid packaging 1364
  7.8.3 Coatings and films 1367
7.9 Company profiles 1368 (220 company profiles)

8 SUSTAINABLE TEXTILES AND APPAREL 1554

8.1 Types of bio-based fibres 1554
  8.1.1 Natural fibres 1554
  8.1.2 Man-made bio-based fibres 1556
8.2 Natural fibres 1557
8.3 Man-made cellulosic fibres 1559
8.4 Bio-based synthetics 1561
8.5 Recyclability of bio-based fibres 1562
8.6 Bio-based leather 1564
  8.6.1 Properties of bio-based leathers 1567
    8.6.1.1 Tear strength. 1568
    8.6.1.2 Tensile strength 1568
    8.6.1.3 Bally flexing 1569
  8.6.2 Comparison with conventional leathers 1569
  8.6.3 Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers 1573
  8.6.4 Plant-based leather 1573
    8.6.4.1 Overview 1573
    8.6.4.2 Production processes 1574
      8.6.4.2.1 Feedstocks 1575
        8.6.4.2.1.1 Agriculture Residues 1575
        8.6.4.2.1.2 Food Processing Waste 1575
        8.6.4.2.1.3 Invasive Plants 1575
        8.6.4.2.1.4 Culture-Grown Inputs 1575
      8.6.4.2.2 Textile-Based 1575
      8.6.4.2.3 Bio-Composite 1576
    8.6.4.3 Products 1577
    8.6.4.4 Market players 1578
  8.6.5 Mycelium leather 1580
    8.6.5.1 Overview 1580
    8.6.5.2 Production process 1583
      8.6.5.2.1 Growth conditions 1583
      8.6.5.2.2 Tanning Mycelium Leather 1584
      8.6.5.2.3 Dyeing Mycelium Leather 1584
    8.6.5.3 Products 1585
    8.6.5.4 Market players 1585
  8.6.6 Microbial leather 1586
    8.6.6.1 Overview 1586
    8.6.6.2 Production process 1586
    8.6.6.3 Fermentation conditions 1587
    8.6.6.4 Harvesting 1588
    8.6.6.5 Products 1589
    8.6.6.6 Market players 1592
  8.6.7 Lab grown leather 1592
    8.6.7.1 Overview 1593
    8.6.7.2 Production process 1593
    8.6.7.3 Products 1594
    8.6.7.4 Market players 1594
  8.6.8 Protein-based leather 1595
    8.6.8.1 Overview 1595
    8.6.8.2 Production process 1596
    8.6.8.3 Commercial activity 1596
  8.6.9 Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes 1597
    8.6.9.1 Overview 1597
      8.6.9.1.1 Coatings 1598
      8.6.9.1.2 Dyes 1598
    8.6.9.2 Commercial activity 1599
8.7 Markets 1601
  8.7.1 Footwear 1601
  8.7.2 Fashion & Accessories 1602
  8.7.3 Automotive & Transport 1603
  8.7.4 Furniture 1604
8.8 Global market revenues 1606
  8.8.1 By region 1606
  8.8.2 By end use market 1609
8.9 Company profiles 1611 (71 company profiles)

9 BIOBASED COATINGS AND RESINS 1670

9.1 Drop-in replacements 1671
9.2 Bio-based resins 1671
9.3 Reducing carbon footprint in industrial and protective coatings 1672
9.4 Market drivers 1672
9.5 Challenges using bio-based coatings 1673
9.6 Types 1674
  9.6.1 Eco-friendly coatings technologies 1674
    9.6.1.1 UV-cure 1675
    9.6.1.2 Waterborne coatings 1676
    9.6.1.3 Treatments with less or no solvents 1676
    9.6.1.4 Hyperbranched polymers for coatings 1676
    9.6.1.5 Powder coatings 1677
    9.6.1.6 High solid (HS) coatings 1678
    9.6.1.7 Use of bio-based materials in coatings 1678
      9.6.1.7.1 Biopolymers 1678
      9.6.1.7.2 Coatings based on agricultural waste 1679
      9.6.1.7.3 Vegetable oils and fatty acids 1679
      9.6.1.7.4 Proteins 1680
      9.6.1.7.5 Cellulose 1680
      9.6.1.7.6 Plant-Based wax coatings 1681
  9.6.2 Barrier coatings 1683
    9.6.2.1 Polysaccharides 1684
      9.6.2.1.1 Chitin 1685
      9.6.2.1.2 Chitosan 1685
      9.6.2.1.3 Starch 1685
    9.6.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 1685
    9.6.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate 1686
    9.6.2.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings 1686
  9.6.3 Alkyd coatings 1687
    9.6.3.1 Alkyd resin properties 1687
    9.6.3.2 Bio-based alkyd coatings 1688
    9.6.3.3 Products 1689
  9.6.4 Polyurethane coatings 1691
    9.6.4.1 Properties 1691
    9.6.4.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings 1692
      9.6.4.2.1 Bio-based polyols 1692
      9.6.4.2.2 Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) 1693
    9.6.4.3 Products 1693
  9.6.5 Epoxy coatings 1694
    9.6.5.1 Properties 1694
    9.6.5.2 Bio-based epoxy coatings 1695
    9.6.5.3 Products 1697
  9.6.6 Acrylate resins 1697
    9.6.6.1 Properties 1698
    9.6.6.2 Bio-based acrylates 1698
    9.6.6.3 Products 1698
  9.6.7 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 1699
    9.6.7.1 Properties 1701
    9.6.7.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films 1702
  9.6.8 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 1702
    9.6.8.1 Properties 1704
    9.6.8.2 PHA coatings 1707
    9.6.8.3 Commercially available PHAs 1707
  9.6.9 Cellulose 1710
    9.6.9.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 1716
      9.6.9.1.1 Properties 1716
      9.6.9.1.2 Applications in coatings 1718
    9.6.9.2 Cellulose nanofibers 1719
      9.6.9.2.1 Properties 1719
      9.6.9.2.2 Applications in coatings 1721
    9.6.9.3 Cellulose nanocrystals 1725
    9.6.9.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 1727
  9.6.10 Rosins 1728
  9.6.11 Bio-based carbon black 1728
    9.6.11.1 Lignin-based 1728
    9.6.11.2 Algae-based 1729
  9.6.12 Lignin coatings 1729
  9.6.13 Edible films and coatings 1730
  9.6.14 Antimicrobial films and agents 1732
    9.6.14.1 Natural 1733
    9.6.14.2 Inorganic nanoparticles 1734
    9.6.14.3 Biopolymers 1734
  9.6.15 Nanocoatings 1735
  9.6.16 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings 1736
    9.6.16.1 Plant derived proteins 1736
    9.6.16.2 Animal origin proteins 1737
  9.6.17 Algal coatings 1738
  9.6.18 Polypeptides 1741
9.7 Global revenues 1743
  9.7.1 By types 1743
  9.7.2 By market 1744
9.8 Company profiles 1747 (167 company profiles)

10 BIOFUELS 1903

10.1 Comparison to fossil fuels 1903
10.2 Role in the circular economy 1904
10.3 Market drivers 1904
10.4 Market challenges 1905
10.5 Liquid biofuels market 1906
  10.5.1 Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022 1906
  10.5.2 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production. 1907
10.6 The global biofuels market 1911
  10.6.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 1912
  10.6.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives 1913
10.7 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market 1914
10.8 Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type 1915
10.9 Types 1916
  10.9.1 Solid Biofuels 1916
  10.9.2 Liquid Biofuels 1917
  10.9.3 Gaseous Biofuels 1917
  10.9.4 Conventional Biofuels 1918
  10.9.5 Advanced Biofuels 1919
10.10 Feedstocks 1921
  10.10.1 First-generation (1-G) 1923
  10.10.2 Second-generation (2-G) 1924
    10.10.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 1925
    10.10.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 1926
  10.10.3 Third-generation (3-G) 1930
    10.10.3.1 Algal biofuels 1930
      10.10.3.1.1 Properties 1931
      10.10.3.1.2 Advantages 1932
  10.10.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 1933
  10.10.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 1933
  10.10.6 Energy crops 1935
    10.10.6.1 Feedstocks 1935
    10.10.6.2 SWOT analysis 1936
  10.10.7 Agricultural residues 1937
    10.10.7.1 Feedstocks 1937
    10.10.7.2 SWOT analysis 1937
  10.10.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste 1939
    10.10.8.1 Processing pathways 1939
    10.10.8.2 SWOT analysis 1939
  10.10.9 Forestry and wood waste 1940
    10.10.9.1 Feedstocks 1940
    10.10.9.2 SWOT analysis 1941
  10.10.10 Feedstock costs 1942
10.11 Hydrocarbon biofuels 1943
  10.11.1 Biodiesel 1943
    10.11.1.1 Biodiesel by generation 1945
    10.11.1.2 SWOT analysis 1946
    10.11.1.3 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 1947
      10.11.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 1948
      10.11.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 1951
      10.11.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 1952
        10.11.1.3.3.1 Production process 1953
      10.11.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 1954
      10.11.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 1954
      10.11.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 1956
      10.11.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 1957
      10.11.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 1957
    10.11.1.4 Prices 1958
    10.11.1.5 Global production and consumption 1959
  10.11.2 Renewable diesel 1962
    10.11.2.1 Production 1962
    10.11.2.2 SWOT analysis 1963
    10.11.2.3 Global consumption 1964
    10.11.2.4 Prices 1966
  10.11.3 Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel) 1967
    10.11.3.1 Description 1967
    10.11.3.2 SWOT analysis 1967
    10.11.3.3 Global production and consumption 1968
    10.11.3.4 Production pathways 1969
    10.11.3.5 Prices 1971
    10.11.3.6 Bio-aviation fuel production capacities 1972
    10.11.3.7 Market challenges 1972
    10.11.3.8 Global consumption 1973
  10.11.4 Bio-naphtha 1975
    10.11.4.1 Overview 1975
    10.11.4.2 SWOT analysis 1976
    10.11.4.3 Markets and applications 1977
    10.11.4.4 Prices 1979
    10.11.4.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned 1979
    10.11.4.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned 1980
10.12 Alcohol fuels 1981
  10.12.1 Biomethanol 1981
    10.12.1.1 SWOT analysis 1982
    10.12.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology 1982
      10.12.1.2.1 Production processes 1984
        10.12.1.2.1.1 Anaerobic digestion 1984
        10.12.1.2.1.2 Biomass gasification 1985
        10.12.1.2.1.3 Power to Methane 1986
  10.12.2 Ethanol 1986
    10.12.2.1 Technology description 1986
    10.12.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol 1987
    10.12.2.3 SWOT analysis 1988
    10.12.2.4 Ethanol to jet fuel technology 1989
    10.12.2.5 Methanol from pulp & paper production 1989
    10.12.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation 1990
    10.12.2.7 Gasification 1990
      10.12.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 1990
      10.12.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 1991
    10.12.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis 1991
    10.12.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation 1992
      10.12.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation 1992
      10.12.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 1993
      10.12.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) 1993
      10.12.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) 1993
      10.12.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP) 1993
    10.12.2.10 Global ethanol consumption 1994
  10.12.3 Biobutanol 1996
    10.12.3.1 Production 1998
    10.12.3.2 Prices 1998
10.13 Biomass-based Gas 1999
  10.13.1 Feedstocks 2001
    10.13.1.1 Biomethane 2001
    10.13.1.2 Production pathways 2003
      10.13.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery 2003
      10.13.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion 2004
      10.13.1.2.3 Thermal gasification 2005
    10.13.1.3 SWOT analysis 2006
    10.13.1.4 Global production 2007
    10.13.1.5 Prices 2007
      10.13.1.5.1 Raw Biogas 2007
      10.13.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane 2007
    10.13.1.6 Bio-LNG 2008
      10.13.1.6.1 Markets 2008
        10.13.1.6.1.1 Trucks 2008
        10.13.1.6.1.2 Marine 2008
      10.13.1.6.2 Production 2008
      10.13.1.6.3 Plants 2009
    10.13.1.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas) 2009
    10.13.1.8 Carbon capture from biogas 2010
  10.13.2 Biosyngas 2011
    10.13.2.1 Production 2011
    10.13.2.2 Prices 2012
  10.13.3 Biohydrogen 2012
    10.13.3.1 Description 2012
    10.13.3.2 SWOT analysis 2013
    10.13.3.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass 2014
      10.13.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes 2015
        10.13.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction 2015
        10.13.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion 2015
      10.13.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes 2016
        10.13.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification 2016
        10.13.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis 2016
        10.13.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming 2017
    10.13.3.4 Applications 2017
    10.13.3.5 Prices 2018
  10.13.4 Biochar in biogas production 2018
  10.13.5 Bio-DME 2019
10.14 Chemical recycling for biofuels 2019
  10.14.1 Plastic pyrolysis 2019
  10.14.2 Used tires pyrolysis 2020
    10.14.2.1 Conversion to biofuel 2022
  10.14.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes 2023
  10.14.4 Gasification 2024
    10.14.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol 2025
    10.14.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 2029
    10.14.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 2029
  10.14.5 Hydrothermal cracking 2030
  10.14.6 SWOT analysis 2031
10.15 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels) 2032
  10.15.1 Introduction 2032
  10.15.2 Benefits of e-fuels 2034
  10.15.3 Feedstocks 2035
    10.15.3.1 Hydrogen electrolysis 2035
    10.15.3.2 CO2 capture 2036
  10.15.4 SWOT analysis 2036
  10.15.5 Production 2037
    10.15.5.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned 2040
  10.15.6 Electrolysers 2041
    10.15.6.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs) 2042
    10.15.6.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC) 2042
    10.15.6.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) 2043
  10.15.7 Prices 2043
  10.15.8 Market challenges 2046
  10.15.9 Companies 2047
10.16 Algae-derived biofuels 2048
  10.16.1 Technology description 2048
  10.16.2 Conversion pathways 2048
  10.16.3 SWOT analysis 2049
  10.16.4 Production 2050
  10.16.5 Market challenges 2051
  10.16.6 Prices 2052
  10.16.7 Producers 2053
10.17 Green Ammonia 2053
  10.17.1 Production 2053
    10.17.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 2055
    10.17.1.2 Green ammonia projects 2056
  10.17.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 2056
    10.17.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 2056
    10.17.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 2057
    10.17.2.3 Electrochemical production 2058
    10.17.2.4 Chemical looping processes 2058
  10.17.3 SWOT analysis 2058
  10.17.4 Blue ammonia 2059
    10.17.4.1 Blue ammonia projects 2059
  10.17.5 Markets and applications 2060
    10.17.5.1 Chemical energy storage 2060
      10.17.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 2060
    10.17.5.2 Marine fuel 2061
  10.17.6 Prices 2063
  10.17.7 Estimated market demand 2065
  10.17.8 Companies and projects 2065
10.18 Biofuels from carbon capture 2067
  10.18.1 Overview 2068
  10.18.2 CO2 capture from point sources 2070
  10.18.3 Production routes 2071
  10.18.4 SWOT analysis 2072
  10.18.5 Direct air capture (DAC) 2073
    10.18.5.1 Description 2073
    10.18.5.2 Deployment 2075
    10.18.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture 2075
    10.18.5.4 Technologies 2076
      10.18.5.4.1 Solid sorbents 2078
      10.18.5.4.2 Liquid sorbents 2079
      10.18.5.4.3 Liquid solvents 2080
      10.18.5.4.4 Airflow equipment integration 2081
      10.18.5.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) 2081
      10.18.5.4.6 Direct conversion 2082
      10.18.5.4.7 Co-product generation 2082
      10.18.5.4.8 Low Temperature DAC 2082
      10.18.5.4.9 Regeneration methods 2082
    10.18.5.5 Commercialization and plants 2083
    10.18.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC 2084
    10.18.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned 2084
    10.18.5.8 Markets for DAC 2091
    10.18.5.9 Costs 2092
    10.18.5.10 Challenges 2097
    10.18.5.11 Players and production 2098
  10.18.6 Carbon utilization for biofuels 2098
    10.18.6.1 Production routes 2102
      10.18.6.1.1 Electrolyzers 2103
      10.18.6.1.2 Low-carbon hydrogen 2103
    10.18.6.2 Products & applications 2105
      10.18.6.2.1 Vehicles 2105
      10.18.6.2.2 Shipping 2105
      10.18.6.2.3 Aviation 2106
      10.18.6.2.4 Costs 2107
      10.18.6.2.5 Ethanol 2107
      10.18.6.2.6 Methanol 2108
      10.18.6.2.7 Sustainable Aviation Fuel 2112
      10.18.6.2.8 Methane 2113
      10.18.6.2.9 Algae based biofuels 2114
      10.18.6.2.10 CO?-fuels from solar 2115
    10.18.6.3 Challenges 2117
    10.18.6.4 SWOT analysis 2118
    10.18.6.5 Companies 2119
10.19 Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils) 2122
  10.19.1 Description 2122
    10.19.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils 2122
  10.19.2 Production 2124
    10.19.2.1 Fast Pyrolysis 2124
    10.19.2.2 Costs of production 2124
    10.19.2.3 Upgrading 2124
  10.19.3 SWOT analysis 2126
  10.19.4 Applications 2127
  10.19.5 Bio-oil producers 2127
  10.19.6 Prices 2128
10.20 Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF) 2129
  10.20.1 Overview 2129
  10.20.2 Production 2129
    10.20.2.1 Production process 2130
    10.20.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment 2130
  10.20.3 Markets 2131
10.21 Company profiles 2132 (214 company profiles)

11 SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS 2305

11.1 Overview 2306
  11.1.1 Green electronics manufacturing 2306
  11.1.2 Drivers for sustainable electronics 2307
  11.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Electronics Manufacturing 2308
    11.1.3.1 E-Waste Generation 2308
    11.1.3.2 Carbon Emissions 2309
    11.1.3.3 Resource Utilization 2309
    11.1.3.4 Waste Minimization 2310
    11.1.3.5 Supply Chain Impacts 2311
  11.1.4 New opportunities from sustainable electronics 2311
  11.1.5 Regulations 2312
    11.1.5.1 Certifications 2313
  11.1.6 Powering sustainable electronics (Bio-based batteries) 2313
  11.1.7 Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts 2315
11.2 Green electronics manufacturing 2316
  11.2.1 Conventional electronics manufacturing 2316
  11.2.2 Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing 2316
  11.2.3 Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing 2318
  11.2.4 Approaches 2318
    11.2.4.1 Closed-Loop Manufacturing 2318
    11.2.4.2 Digital Manufacturing 2320
      11.2.4.2.1 Advanced robotics & automation 2320
      11.2.4.2.2 AI & machine learning analytics 2320
      11.2.4.2.3 Internet of Things (IoT) 2320
      11.2.4.2.4 Additive manufacturing 2321
      11.2.4.2.5 Virtual prototyping 2321
      11.2.4.2.6 Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability 2321
    11.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Usage 2321
    11.2.4.4 Energy Efficiency 2323
    11.2.4.5 Materials Efficiency 2324
    11.2.4.6 Sustainable Chemistry 2324
    11.2.4.7 Recycled Materials 2325
      11.2.4.7.1 Advanced chemical recycling 2326
    11.2.4.8 Bio-Based Materials 2328
  11.2.5 Greening the Supply Chain 2331
    11.2.5.1 Key focus areas 2332
    11.2.5.2 Sustainability activities from major electronics brands 2335
    11.2.5.3 Key challenges 2336
    11.2.5.4 Use of digital technologies 2336
  11.2.6 Sustainable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing 2337
    11.2.6.1 Conventional PCB manufacturing 2337
    11.2.6.2 Trends in PCBs 2339
      11.2.6.2.1 High-Speed PCBs 2339
      11.2.6.2.2 Flexible PCBs 2339
      11.2.6.2.3 3D Printed PCBs 2340
      11.2.6.2.4 Sustainable PCBs 2341
    11.2.6.3 Reconciling sustainability with performance 2342
    11.2.6.4 Sustainable supply chains 2342
    11.2.6.5 Sustainability in PCB manufacturing 2343
      11.2.6.5.1 Sustainable cleaning of PCBs 2344
    11.2.6.6 Design of PCBs for sustainability 2345
      11.2.6.6.1 Rigid 2347
      11.2.6.6.2 Flexible 2347
      11.2.6.6.3 Additive manufacturing 2348
      11.2.6.6.4 In-mold elctronics (IME) 2349
    11.2.6.7 Materials 2350
      11.2.6.7.1 Metal cores 2350
      11.2.6.7.2 Recycled laminates 2350
      11.2.6.7.3 Conductive inks 2350
      11.2.6.7.4 Green and lead-free solder 2353
      11.2.6.7.5 Biodegradable substrates 2354
        11.2.6.7.5.1 Bacterial Cellulose 2354
        11.2.6.7.5.2 Mycelium 2355
        11.2.6.7.5.3 Lignin 2357
        11.2.6.7.5.4 Cellulose Nanofibers 2360
        11.2.6.7.5.5 Soy Protein 2363
        11.2.6.7.5.6 Algae 2363
        11.2.6.7.5.7 PHAs 2364
      11.2.6.7.6 Biobased inks 2365
    11.2.6.8 Substrates 2365
      11.2.6.8.1 Halogen-free FR4 2365
        11.2.6.8.1.1 FR4 limitations 2365
        11.2.6.8.1.2 FR4 alternatives 2367
        11.2.6.8.1.3 Bio-Polyimide 2367
      11.2.6.8.2 Metal-core PCBs 2369
      11.2.6.8.3 Biobased PCBs 2369
        11.2.6.8.3.1 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs 2370
        11.2.6.8.3.2 Recent commercial activity 2371
      11.2.6.8.4 Paper-based PCBs 2372
      11.2.6.8.5 PCBs without solder mask 2372
      11.2.6.8.6 Thinner dielectrics 2373
      11.2.6.8.7 Recycled plastic substrates 2373
      11.2.6.8.8 Flexible substrates 2373
    11.2.6.9 Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing 2373
      11.2.6.9.1 Introduction 2374
      11.2.6.9.2 Issues with sustainability 2374
      11.2.6.9.3 Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals 2375
      11.2.6.9.4 Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning 2376
      11.2.6.9.5 Print-and-plate 2376
      11.2.6.9.6 Approaches 2377
        11.2.6.9.6.1 Direct Printed Electronics 2377
        11.2.6.9.6.2 Photonic Sintering 2379
        11.2.6.9.6.3 Biometallization 2379
        11.2.6.9.6.4 Plating Resist Alternatives 2380
        11.2.6.9.6.5 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 2380
        11.2.6.9.6.6 Electrohydrodynamic Printing 2383
        11.2.6.9.6.7 Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs 2383
        11.2.6.9.6.8 Green electroless plating 2385
        11.2.6.9.6.9 Smart Masking 2386
        11.2.6.9.6.10 Component Integration 2386
        11.2.6.9.6.11 Bio-inspired material deposition 2386
        11.2.6.9.6.12 Multi-material jetting 2387
        11.2.6.9.6.13 Vacuumless deposition 2389
        11.2.6.9.6.14 Upcycling waste streams 2389
    11.2.6.10 Sustainable attachment and integration of components 2389
      11.2.6.10.1 Conventional component attachment materials 2389
      11.2.6.10.2 Materials 2391
        11.2.6.10.2.1 Conductive adhesives 2391
        11.2.6.10.2.2 Biodegradable adhesives 2391
        11.2.6.10.2.3 Magnets 2391
        11.2.6.10.2.4 Bio-based solders 2392
        11.2.6.10.2.5 Bio-derived solders 2392
        11.2.6.10.2.6 Recycled plastics 2392
        11.2.6.10.2.7 Nano adhesives 2393
        11.2.6.10.2.8 Shape memory polymers 2393
        11.2.6.10.2.9 Photo-reversible polymers 2394
        11.2.6.10.2.10 Conductive biopolymers 2395
      11.2.6.10.3 Processes 2396
        11.2.6.10.3.1 Traditional thermal processing methods 2396
        11.2.6.10.3.2 Low temperature solder 2397
        11.2.6.10.3.3 Reflow soldering 2400
        11.2.6.10.3.4 Induction soldering 2400
        11.2.6.10.3.5 UV curing 2401
        11.2.6.10.3.6 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 2401
        11.2.6.10.3.7 Photonic sintering/curing 2402
        11.2.6.10.3.8 Hybrid integration 2402
  11.2.7 Sustainable integrated circuits 2403
    11.2.7.1 IC manufacturing 2403
    11.2.7.2 Sustainable IC manufacturing 2404
    11.2.7.3 Wafer production 2404
      11.2.7.3.1 Silicon 2405
      11.2.7.3.2 Gallium nitride ICs 2405
      11.2.7.3.3 Flexible ICs 2406
      11.2.7.3.4 Fully printed organic ICs 2406
    11.2.7.4 Oxidation methods 2407
      11.2.7.4.1 Sustainable oxidation 2407
      11.2.7.4.2 Metal oxides 2408
      11.2.7.4.3 Recycling 2409
      11.2.7.4.4 Thin gate oxide layers 2409
    11.2.7.5 Patterning and doping 2410
      11.2.7.5.1 Processes 2410
        11.2.7.5.1.1 Wet etching 2410
        11.2.7.5.1.2 Dry plasma etching 2410
        11.2.7.5.1.3 Lift-off patterning 2411
        11.2.7.5.1.4 Surface doping 2411
    11.2.7.6 Metallization 2412
      11.2.7.6.1 Evaporation 2412
      11.2.7.6.2 Plating 2413
      11.2.7.6.3 Printing 2413
        11.2.7.6.3.1 Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors 2413
      11.2.7.6.4 Physical vapour deposition (PVD) 2414
  11.2.8 End of life 2415
    11.2.8.1 Hazardous waste 2415
    11.2.8.2 Emissions 2416
    11.2.8.3 Water Usage 2417
    11.2.8.4 Recycling 2418
      11.2.8.4.1 Mechanical recycling 2419
      11.2.8.4.2 Electro-Mechanical Separation 2420
      11.2.8.4.3 Chemical Recycling 2420
    11.2.8.5 Electrochemical Processes 2421
      11.2.8.5.1 Thermal Recycling 2421
    11.2.8.6 Green Certification 2422
11.3 Global market 2423
  11.3.1 Global PCB manufacturing industry 2423
    11.3.1.1 PCB revenues 2423
  11.3.2 Sustainable PCBs 2424
  11.3.3 Sustainable ICs 2427
11.4 Company profiles 2429 (45 company profiles)

12 BIOBASED ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 2483

12.1 Overview 2483
  12.1.1 Biobased Epoxy Adhesives 2483
  12.1.2 Biobased Polyurethane Adhesives 2483
  12.1.3 Other Biobased Adhesives and Sealants 2483
12.2 Types 2484
  12.2.1 Cellulose-Based 2484
  12.2.2 Starch-Based 2485
  12.2.3 Lignin-Based 2485
  12.2.4 Vegetable Oils 2486
  12.2.5 Protein-Based 2487
  12.2.6 Tannin-Based 2487
12.3 Global revenues 2488
  12.3.1 By types 2488
  12.3.2 By market 2489
12.4 Companies profiles 2492 (22 company profiles)

13 REFERENCES 2512