United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 111 pages | ID: UA2CC7A604CEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Aircraft Anti-icing System market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Aircraft Anti-icing System in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Aircraft Anti-icing System market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Aircraft Anti-icing System sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Financial Highlights
• The DOW Chemical Company
• Meggit PLC.
• JBT Corporation
• Clariant
• B/E Aerospace, Inc.
• United Technologies Corporation
• Curtiss Wright
• Zodiac Aerospace
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Cav Ice Protection, Inc

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Pneumatic De-icing Boots
• Electro-thermal
• Electro-mechanical
• TKS Ice Protection
• Bleed Air
• Passive

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Civil Aircraft
• Military aircraft
• Helicopters

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Report 2017

1 AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Aircraft Anti-icing System
1.2 Classification of Aircraft Anti-icing System by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Pneumatic De-icing Boots
  1.2.4 Electro-thermal
  1.2.5 Electro-mechanical
  1.2.6 TKS Ice Protection
  1.2.7 Bleed Air
  1.2.8 Passive
1.3 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Civil Aircraft
  1.3.3 Military aircraft
  1.3.4 Helicopters
1.4 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Aircraft Anti-icing System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Aircraft Anti-icing System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Aircraft Anti-icing System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Aircraft Anti-icing System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Aircraft Anti-icing System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Aircraft Anti-icing System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Aircraft Anti-icing System (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Aircraft Anti-icing System Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Financial Highlights
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Financial Highlights Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 The DOW Chemical Company
  6.2.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 The DOW Chemical Company Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Meggit PLC.
  6.3.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Meggit PLC. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 JBT Corporation
  6.4.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 JBT Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Clariant
  6.5.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Clariant Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 B/E Aerospace, Inc.
  6.6.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 B/E Aerospace, Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 United Technologies Corporation
  6.7.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 United Technologies Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Curtiss Wright
  6.8.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Curtiss Wright Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Zodiac Aerospace
  6.9.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Zodiac Aerospace Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Honeywell International Inc.
  6.10.2 Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Honeywell International Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Cav Ice Protection, Inc

7 AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Aircraft Anti-icing System Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Aircraft Anti-icing System

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Aircraft Anti-icing System Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Aircraft Anti-icing System Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES AIRCRAFT ANTI-ICING SYSTEM MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Aircraft Anti-icing System
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Pneumatic De-icing Boots Product Picture
Figure Electro-thermal Product Picture
Figure Electro-mechanical Product Picture
Figure TKS Ice Protection Product Picture
Figure Bleed Air Product Picture
Figure Passive Product Picture
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Aircraft Anti-icing System by Application in 2016
Figure Civil Aircraft Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Civil Aircraft
Figure Military aircraft Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Military aircraft
Figure Helicopters Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Helicopters
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Aircraft Anti-icing System Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Aircraft Anti-icing System Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Aircraft Anti-icing System Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Aircraft Anti-icing System Product Category
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Aircraft Anti-icing System by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Aircraft Anti-icing System by Type in 2016
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Financial Highlights Basic Information List
Table Financial Highlights Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Financial Highlights Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Financial Highlights Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Financial Highlights Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table The DOW Chemical Company Basic Information List
Table The DOW Chemical Company Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure The DOW Chemical Company Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure The DOW Chemical Company Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure The DOW Chemical Company Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Meggit PLC. Basic Information List
Table Meggit PLC. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Meggit PLC. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Meggit PLC. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Meggit PLC. Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table JBT Corporation Basic Information List
Table JBT Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure JBT Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure JBT Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure JBT Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Clariant Basic Information List
Table Clariant Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Clariant Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Clariant Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Clariant Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table B/E Aerospace, Inc. Basic Information List
Table B/E Aerospace, Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure B/E Aerospace, Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure B/E Aerospace, Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure B/E Aerospace, Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table United Technologies Corporation Basic Information List
Table United Technologies Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure United Technologies Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure United Technologies Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure United Technologies Corporation Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Curtiss Wright Basic Information List
Table Curtiss Wright Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Curtiss Wright Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Curtiss Wright Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Curtiss Wright Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Zodiac Aerospace Basic Information List
Table Zodiac Aerospace Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Zodiac Aerospace Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Zodiac Aerospace Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Zodiac Aerospace Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Honeywell International Inc. Basic Information List
Table Honeywell International Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Honeywell International Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Honeywell International Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Honeywell International Inc. Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Cav Ice Protection, Inc Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Aircraft Anti-icing System
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Aircraft Anti-icing System
Figure Aircraft Anti-icing System Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Aircraft Anti-icing System Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Aircraft Anti-icing System
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Aircraft Anti-icing System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources