Railway Telematics Market by Solution (Fleet Management, Automatic Stock Control, Shock Detection, Reefer Wagon Management, ETA), Railcar (Hoppers, Tank Cars, Well Cars, Boxcars, Reefer Cars), Component & Region - Global Forecast to 2026
The railway telematics market is estimated to be USD 5.1 billion in 2021 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period, to reach USD 7.3 billion by 2026. Railway telematics is defined as the use of telecommunications and informatics across freight railways. The railway telematics market comprises solutions and services which enable communication and data transfer over long distances through wireless mediums. These solutions and services leverage the embedded technology and mobile and telematics systems and offer control over railcars on the move. The various solutions offered by telematics companies include automatic stock control, estimated time of arrival, fleet management, railcar tracking & tracing, refrigerated wagon management, remote data access, shock detection, and others which are used across various railcars such as hoppers, tank cars, boxcars, well cars, refrigerated boxcars, and others.
North America accounted for the largest share of the market in 2021. The presence of OEMs such as Siemens (Germany), Bosch (Germany), Knorr-Bremse (Germany), Amsted Digital (US) and their investments in rail telematics is one of the major factors fueling the growth of this market in North America and Europe regions. For instance, in 2020, major US rail companies such as GATX corporation, Norfolk Southern, Genesee & Wyoming, Watco, and Trinity Rail announced a joint venture Rail Pulse, which is expected to accelerate the adoption of GPS and other telematics technologies in the near future across the North American railcar fleet. This is expected to enable competitiveness in the rail sector between freight transportation companies due to improvements in the location monitoring and condition monitoring of railcars. As technology evolves, the safety of railcars and other solutions are expected to be adopted by railcar fleet owners. Due to the new telematics technologies, railcar owners are expected to be able to capture data such as whether a railcar is partially or fully loaded, its onboard bearing temperature, whether doors or hatches are closed or open, wheel impact detection data, and other possible solutions to enable running railcar fleets efficiently, manage data generated through the use of technology and improvise on idle rail cars, maintenance, reduce turnaround time of railcars, control stock, and others. The rising adoption of telematics solutions by rail car leasing operators is expected to drive the rail telematics market in future.
The future of the freight rail industry is expected to rely on smart digital transportation systems that leverage technologies over larger railcar networks. New technologies such as integrated service management, asset management, and predictive analytics, shock detection, and automatic stock control are expected to help rail management companies manage optimal routes, schedules, capacities, and idle railcars in near real-time. Due to the increasing presence of smart technologies in rail transportation, the associated solutions and services markets are also expected to grow at high rates, globally. Emerging technologies such as refrigerated wagon management, estimated time of arrival of railcars are expected to enable efficient and better freight rail transportation. This is also expected to improve timely decision-making for issues such as asset deployment, utilization, and railcar maintenance.
The railway telematics market is dominated by players such as Hitachi Ltd. (Japan), Siemens (Germany), Bosch (Germany), Knorr-Bremse (Germany), and Alstom (France). These companies offer an extensive range of products & solutions and have strong distribution networks worldwide. The key strategies adopted by these companies to sustain their market positions are new product developments, collaborations, and contracts & agreements. The railway telematics market in different regions is dominated by the regional OEMs.
“Wide adoption of fleet management solutions expected to lead to market growth”
Fleet management software supports demand-driven planning and provisioning of railcars for businesses. Features such as short maintenance times and optimized dispatch provide the higher availability of wagons computes as the features of fleet management solutions. This can be achieved by the utilization of train tracking systems. Train tracking systems basically work as real-time rail location and detection systems. They track the location of the rail and provide details about the location, rail speed, and next station details to the train operator, and all those who want the information. The monitoring solutions are systems which are capable of monitoring rail system health, rail tension, temperature, and engine health.
The companies that supply these systems support operators in all the aspects related to fleet management. The services provided include a package of programs for rail vehicle tracking, statistical report elaboration based on analyses concerning the activities performed by every vehicle (rail car, train). These programs also keep track of all the mechanical and technical malfunctions and provide information about leasing and sub-leasing, commercial information, and necessary repairs, including information about the repairs undertaken until that specific time. This information is safe, fast, flexible, and constantly updated in order to improve the services provided to customers. This helps create competition between suppliers and increases competition between leasing companies and railway operators who need support in order to provide safe and efficient transport services.
The freight management system manages a wide range of rail freight transportation processes and delivers real-time information on freight traffic. The system assists rail operators in monitoring freight transportation movements and planning future logistics. Solutions such as freight operation management solutions for enhancing the capacities and operations management of freight and freight tracking solutions for tracking real-time location of cargo containers are included in fleet management solutions. They help freight operators in planning decisions based on robust, reliable, and consistent data. They also improve labor utilization and productivity. The solution is widely adopted by logistics companies for better customer support and loyalty.
A railway operator and a leasing company represents the key to fleet management optimization, enabling a company benefit from the advantages offered by rail transport. To ensure business efficiency and profitability for the services provided by railway operators, it is necessary to elaborate and implement projects for improvements in fleet management. Fleet management systems maintain inventories of vehicles and provide forecasts on the costs of operations and enable the intelligent use of financing methods. The liberalization of rail freight transport generates increasing pressure on the financial results of railway companies. In this context, fleet management becomes a vital instrument for the measurement of the performance of rolling stock.
Rail companies are increasing asset utilization and making significant investments in IT infrastructure to meet the capacity challenges. The market for telematics fleet management solutions offered for the railways is expected to grow during the forecast period as the solutions enable customers optimize in order to have more wagons at their disposal.
“Significant fleet of hoppers in freight rail to ensure dominant position of the segment”
Hoppers are a form of railroad freight car used for the transportation of loose bulk commodities. Open and closed hoppers are available in market depending upon their required usage and the type of service provided. Open hoppers are majorly used for the transportation of commodities which are unaffected by the atmosphere whereas closed hoppers are used for the transportation of goods that can be spoilt due to exposure to environmental factors. Telematics solutions are installed in these hoppers for tracking and tracing goods.
Solutions such as motion detectors, GPS sensors, and shock detectors are also installed for such hoppers in order to facilitate the transportation of goods at their optimal quality. OEMs such as Trinity Rails and Wascosa, among others have offerings in this segment. The types of hoppers installed with telematics solutions offered by various OEMs include aluminum hoppers, open hoppers, hybrid open hoppers, pressure differential covered hoppers, pneumatic discharge covered hoppers, and others. Due to the adoption of telematics technologies in freight logistics, the market for hoppers telematics is expected to grow.
“TCUs enable fleet managers provide real-time data to railcar lease operators”
The telematics control unit (TCU) is an embedded system used for controlling diagnostics and communication to/from railcars, wireless tracking, and diagnostics tracking. The TCU optimizes antenna power providing significant diagnostics, sensing current, and low disturbance. This results in efficient, faster, and reliable data transmission. Manufacturers are majorly focusing on designing TCUs with features such as size/weight optimization, extremely compact design, thermal simulation/optimization, and efficiency in challenging environmental conditions.
TCUs help fleet managers provide real-time location to customers about the location of their goods and wagons with an accuracy of within two meters. Digitalization enables providing new generation information access to technicians, transport planners, and current and future customers. This information can be provided regardless of the country and on which railroad the goods are shipped. TCU enables further monitoring through accelerometers to gain valuable insights on how railcars are being handled. These factors are driving the growth of the market for the TCU component. Due to the increase in the demand for freight transportation, spending on digitization is on rise for rail telematics solutions. Thus, railcar lease operators are provided with rail logistics data, helping optimize the utilization of railcars and increasing the efficiency of rail logistics. Thus, the rising demand for TCUs is expected to lead to the growth of segment.
The study contains insights from various industry experts, ranging from component suppliers to tier 1 companies and OEMs. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:
Research Coverage
The report segments the railway wiring harness market and forecasts its size, by value, on the basis of solution (fleet management, automatic stock control, shock detection, reefer wagon management, eta & others), railcar (hoppers, tank cars, well cars, boxcars, reefer cars & others), component & region. It also covers the competitive landscape and company profiles of the major players in the railway wiring harness market ecosystem.
Key Benefits of Buying the Report:
North America accounted for the largest share of the market in 2021. The presence of OEMs such as Siemens (Germany), Bosch (Germany), Knorr-Bremse (Germany), Amsted Digital (US) and their investments in rail telematics is one of the major factors fueling the growth of this market in North America and Europe regions. For instance, in 2020, major US rail companies such as GATX corporation, Norfolk Southern, Genesee & Wyoming, Watco, and Trinity Rail announced a joint venture Rail Pulse, which is expected to accelerate the adoption of GPS and other telematics technologies in the near future across the North American railcar fleet. This is expected to enable competitiveness in the rail sector between freight transportation companies due to improvements in the location monitoring and condition monitoring of railcars. As technology evolves, the safety of railcars and other solutions are expected to be adopted by railcar fleet owners. Due to the new telematics technologies, railcar owners are expected to be able to capture data such as whether a railcar is partially or fully loaded, its onboard bearing temperature, whether doors or hatches are closed or open, wheel impact detection data, and other possible solutions to enable running railcar fleets efficiently, manage data generated through the use of technology and improvise on idle rail cars, maintenance, reduce turnaround time of railcars, control stock, and others. The rising adoption of telematics solutions by rail car leasing operators is expected to drive the rail telematics market in future.
The future of the freight rail industry is expected to rely on smart digital transportation systems that leverage technologies over larger railcar networks. New technologies such as integrated service management, asset management, and predictive analytics, shock detection, and automatic stock control are expected to help rail management companies manage optimal routes, schedules, capacities, and idle railcars in near real-time. Due to the increasing presence of smart technologies in rail transportation, the associated solutions and services markets are also expected to grow at high rates, globally. Emerging technologies such as refrigerated wagon management, estimated time of arrival of railcars are expected to enable efficient and better freight rail transportation. This is also expected to improve timely decision-making for issues such as asset deployment, utilization, and railcar maintenance.
The railway telematics market is dominated by players such as Hitachi Ltd. (Japan), Siemens (Germany), Bosch (Germany), Knorr-Bremse (Germany), and Alstom (France). These companies offer an extensive range of products & solutions and have strong distribution networks worldwide. The key strategies adopted by these companies to sustain their market positions are new product developments, collaborations, and contracts & agreements. The railway telematics market in different regions is dominated by the regional OEMs.
“Wide adoption of fleet management solutions expected to lead to market growth”
Fleet management software supports demand-driven planning and provisioning of railcars for businesses. Features such as short maintenance times and optimized dispatch provide the higher availability of wagons computes as the features of fleet management solutions. This can be achieved by the utilization of train tracking systems. Train tracking systems basically work as real-time rail location and detection systems. They track the location of the rail and provide details about the location, rail speed, and next station details to the train operator, and all those who want the information. The monitoring solutions are systems which are capable of monitoring rail system health, rail tension, temperature, and engine health.
The companies that supply these systems support operators in all the aspects related to fleet management. The services provided include a package of programs for rail vehicle tracking, statistical report elaboration based on analyses concerning the activities performed by every vehicle (rail car, train). These programs also keep track of all the mechanical and technical malfunctions and provide information about leasing and sub-leasing, commercial information, and necessary repairs, including information about the repairs undertaken until that specific time. This information is safe, fast, flexible, and constantly updated in order to improve the services provided to customers. This helps create competition between suppliers and increases competition between leasing companies and railway operators who need support in order to provide safe and efficient transport services.
The freight management system manages a wide range of rail freight transportation processes and delivers real-time information on freight traffic. The system assists rail operators in monitoring freight transportation movements and planning future logistics. Solutions such as freight operation management solutions for enhancing the capacities and operations management of freight and freight tracking solutions for tracking real-time location of cargo containers are included in fleet management solutions. They help freight operators in planning decisions based on robust, reliable, and consistent data. They also improve labor utilization and productivity. The solution is widely adopted by logistics companies for better customer support and loyalty.
A railway operator and a leasing company represents the key to fleet management optimization, enabling a company benefit from the advantages offered by rail transport. To ensure business efficiency and profitability for the services provided by railway operators, it is necessary to elaborate and implement projects for improvements in fleet management. Fleet management systems maintain inventories of vehicles and provide forecasts on the costs of operations and enable the intelligent use of financing methods. The liberalization of rail freight transport generates increasing pressure on the financial results of railway companies. In this context, fleet management becomes a vital instrument for the measurement of the performance of rolling stock.
Rail companies are increasing asset utilization and making significant investments in IT infrastructure to meet the capacity challenges. The market for telematics fleet management solutions offered for the railways is expected to grow during the forecast period as the solutions enable customers optimize in order to have more wagons at their disposal.
“Significant fleet of hoppers in freight rail to ensure dominant position of the segment”
Hoppers are a form of railroad freight car used for the transportation of loose bulk commodities. Open and closed hoppers are available in market depending upon their required usage and the type of service provided. Open hoppers are majorly used for the transportation of commodities which are unaffected by the atmosphere whereas closed hoppers are used for the transportation of goods that can be spoilt due to exposure to environmental factors. Telematics solutions are installed in these hoppers for tracking and tracing goods.
Solutions such as motion detectors, GPS sensors, and shock detectors are also installed for such hoppers in order to facilitate the transportation of goods at their optimal quality. OEMs such as Trinity Rails and Wascosa, among others have offerings in this segment. The types of hoppers installed with telematics solutions offered by various OEMs include aluminum hoppers, open hoppers, hybrid open hoppers, pressure differential covered hoppers, pneumatic discharge covered hoppers, and others. Due to the adoption of telematics technologies in freight logistics, the market for hoppers telematics is expected to grow.
“TCUs enable fleet managers provide real-time data to railcar lease operators”
The telematics control unit (TCU) is an embedded system used for controlling diagnostics and communication to/from railcars, wireless tracking, and diagnostics tracking. The TCU optimizes antenna power providing significant diagnostics, sensing current, and low disturbance. This results in efficient, faster, and reliable data transmission. Manufacturers are majorly focusing on designing TCUs with features such as size/weight optimization, extremely compact design, thermal simulation/optimization, and efficiency in challenging environmental conditions.
TCUs help fleet managers provide real-time location to customers about the location of their goods and wagons with an accuracy of within two meters. Digitalization enables providing new generation information access to technicians, transport planners, and current and future customers. This information can be provided regardless of the country and on which railroad the goods are shipped. TCU enables further monitoring through accelerometers to gain valuable insights on how railcars are being handled. These factors are driving the growth of the market for the TCU component. Due to the increase in the demand for freight transportation, spending on digitization is on rise for rail telematics solutions. Thus, railcar lease operators are provided with rail logistics data, helping optimize the utilization of railcars and increasing the efficiency of rail logistics. Thus, the rising demand for TCUs is expected to lead to the growth of segment.
The study contains insights from various industry experts, ranging from component suppliers to tier 1 companies and OEMs. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:
- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 52%, Tier 2 – 34%, Others - 26%
- By Designation: C level - 47%, D level - 37%, Others - 16%
- By Region: Asia Pacific- 32%, North America - 28%, Europe - 24%, RoW-16%
Research Coverage
The report segments the railway wiring harness market and forecasts its size, by value, on the basis of solution (fleet management, automatic stock control, shock detection, reefer wagon management, eta & others), railcar (hoppers, tank cars, well cars, boxcars, reefer cars & others), component & region. It also covers the competitive landscape and company profiles of the major players in the railway wiring harness market ecosystem.
Key Benefits of Buying the Report:
- The report will help market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of revenue and value for the railway wiring harness market and its sub segments.
- This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to better position their businesses and plan suitable go-to-market strategies.
- The report will also help the market players understand the impact of COVID-19 on railway wiring harness market.
- The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provides them information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS
TABLE 1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS FOR RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
1.3 MARKET SCOPE
1.3.1 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY
1.4 CURRENCY
TABLE 2 CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES (USD)
1.5 PACKAGE SIZE
1.6 LIMITATIONS
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 RESEARCH DATA
FIGURE 1 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN
FIGURE 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MODEL
2.2 SECONDARY DATA
2.2.1 KEY SECONDARY SOURCES
2.2.2 KEY DATA FROM SECONDARY SOURCES
2.3 PRIMARY DATA
FIGURE 3 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS
2.3.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS
2.3.2 PRIMARY PARTICIPANTS
2.4 MARKET ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY
FIGURE 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING
2.5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
2.5.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
FIGURE 5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: TOP-DOWN APPROACH
FIGURE 6 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: TOP-DOWN APPROACH
2.5.2 DEMAND-SIDE APPROACH
FIGURE 7 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ILLUSTRATION OF KNORR-BREMSE REVENUE ESTIMATION
2.5.3 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDES
2.6 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION
FIGURE 8 DATA TRIANGULATION
2.7 FACTOR ANALYSIS
2.8 ASSUMPTIONS
2.9 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FIGURE 9 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 10 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2026
FIGURE 11 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING SEGMENT PROJECTED TO LEAD THE
RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET FROM 2021 TO 2026
FIGURE 12 NORTH AMERICA PROJECTED TO LEAD THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
FIGURE 13 INCREASING FREIGHT RAIL TRANSPORTATION IS EXPECTED TO BOOST THE GROWTH OF THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
4.2 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, REGIONAL SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 14 ASIA PACIFIC IS PROJECTED TO GROW AT HIGHEST CAGR DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
4.3 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION
FIGURE 15 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING SEGMENT PROJECTED TO LEAD THE MARKET, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
4.4 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE
FIGURE 16 THE HOPPERS SEGMENT IS PROJECTED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE MARKET FROM 2021 TO 2026
4.5 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT
FIGURE 17 THE TCU SEGMENT IS PROJECTED TO DOMINATE THE MARKET DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
4.6 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION
FIGURE 18 NORTH AMERICA IS EXPECTED TO BE THE LARGEST MARKET FOR
RAILWAY TELEMATICS DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
5.1 INTRODUCTION
TABLE 3 IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 19 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS
5.2.1 DRIVERS
5.2.1.1 Government initiatives for smart railways
TABLE 4 TOP GROWING SMART CITIES/COUNTRIES
5.2.1.2 Digitalization of railways
TABLE 5 ADVANTAGES OF DIGITALIZATION OF RAILS
5.2.1.3 Technological shift towards railway telematics
FIGURE 20 TELEMATICS OPERABILITY FOR CARGO
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
5.2.2.1 High development cost
5.2.2.2 Lack of component and production standardization
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
5.2.3.1 Increasing need for railway telematics
TABLE 6 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EQUIPPING FREIGHT TRANSPORT WITH TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS
5.2.3.2 Growing freight railway market to impact telematics market
TABLE 7 DEMAND FOR FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PROJECTED TO RISE IN THE FUTURE
5.2.4 CHALLENGES
5.2.4.1 Data privacy and security concerns
5.2.4.2 Lack of infrastructure for railway telematics
5.3 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES
FIGURE 21 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
TABLE 8 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: IMPACT OF PORTERS FIVE FORCES
5.3.1 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
5.3.1.1 Telematics solutions do not have alternatives and therefore the threat of substitutes is low
5.3.2 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
5.3.2.1 Lack of standardization leads to high threat of new entrants
5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
5.3.3.1 Increasing demand for railway telematics leads to moderate bargaining power for buyers
5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
5.3.4.1 Lack of standardization leads to moderate demand for telematics in the long run
5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
5.3.5.1 Large number of players and high switching costs lead to high competition in the railway telematics market
5.4 EXISTING AND UPCOMING RAILWAY TELEMATICS MODELS
TABLE 9 EXISTING AND UPCOMING RAILWAY TELEMATICS MODELS
5.5 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET ECOSYSTEM
FIGURE 22 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
TABLE 10 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: ROLE OF COMPANIES IN THE ECOSYSTEM
5.6 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE 23 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS
5.7 PATENT ANALYSIS
5.8 REGULATORY OVERVIEW
5.9 CASE STUDY
5.9.1 RAILNOVA’S TIE-UP WITH POD GROUP INCREASED FLEET CONNECTIVITY
5.9.2 HOYER RELIES ON RAILWAY TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS OFFERED BY IMT FOR THE TRANSPORT OF THEIR CONTAINERS
5.10 TRADE/REGISTRATION DATA
TABLE 11 TOP IMPORTERS OF RAILWAY FREIGHT CARS - 2019
FIGURE 24 IMPORT DATA IN TERMS OF PERCENTAGE FOR 2019
TABLE 12 TOP EXPORTERS OF RAILWAY FREIGHT CARS - 2019
FIGURE 25 EXPORT DATA IN TERMS OF PERCENTAGE FOR 2019
5.11 REVENUE SHIFT FOR RAILWAY TELEMATICS MANUFACTURERS
5.12 COVID-19 IMPACT ANALYSIS
5.12.1 INTRODUCTION TO COVID-19
5.12.2 COVID-19 HEALTH ASSESSMENT
TABLE 13 SELECTED MEASURES BY RAILWAYS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
5.13 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, SCENARIOS (2021–2026)
FIGURE 26 IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, 2021–2026
5.13.1 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, MOST LIKELY SCENARIO
TABLE 14 RAILWAY TELEMATICS (MOST LIKELY), BY REGION, 2021–2026 (USD MILLION)
5.13.2 RAILWAY TELEMATICS, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO
TABLE 15 RAILWAY TELEMATICS (OPTIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2021–2026 (USD MILLION)
5.13.3 RAILWAY TELEMATICS, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO
TABLE 16 RAILWAY TELEMATICS (PESSIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2021–2026 (USD MILLION)
6 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 27 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION, 2021 VS. 2026
TABLE 17 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.2 OPERATIONAL DATA
TABLE 18 COMPANIES OFFERING RAILWAY TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS
6.2.1 ASSUMPTIONS
6.2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.3 FLEET MANAGEMENT
6.3.1 WIDE ADOPTION OF FLEET MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS EXPECTED TO LEAD TO MARKET GROWTH
TABLE 19 FLEET MANAGEMENT: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.4 SHOCK DETECTION
6.4.1 SHOCK DETECTORS DETECT SPEEDS BEYOND THE REGISTERED THRESHOLD LIMITS HENCE SECURE CARGO TRANSPORTATION THROUGH RAIL
TABLE 20 SHOCK DETECTION: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.5 AUTOMATIC STOCK CONTROL
6.5.1 AUTOMATIC STOCK HELPS OPERATORS UNDERSTAND HOW MANY RAILCARS ARE ACTUALLY NEEDED
TABLE 21 AUTOMATIC STOCK CONTROL: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.6 REMOTE DATA ACCESS
6.6.1 REMOTE DATA ACCESS SOLUTION EXPECTED TO ENABLE TRANSPARENT RAIL TRANSPORTATION IN FUTURE
TABLE 22 REMOTE DATA ACCESS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.7 ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL
6.7.1 MARKET FOR THE ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL SEGMENT IS DRIVEN BY THE DEMAND TO IMPROVE TRACEABILITY OF THE LOAD
TABLE 23 ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.8 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING
6.8.1 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING SOLUTION EXPECTED TO IMPROVE FLEET OPTIMIZATION
TABLE 24 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.9 REFRIGERATED WAGON MANAGEMENT
6.9.1 REFRIGERATED WAGON MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE HIGHER ADOPTION DUE TO THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR REFRIGERATED GOODS
TABLE 25 REFRIGERATED WAGON MANAGEMENT, RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.10 OTHERS
6.10.1 CONSTANT UPDATION OF TELEMATICS TECHNOLOGY EXPECTED TO DRIVE GROWTH OF THE MARKET
TABLE 26 OTHERS, RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.11 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
FIGURE 28 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
7 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE
7.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 29 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE, 2021 VS. 2026
TABLE 27 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.2 OPERATIONAL DATA
TABLE 28 RAILCAR TYPES LEASED BY COMPANIES
7.2.1 ASSUMPTIONS
7.2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
7.3 HOPPERS
7.3.1 SIGNIFICANT FLEET OF HOPPERS IN FREIGHT RAIL TO ENSURE DOMINANT POSITION OF THE SEGMENT
TABLE 29 HOPPERS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.4 TANK CARS
7.4.1 MAINTENANCE OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE IS REQUIRED IN
TANK CARS
TABLE 30 TANK CARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.5 BOXCARS
7.5.1 TELEMATICS INSTALLED BOXCARS ARE THE HIGHEST USED FOR LOGISTICS FLEET OPERATORS DUE TO THEIR VERSATILITY AND COST-EFFICIENCY
TABLE 31 BOXCARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.6 WELL CARS
7.6.1 COST-EFFICIENT AND INTELLIGENT TELEMATICS-BASED INFORMATION SERVICES ENABLE REAL-TIME TRACKING OF WELL CARS
TABLE 32 WELL CARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.7 REFRIGERATED BOXCARS
7.7.1 THE DEMAND FOR REFRIGERATED BOXCARS IS EXPERIENCING STABLE GROWTH WITH THE INCREASE IN LONG-HAUL PERISHABLE FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION
TABLE 33 REFRIGERATED BOXCARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.8 OTHERS
7.8.1 TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS ENABLE QUICKLY FIND AND DEPLOY IDLE RAILCARS
TABLE 34 OTHERS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.9 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
FIGURE 30 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
8 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT
8.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 31 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2021 VS. 2026
TABLE 35 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
8.2 OPERATIONAL DATA
TABLE 36 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET COMPONENT OFFERING
8.2.1 ASSUMPTIONS
8.2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
8.3 TCUS
8.3.1 TCUS ENABLE FLEET MANAGERS PROVIDE REAL-TIME DATA TO RAILCAR LEASE OPERATORS
TABLE 37 TCUS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
8.4 SENSORS
8.4.1 SENSORS ENABLE ADVANCED RAILCAR MANAGEMENT PROVIDING INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND DECREASED OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
TABLE 38 SENSORS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
8.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
FIGURE 32 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
9 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION
9.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 33 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 39 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
9.2 ASIA PACIFIC
FIGURE 34 ASIA PACIFIC: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET SNAPSHOT
TABLE 40 ASIA PACIFIC: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
9.2.1 CHINA
9.2.1.1 Developments in the expansion of freight corridors is driving the market
9.2.2 INDIA
9.2.2.1 Demand for temperature-controlled transportation expected to boost market growth
9.2.3 JAPAN
9.2.3.1 Country is experiencing significant strategic rebalancing in the logistics and supply chain industry, driving market growth
9.2.4 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
9.2.4.1 Economic and industrial growth in the region drive the market for efficient freight transportation
9.3 EUROPE
TABLE 41 EUROPE: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 35 EUROPE: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
9.3.1 FRANCE
9.3.1.1 New coalition of participants in France’s rail freight targeting doubling freight volumes
9.3.2 GERMANY
9.3.2.1 Presence of major rail freight companies support market growth
9.3.3 UK
9.3.3.1 Initiatives for further enhancements in railway telematics services to drive the market
9.3.4 REST OF EUROPE
9.3.4.1 Adoption of high-speed freight trains in the region projected to drive the market
9.4 NORTH AMERICA
TABLE 42 NORTH AMERICA: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
9.4.1 US
9.4.1.1 Healthcare industry is driving the demand for telematics embedded box railcars in the country
9.4.2 CANADA
9.4.2.1 Proximity to the US helping Canada procure and source raw materials
9.4.3 MEXICO
9.4.3.1 Development of trade propelling the demand for full visibility of railcars
9.5 ROW
TABLE 43 ROW: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 36 ROW: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
9.5.1 BRAZIL
9.5.1.1 The development of new railway infrastructure is expected to lead to the rapid adoption of smart railway solutions
9.5.2 ARGENTINA
9.5.2.1 Government initiatives are expected to lead to the growth of the overall freight market
9.5.3 OTHERS
9.5.3.1 Untapped markets offer significant opportunities for the growth of railway telematics
10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
10.1 OVERVIEW
FIGURE 37 KEY DEVELOPMENTS BY LEADING PLAYERS, 2017–2021
10.2 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS FOR THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
TABLE 44 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2020
FIGURE 38 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2020
10.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP LISTED/PUBLIC PLAYERS
FIGURE 39 TOP PUBLIC/LISTED PLAYERS DOMINATING THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS
10.4 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
10.4.1 NEW PRODUCT LAUNCHES
TABLE 45 PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2017–2021
10.4.2 DEALS
TABLE 46 DEALS, 2017–2021
10.4.3 OTHERS
TABLE 47 OTHERS, 2017-2021
10.5 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING
10.5.1 STARS
10.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS
10.5.3 PERVASIVE
10.5.4 PARTICIPANTS
FIGURE 40 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING, 2021
TABLE 48 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: COMPANY FOOTPRINT, 2021
TABLE 49 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: SOLUTION FOOTPRINT, 2021
10.5.5 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: REGIONAL FOOTPRINT, 2021
TABLE 50 WINNERS VS. TAIL-ENDERS
11 COMPANY PROFILES
11.1 KEY PLAYERS
(Business overview, Products offered, Products offered, Mnm view)*
11.1.1 SIEMENS AG
TABLE 51 SIEMENS AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 41 SIEMENS: REGION WISE REVENUE
FIGURE 42 SIEMENS AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 52 SIEMENS AG: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 53 SIEMENS AG: DEALS
11.1.2 ROBERT BOSCH
TABLE 54 ROBERT BOSCH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 43 ROBERT BOSCH: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 55 ROBERT BOSCH: DEALS
11.1.3 HITACHI LTD.
TABLE 56 HITACHI LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 44 HITACHI LTD.: MOBILITY SOLUTIONS
FIGURE 45 HITACHI LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 57 HITACHI LTD.: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 58 HITACHI LTD.: DEALS
11.1.4 ALSTOM
TABLE 59 ALSTOM: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 46 ALSTOM: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 47 ALSTOM: GEOGRAPHIC PRESENCE
TABLE 60 ALSTOM: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 61 ALSTOM: DEALS
TABLE 62 ALSTOM: OTHERS
11.1.5 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH
TABLE 63 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 48 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE
FIGURE 49 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PRODUCT OFFERINGS
FIGURE 50 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 64 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 65 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH: DEALS
TABLE 66 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH: OTHERS
11.1.6 WABTEC
TABLE 67 WABTEC: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 51 WABTEC: FUTURE OUTLOOK
FIGURE 52 WABTEC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 68 WABTEC: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 69 WABTEC: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 70 WABTEC: DEALS
TABLE 71 WABTEC: OTHERS
11.1.7 INTREX TELEMATICS
TABLE 72 INTREX TELEMATICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 73 INTREX TELEMATICS: PRODUCTS OFFERED
11.1.8 TRINITY INDUSTRIES
TABLE 74 TRINITY INDUSTRIES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 53 TRINITY INDUSTRIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 75 TRINITY INDUSTRIES: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
11.1.9 CANDO RAIL AND TERMINALS
TABLE 76 CANDO RAIL AND TERMINALS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 77 CANDO RAIL & TERMINALS: DEALS
TABLE 78 CANDO RAIL & TERMINALS: OTHERS
11.1.10 ORBCOMM
FIGURE 54 ORBCOMM: CLIENTELE
TABLE 79 ORBCOMM: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 55 ORBCOMM: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 80 ORBCOMM: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 81 ORBCOMM: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 82 ORBCOMM: DEALS
11.1.11 RAILNOVA
TABLE 83 RAILNOVA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 84 RAILNOVA: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 85 RAILNOVA: DEALS
11.1.12 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS
TABLE 86 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 87 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 88 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS: DEALS
11.1.13 SAVVY TELEMATICS
TABLE 89 SAVVY TELEMATICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 90 SAVVY TELEMATICS: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 91 SAVVY TELEMATICS: DEALS
11.1.14 A1 DIGITAL
TABLE 92 A1 DIGITAL: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 93 A1 DIGITAL: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 94 A1 DIGITAL: DEALS
11.1.15 ERMEWA SA
TABLE 95 ERMEWA SA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 96 ERMEWA SA: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 97 ERMEWA SA: DEALS
11.1.16 NORFOLK SOUTHERN
TABLE 98 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 56 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 99 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 100 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 101 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: DEALS
TABLE 102 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: OTHERS
11.1.17 VTG AG
TABLE 103 VTG AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 57 VTG AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 104 VTG AG: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 105 VTG AG: DEALS
TABLE 106 VTG AG: OTHERS
*Details on Business overview, Products offered, Products offered, Mnm view might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
11.2 OTHER KEY PLAYERS
11.2.1 STARTRAK GPS
11.2.2 AMSTED DIGITAL
11.2.3 TRAXENS
11.2.4 TECH MAHINDRA LTD
11.2.5 SIERRA WIRELESS
11.2.6 CALAMP CORP.
11.2.7 IBM CORPORATION
11.2.8 ATOS CORPORATION
11.2.9 J.M. VOITH
11.2.10 LAT-LON
11.2.11 CISCO
11.2.12 TRIMBLE
11.2.13 SAVI TECHNOLOGY
11.2.14 WASCOSA
12 APPENDIX
12.1 KEY INDUSTRY INSIGHTS
12.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE
12.3 KNOWLEDGE STORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
12.4 AVAILABLE CUSTOMIZATIONS
12.5 RELATED REPORTS
12.6 AUTHOR DETAILS
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS
TABLE 1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS FOR RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
1.3 MARKET SCOPE
1.3.1 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY
1.4 CURRENCY
TABLE 2 CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES (USD)
1.5 PACKAGE SIZE
1.6 LIMITATIONS
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 RESEARCH DATA
FIGURE 1 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN
FIGURE 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MODEL
2.2 SECONDARY DATA
2.2.1 KEY SECONDARY SOURCES
2.2.2 KEY DATA FROM SECONDARY SOURCES
2.3 PRIMARY DATA
FIGURE 3 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS
2.3.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS
2.3.2 PRIMARY PARTICIPANTS
2.4 MARKET ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY
FIGURE 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING
2.5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
2.5.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
FIGURE 5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: TOP-DOWN APPROACH
FIGURE 6 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: TOP-DOWN APPROACH
2.5.2 DEMAND-SIDE APPROACH
FIGURE 7 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ILLUSTRATION OF KNORR-BREMSE REVENUE ESTIMATION
2.5.3 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDES
2.6 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION
FIGURE 8 DATA TRIANGULATION
2.7 FACTOR ANALYSIS
2.8 ASSUMPTIONS
2.9 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FIGURE 9 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 10 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2026
FIGURE 11 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING SEGMENT PROJECTED TO LEAD THE
RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET FROM 2021 TO 2026
FIGURE 12 NORTH AMERICA PROJECTED TO LEAD THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
FIGURE 13 INCREASING FREIGHT RAIL TRANSPORTATION IS EXPECTED TO BOOST THE GROWTH OF THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
4.2 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, REGIONAL SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 14 ASIA PACIFIC IS PROJECTED TO GROW AT HIGHEST CAGR DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
4.3 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION
FIGURE 15 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING SEGMENT PROJECTED TO LEAD THE MARKET, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
4.4 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE
FIGURE 16 THE HOPPERS SEGMENT IS PROJECTED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE MARKET FROM 2021 TO 2026
4.5 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT
FIGURE 17 THE TCU SEGMENT IS PROJECTED TO DOMINATE THE MARKET DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
4.6 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION
FIGURE 18 NORTH AMERICA IS EXPECTED TO BE THE LARGEST MARKET FOR
RAILWAY TELEMATICS DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
5.1 INTRODUCTION
TABLE 3 IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 19 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS
5.2.1 DRIVERS
5.2.1.1 Government initiatives for smart railways
TABLE 4 TOP GROWING SMART CITIES/COUNTRIES
5.2.1.2 Digitalization of railways
TABLE 5 ADVANTAGES OF DIGITALIZATION OF RAILS
5.2.1.3 Technological shift towards railway telematics
FIGURE 20 TELEMATICS OPERABILITY FOR CARGO
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
5.2.2.1 High development cost
5.2.2.2 Lack of component and production standardization
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
5.2.3.1 Increasing need for railway telematics
TABLE 6 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EQUIPPING FREIGHT TRANSPORT WITH TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS
5.2.3.2 Growing freight railway market to impact telematics market
TABLE 7 DEMAND FOR FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PROJECTED TO RISE IN THE FUTURE
5.2.4 CHALLENGES
5.2.4.1 Data privacy and security concerns
5.2.4.2 Lack of infrastructure for railway telematics
5.3 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES
FIGURE 21 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
TABLE 8 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: IMPACT OF PORTERS FIVE FORCES
5.3.1 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
5.3.1.1 Telematics solutions do not have alternatives and therefore the threat of substitutes is low
5.3.2 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
5.3.2.1 Lack of standardization leads to high threat of new entrants
5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
5.3.3.1 Increasing demand for railway telematics leads to moderate bargaining power for buyers
5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
5.3.4.1 Lack of standardization leads to moderate demand for telematics in the long run
5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
5.3.5.1 Large number of players and high switching costs lead to high competition in the railway telematics market
5.4 EXISTING AND UPCOMING RAILWAY TELEMATICS MODELS
TABLE 9 EXISTING AND UPCOMING RAILWAY TELEMATICS MODELS
5.5 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET ECOSYSTEM
FIGURE 22 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
TABLE 10 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: ROLE OF COMPANIES IN THE ECOSYSTEM
5.6 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE 23 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS
5.7 PATENT ANALYSIS
5.8 REGULATORY OVERVIEW
5.9 CASE STUDY
5.9.1 RAILNOVA’S TIE-UP WITH POD GROUP INCREASED FLEET CONNECTIVITY
5.9.2 HOYER RELIES ON RAILWAY TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS OFFERED BY IMT FOR THE TRANSPORT OF THEIR CONTAINERS
5.10 TRADE/REGISTRATION DATA
TABLE 11 TOP IMPORTERS OF RAILWAY FREIGHT CARS - 2019
FIGURE 24 IMPORT DATA IN TERMS OF PERCENTAGE FOR 2019
TABLE 12 TOP EXPORTERS OF RAILWAY FREIGHT CARS - 2019
FIGURE 25 EXPORT DATA IN TERMS OF PERCENTAGE FOR 2019
5.11 REVENUE SHIFT FOR RAILWAY TELEMATICS MANUFACTURERS
5.12 COVID-19 IMPACT ANALYSIS
5.12.1 INTRODUCTION TO COVID-19
5.12.2 COVID-19 HEALTH ASSESSMENT
TABLE 13 SELECTED MEASURES BY RAILWAYS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
5.13 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, SCENARIOS (2021–2026)
FIGURE 26 IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, 2021–2026
5.13.1 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, MOST LIKELY SCENARIO
TABLE 14 RAILWAY TELEMATICS (MOST LIKELY), BY REGION, 2021–2026 (USD MILLION)
5.13.2 RAILWAY TELEMATICS, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO
TABLE 15 RAILWAY TELEMATICS (OPTIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2021–2026 (USD MILLION)
5.13.3 RAILWAY TELEMATICS, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO
TABLE 16 RAILWAY TELEMATICS (PESSIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2021–2026 (USD MILLION)
6 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 27 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION, 2021 VS. 2026
TABLE 17 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY SOLUTION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.2 OPERATIONAL DATA
TABLE 18 COMPANIES OFFERING RAILWAY TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS
6.2.1 ASSUMPTIONS
6.2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.3 FLEET MANAGEMENT
6.3.1 WIDE ADOPTION OF FLEET MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS EXPECTED TO LEAD TO MARKET GROWTH
TABLE 19 FLEET MANAGEMENT: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.4 SHOCK DETECTION
6.4.1 SHOCK DETECTORS DETECT SPEEDS BEYOND THE REGISTERED THRESHOLD LIMITS HENCE SECURE CARGO TRANSPORTATION THROUGH RAIL
TABLE 20 SHOCK DETECTION: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.5 AUTOMATIC STOCK CONTROL
6.5.1 AUTOMATIC STOCK HELPS OPERATORS UNDERSTAND HOW MANY RAILCARS ARE ACTUALLY NEEDED
TABLE 21 AUTOMATIC STOCK CONTROL: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.6 REMOTE DATA ACCESS
6.6.1 REMOTE DATA ACCESS SOLUTION EXPECTED TO ENABLE TRANSPARENT RAIL TRANSPORTATION IN FUTURE
TABLE 22 REMOTE DATA ACCESS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.7 ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL
6.7.1 MARKET FOR THE ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL SEGMENT IS DRIVEN BY THE DEMAND TO IMPROVE TRACEABILITY OF THE LOAD
TABLE 23 ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.8 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING
6.8.1 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING SOLUTION EXPECTED TO IMPROVE FLEET OPTIMIZATION
TABLE 24 RAILCAR TRACKING & TRACING: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.9 REFRIGERATED WAGON MANAGEMENT
6.9.1 REFRIGERATED WAGON MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE HIGHER ADOPTION DUE TO THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR REFRIGERATED GOODS
TABLE 25 REFRIGERATED WAGON MANAGEMENT, RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.10 OTHERS
6.10.1 CONSTANT UPDATION OF TELEMATICS TECHNOLOGY EXPECTED TO DRIVE GROWTH OF THE MARKET
TABLE 26 OTHERS, RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
6.11 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
FIGURE 28 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
7 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE
7.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 29 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE, 2021 VS. 2026
TABLE 27 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY RAILCAR TYPE, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.2 OPERATIONAL DATA
TABLE 28 RAILCAR TYPES LEASED BY COMPANIES
7.2.1 ASSUMPTIONS
7.2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
7.3 HOPPERS
7.3.1 SIGNIFICANT FLEET OF HOPPERS IN FREIGHT RAIL TO ENSURE DOMINANT POSITION OF THE SEGMENT
TABLE 29 HOPPERS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.4 TANK CARS
7.4.1 MAINTENANCE OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE IS REQUIRED IN
TANK CARS
TABLE 30 TANK CARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.5 BOXCARS
7.5.1 TELEMATICS INSTALLED BOXCARS ARE THE HIGHEST USED FOR LOGISTICS FLEET OPERATORS DUE TO THEIR VERSATILITY AND COST-EFFICIENCY
TABLE 31 BOXCARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.6 WELL CARS
7.6.1 COST-EFFICIENT AND INTELLIGENT TELEMATICS-BASED INFORMATION SERVICES ENABLE REAL-TIME TRACKING OF WELL CARS
TABLE 32 WELL CARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.7 REFRIGERATED BOXCARS
7.7.1 THE DEMAND FOR REFRIGERATED BOXCARS IS EXPERIENCING STABLE GROWTH WITH THE INCREASE IN LONG-HAUL PERISHABLE FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION
TABLE 33 REFRIGERATED BOXCARS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.8 OTHERS
7.8.1 TELEMATICS SOLUTIONS ENABLE QUICKLY FIND AND DEPLOY IDLE RAILCARS
TABLE 34 OTHERS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
7.9 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
FIGURE 30 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
8 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT
8.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 31 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2021 VS. 2026
TABLE 35 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
8.2 OPERATIONAL DATA
TABLE 36 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET COMPONENT OFFERING
8.2.1 ASSUMPTIONS
8.2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
8.3 TCUS
8.3.1 TCUS ENABLE FLEET MANAGERS PROVIDE REAL-TIME DATA TO RAILCAR LEASE OPERATORS
TABLE 37 TCUS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
8.4 SENSORS
8.4.1 SENSORS ENABLE ADVANCED RAILCAR MANAGEMENT PROVIDING INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND DECREASED OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
TABLE 38 SENSORS: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
8.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
FIGURE 32 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS
9 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION
9.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 33 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 39 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
9.2 ASIA PACIFIC
FIGURE 34 ASIA PACIFIC: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET SNAPSHOT
TABLE 40 ASIA PACIFIC: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
9.2.1 CHINA
9.2.1.1 Developments in the expansion of freight corridors is driving the market
9.2.2 INDIA
9.2.2.1 Demand for temperature-controlled transportation expected to boost market growth
9.2.3 JAPAN
9.2.3.1 Country is experiencing significant strategic rebalancing in the logistics and supply chain industry, driving market growth
9.2.4 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
9.2.4.1 Economic and industrial growth in the region drive the market for efficient freight transportation
9.3 EUROPE
TABLE 41 EUROPE: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 35 EUROPE: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
9.3.1 FRANCE
9.3.1.1 New coalition of participants in France’s rail freight targeting doubling freight volumes
9.3.2 GERMANY
9.3.2.1 Presence of major rail freight companies support market growth
9.3.3 UK
9.3.3.1 Initiatives for further enhancements in railway telematics services to drive the market
9.3.4 REST OF EUROPE
9.3.4.1 Adoption of high-speed freight trains in the region projected to drive the market
9.4 NORTH AMERICA
TABLE 42 NORTH AMERICA: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
9.4.1 US
9.4.1.1 Healthcare industry is driving the demand for telematics embedded box railcars in the country
9.4.2 CANADA
9.4.2.1 Proximity to the US helping Canada procure and source raw materials
9.4.3 MEXICO
9.4.3.1 Development of trade propelling the demand for full visibility of railcars
9.5 ROW
TABLE 43 ROW: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2026 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 36 ROW: RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021 VS. 2026 (USD MILLION)
9.5.1 BRAZIL
9.5.1.1 The development of new railway infrastructure is expected to lead to the rapid adoption of smart railway solutions
9.5.2 ARGENTINA
9.5.2.1 Government initiatives are expected to lead to the growth of the overall freight market
9.5.3 OTHERS
9.5.3.1 Untapped markets offer significant opportunities for the growth of railway telematics
10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
10.1 OVERVIEW
FIGURE 37 KEY DEVELOPMENTS BY LEADING PLAYERS, 2017–2021
10.2 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS FOR THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET
TABLE 44 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2020
FIGURE 38 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2020
10.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP LISTED/PUBLIC PLAYERS
FIGURE 39 TOP PUBLIC/LISTED PLAYERS DOMINATING THE RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS
10.4 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
10.4.1 NEW PRODUCT LAUNCHES
TABLE 45 PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2017–2021
10.4.2 DEALS
TABLE 46 DEALS, 2017–2021
10.4.3 OTHERS
TABLE 47 OTHERS, 2017-2021
10.5 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING
10.5.1 STARS
10.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS
10.5.3 PERVASIVE
10.5.4 PARTICIPANTS
FIGURE 40 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING, 2021
TABLE 48 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: COMPANY FOOTPRINT, 2021
TABLE 49 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: SOLUTION FOOTPRINT, 2021
10.5.5 RAILWAY TELEMATICS MARKET: REGIONAL FOOTPRINT, 2021
TABLE 50 WINNERS VS. TAIL-ENDERS
11 COMPANY PROFILES
11.1 KEY PLAYERS
(Business overview, Products offered, Products offered, Mnm view)*
11.1.1 SIEMENS AG
TABLE 51 SIEMENS AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 41 SIEMENS: REGION WISE REVENUE
FIGURE 42 SIEMENS AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 52 SIEMENS AG: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 53 SIEMENS AG: DEALS
11.1.2 ROBERT BOSCH
TABLE 54 ROBERT BOSCH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 43 ROBERT BOSCH: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 55 ROBERT BOSCH: DEALS
11.1.3 HITACHI LTD.
TABLE 56 HITACHI LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 44 HITACHI LTD.: MOBILITY SOLUTIONS
FIGURE 45 HITACHI LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 57 HITACHI LTD.: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 58 HITACHI LTD.: DEALS
11.1.4 ALSTOM
TABLE 59 ALSTOM: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 46 ALSTOM: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 47 ALSTOM: GEOGRAPHIC PRESENCE
TABLE 60 ALSTOM: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 61 ALSTOM: DEALS
TABLE 62 ALSTOM: OTHERS
11.1.5 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH
TABLE 63 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 48 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE
FIGURE 49 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PRODUCT OFFERINGS
FIGURE 50 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 64 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH:
PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 65 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH: DEALS
TABLE 66 KNORR- BREMSE SYSTEME FUR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH: OTHERS
11.1.6 WABTEC
TABLE 67 WABTEC: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 51 WABTEC: FUTURE OUTLOOK
FIGURE 52 WABTEC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 68 WABTEC: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 69 WABTEC: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 70 WABTEC: DEALS
TABLE 71 WABTEC: OTHERS
11.1.7 INTREX TELEMATICS
TABLE 72 INTREX TELEMATICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 73 INTREX TELEMATICS: PRODUCTS OFFERED
11.1.8 TRINITY INDUSTRIES
TABLE 74 TRINITY INDUSTRIES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 53 TRINITY INDUSTRIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 75 TRINITY INDUSTRIES: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
11.1.9 CANDO RAIL AND TERMINALS
TABLE 76 CANDO RAIL AND TERMINALS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 77 CANDO RAIL & TERMINALS: DEALS
TABLE 78 CANDO RAIL & TERMINALS: OTHERS
11.1.10 ORBCOMM
FIGURE 54 ORBCOMM: CLIENTELE
TABLE 79 ORBCOMM: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 55 ORBCOMM: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 80 ORBCOMM: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 81 ORBCOMM: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 82 ORBCOMM: DEALS
11.1.11 RAILNOVA
TABLE 83 RAILNOVA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 84 RAILNOVA: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 85 RAILNOVA: DEALS
11.1.12 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS
TABLE 86 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 87 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 88 INTERMODAL TELEMATICS: DEALS
11.1.13 SAVVY TELEMATICS
TABLE 89 SAVVY TELEMATICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 90 SAVVY TELEMATICS: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 91 SAVVY TELEMATICS: DEALS
11.1.14 A1 DIGITAL
TABLE 92 A1 DIGITAL: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 93 A1 DIGITAL: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 94 A1 DIGITAL: DEALS
11.1.15 ERMEWA SA
TABLE 95 ERMEWA SA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
TABLE 96 ERMEWA SA: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 97 ERMEWA SA: DEALS
11.1.16 NORFOLK SOUTHERN
TABLE 98 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 56 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 99 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 100 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 101 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: DEALS
TABLE 102 NORFOLK SOUTHERN: OTHERS
11.1.17 VTG AG
TABLE 103 VTG AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW
FIGURE 57 VTG AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 104 VTG AG: PRODUCTS OFFERED
TABLE 105 VTG AG: DEALS
TABLE 106 VTG AG: OTHERS
*Details on Business overview, Products offered, Products offered, Mnm view might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
11.2 OTHER KEY PLAYERS
11.2.1 STARTRAK GPS
11.2.2 AMSTED DIGITAL
11.2.3 TRAXENS
11.2.4 TECH MAHINDRA LTD
11.2.5 SIERRA WIRELESS
11.2.6 CALAMP CORP.
11.2.7 IBM CORPORATION
11.2.8 ATOS CORPORATION
11.2.9 J.M. VOITH
11.2.10 LAT-LON
11.2.11 CISCO
11.2.12 TRIMBLE
11.2.13 SAVI TECHNOLOGY
11.2.14 WASCOSA
12 APPENDIX
12.1 KEY INDUSTRY INSIGHTS
12.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE
12.3 KNOWLEDGE STORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
12.4 AVAILABLE CUSTOMIZATIONS
12.5 RELATED REPORTS
12.6 AUTHOR DETAILS
