Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market Size study, by Type (Handheld, Vehicle-Mounted) by Application (Special Operation Force (SOF), Army, Navy, Airforce) and Country Forecasts 2022-2032
Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market is valued approximately at USD 3.43 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 11.59% over the forecast period 2024-2032. A defense tactical radio is a vital communication device used by military personnel to ensure secure, reliable, and effective communication in tactical environments. These radios are engineered to withstand harsh conditions, such as extreme temperatures, rugged terrains, and electromagnetic interference, providing encrypted communication to maintain the confidentiality and security of sensitive information. Defense tactical radios are equipped with features tailored to military operations, including frequency hopping for anti-jamming capabilities, software-defined architecture for adaptability, and integration with other communication systems and platforms. Furthermore, governments and defense organizations in various countries in the Asia-Pacific region are investing in research and development to advance tactical radio technologies. This includes exploring new frequency bands, improving battery life, and enhancing the resilience of communication systems against electronic warfare are gaining attention towards Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market.
Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market is driven by ongoing modernization of armed forces across the region which necessitates the upgrade of communication systems, with advanced tactical radios being integral to improving command, control, communication, and intelligence (C3I) capabilities. Increased defense spending due to rising geopolitical tensions and security concerns further fuels the market growth, as countries allocate more resources to enhance their defense communication infrastructure. Thus, rising military expenditure in the region is fostering the market growth. However, Regulatory and compliance issues are going to impede the overall demand for the market during the forecast period 2024-2032.
The key Countries considered for the Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market study includes China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and Rest of Asia Pacific. In 2023, China was the dominating regional market in terms of revenue. China has a substantial defense budget, which provides the financial resources necessary for extensive investments in advanced military communication systems. The Chinese government prioritizes modernization and technological advancement within its military, leading to significant procurement of state-of-the-art tactical radios. Additionally, China's robust defense manufacturing industry, supported by domestic technological innovation and research and development capabilities, enables the production of sophisticated and highly reliable tactical radios. Furthermore, the market in India, on the other hand, is expected to grow at the fastest rate over the forecast period 2024-2032.
Major market player included in this report are:
Thales Asia Pacific
Rohde & Schwarz Asia Pte Ltd
Elbit Systems of Australia
Company 4
Company 5
Company 6
Company 7
Company 8
Company 9
Company 10
The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:
By Type
Handheld
Vehicle-Mounted
By Application:
Special Operation Force (SOF)
Army
Navy
Airforce
By Region:
Asia Pacific
China
India
Japan
Australia
South Korea
RoAPAC
Years considered for the study are as follows:
Historical year – 2022
Base year – 2023
Forecast period – 2024 to 2032
Key Takeaways:
Market Estimates & Forecast for 10 years from 2022 to 2032.
Annualized revenues and country level analysis for each market segment.
Detailed analysis of geographical landscape with Country level analysis of major regions.
Competitive landscape with information on major players in the market.
Analysis of key business strategies and recommendations on future market approach.
Analysis of competitive structure of the market.
Demand side and supply side analysis of the market.
Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market is driven by ongoing modernization of armed forces across the region which necessitates the upgrade of communication systems, with advanced tactical radios being integral to improving command, control, communication, and intelligence (C3I) capabilities. Increased defense spending due to rising geopolitical tensions and security concerns further fuels the market growth, as countries allocate more resources to enhance their defense communication infrastructure. Thus, rising military expenditure in the region is fostering the market growth. However, Regulatory and compliance issues are going to impede the overall demand for the market during the forecast period 2024-2032.
The key Countries considered for the Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market study includes China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and Rest of Asia Pacific. In 2023, China was the dominating regional market in terms of revenue. China has a substantial defense budget, which provides the financial resources necessary for extensive investments in advanced military communication systems. The Chinese government prioritizes modernization and technological advancement within its military, leading to significant procurement of state-of-the-art tactical radios. Additionally, China's robust defense manufacturing industry, supported by domestic technological innovation and research and development capabilities, enables the production of sophisticated and highly reliable tactical radios. Furthermore, the market in India, on the other hand, is expected to grow at the fastest rate over the forecast period 2024-2032.
Major market player included in this report are:
Thales Asia Pacific
Rohde & Schwarz Asia Pte Ltd
Elbit Systems of Australia
Company 4
Company 5
Company 6
Company 7
Company 8
Company 9
Company 10
The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:
By Type
Handheld
Vehicle-Mounted
By Application:
Special Operation Force (SOF)
Army
Navy
Airforce
By Region:
Asia Pacific
China
India
Japan
Australia
South Korea
RoAPAC
Years considered for the study are as follows:
Historical year – 2022
Base year – 2023
Forecast period – 2024 to 2032
Key Takeaways:
Market Estimates & Forecast for 10 years from 2022 to 2032.
Annualized revenues and country level analysis for each market segment.
Detailed analysis of geographical landscape with Country level analysis of major regions.
Competitive landscape with information on major players in the market.
Analysis of key business strategies and recommendations on future market approach.
Analysis of competitive structure of the market.
Demand side and supply side analysis of the market.
CHAPTER 1. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET DEFINITION AND RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
1.1. Research Objective
1.2. Market Definition
1.3. Research Assumptions
1.3.1. Inclusion & Exclusion
1.3.2. Limitations
1.3.3. Supply Side Analysis
1.3.3.1. Availability
1.3.3.2. Infrastructure
1.3.3.3. Regulatory Environment
1.3.3.4. Market Competition
1.3.3.5. Economic Viability (Consumer’s Perspective)
1.3.4. Demand Side Analysis
1.3.4.1. Regulatory frameworks
1.3.4.2. Technological Advancements
1.3.4.3. Environmental Considerations
1.3.4.4. Consumer Awareness & Acceptance
1.4. Estimation Methodology
1.5. Years Considered for the Study
1.6. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market Size & Forecast (2022- 2032)
2.2. Regional Summary
2.3. Segmental Summary
2.3.1. By Type
2.3.2. By Application
2.4. Key Trends
2.5. Recession Impact
2.6. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 3. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.2. Market Challenges
3.3. Market Opportunities
CHAPTER 4. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET: INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.7. Porter’s 5 Force Impact Analysis
4.2. PESTEL Analysis
4.2.1. Political
4.2.2. Economic
4.2.3. Social
4.2.4. Technological
4.2.5. Environmental
4.2.6. Legal
4.3. Top investment opportunity
4.4. Top winning strategies
4.5. Disruptive Trends
4.6. Industry Expert Perspective
4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY TYPE 2022-2032
5.1. Handheld
5.2. Vehicle-Mounted
CHAPTER 6. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY APPLICATION 2022-2032
6.1. Special Operation Force (SOF)
6.2. Army
6.3. Navy
6.4. Airforce
CHAPTER 7. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY COUNTRY 2022-2032
7.1. China Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.1.1. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
7.1.2. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
7.2. India Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.3. Japan Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.4. Australia Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.5. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market
CHAPTER 8. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
8.1. Key Company SWOT Analysis
8.1.1. Company
8.1.2. Company
8.1.3. Company
8.2. Top Market Strategies
8.3. Company Profiles
8.3.1. Thales Asia Pacific
8.3.1.1. Key Information
8.3.1.2. Overview
8.3.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
8.3.1.4. Product Summary
8.3.1.5. Market Strategies
8.3.2. Rohde & Schwarz Asia Pte Ltd
8.3.3. Elbit Systems of Australia
8.3.4. Company
8.3.5. Company
8.3.6. Company
8.3.7. Company
8.3.8. Company
8.3.9. Company
8.3.10. Company
CHAPTER 9. RESEARCH PROCESS
9.1. Research Process
9.1.1. Data Mining
9.1.2. Analysis
9.1.3. Market Estimation
9.1.4. Validation
9.1.5. Publishing
9.2. Research Attributes
1.1. Research Objective
1.2. Market Definition
1.3. Research Assumptions
1.3.1. Inclusion & Exclusion
1.3.2. Limitations
1.3.3. Supply Side Analysis
1.3.3.1. Availability
1.3.3.2. Infrastructure
1.3.3.3. Regulatory Environment
1.3.3.4. Market Competition
1.3.3.5. Economic Viability (Consumer’s Perspective)
1.3.4. Demand Side Analysis
1.3.4.1. Regulatory frameworks
1.3.4.2. Technological Advancements
1.3.4.3. Environmental Considerations
1.3.4.4. Consumer Awareness & Acceptance
1.4. Estimation Methodology
1.5. Years Considered for the Study
1.6. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market Size & Forecast (2022- 2032)
2.2. Regional Summary
2.3. Segmental Summary
2.3.1. By Type
2.3.2. By Application
2.4. Key Trends
2.5. Recession Impact
2.6. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 3. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.2. Market Challenges
3.3. Market Opportunities
CHAPTER 4. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET: INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.7. Porter’s 5 Force Impact Analysis
4.2. PESTEL Analysis
4.2.1. Political
4.2.2. Economic
4.2.3. Social
4.2.4. Technological
4.2.5. Environmental
4.2.6. Legal
4.3. Top investment opportunity
4.4. Top winning strategies
4.5. Disruptive Trends
4.6. Industry Expert Perspective
4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY TYPE 2022-2032
5.1. Handheld
5.2. Vehicle-Mounted
CHAPTER 6. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY APPLICATION 2022-2032
6.1. Special Operation Force (SOF)
6.2. Army
6.3. Navy
6.4. Airforce
CHAPTER 7. ASIA PACIFIC DEFENSE TACTICAL RADIO MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY COUNTRY 2022-2032
7.1. China Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.1.1. Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
7.1.2. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
7.2. India Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.3. Japan Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.4. Australia Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.5. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio Market
7.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market
CHAPTER 8. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
8.1. Key Company SWOT Analysis
8.1.1. Company
8.1.2. Company
8.1.3. Company
8.2. Top Market Strategies
8.3. Company Profiles
8.3.1. Thales Asia Pacific
8.3.1.1. Key Information
8.3.1.2. Overview
8.3.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
8.3.1.4. Product Summary
8.3.1.5. Market Strategies
8.3.2. Rohde & Schwarz Asia Pte Ltd
8.3.3. Elbit Systems of Australia
8.3.4. Company
8.3.5. Company
8.3.6. Company
8.3.7. Company
8.3.8. Company
8.3.9. Company
8.3.10. Company
CHAPTER 9. RESEARCH PROCESS
9.1. Research Process
9.1.1. Data Mining
9.1.2. Analysis
9.1.3. Market Estimation
9.1.4. Validation
9.1.5. Publishing
9.2. Research Attributes
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, report scope
TABLE 2. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by Country 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 3. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 4. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 5. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 6. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 7. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 8. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 9. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 10. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 11. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 12. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 13. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 14. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 15. China Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 16. China Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 17. China Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 18. India Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 19. India Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 20. India Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 21. Japan Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 22. Japan Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 23. Japan Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 24. Australia Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 25. Australia Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 26. Australia Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 27. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 28. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 29. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 30.
TABLE 31. RoAPAC Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 32. RoAPAC Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 33. RoAPAC Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 34. List of secondary sources, used in the study of Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market.
TABLE 35. List of primary sources, used in the study of Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market.
TABLE 36. Years considered for the study.
TABLE 37. Exchange rates considered.
TABLE 1. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, report scope
TABLE 2. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by Country 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 3. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 4. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 5. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 6. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 7. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 8. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 9. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 10. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 11. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 12. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 13. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 14. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by country, estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 15. China Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 16. China Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 17. China Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 18. India Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 19. India Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 20. India Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 21. Japan Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 22. Japan Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 23. Japan Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 24. Australia Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 25. Australia Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 26. Australia Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 27. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 28. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 29. South Korea Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 30.
TABLE 31. RoAPAC Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 32. RoAPAC Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 33. RoAPAC Defense Tactical Radio market estimates & forecasts by segment 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 34. List of secondary sources, used in the study of Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market.
TABLE 35. List of primary sources, used in the study of Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio Market.
TABLE 36. Years considered for the study.
TABLE 37. Exchange rates considered.
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, research methodology
FIG 2. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, market estimation techniques
FIG 3. Asia Pacific market size estimates & forecast methods.
FIG 4. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, key trends 2023
FIG 5. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, growth prospects 2022-2032
FIG 6. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, porters 5 force model
FIG 7. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, pestel analysis
FIG 8. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, value chain analysis
FIG 9. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 10. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 11. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 12. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 13. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 14. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, Country snapshot 2022 & 2032
FIG 15. Asia pacific Defense Tactical Radio market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 16. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, company market share analysis (2023)
FIG 1. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, research methodology
FIG 2. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, market estimation techniques
FIG 3. Asia Pacific market size estimates & forecast methods.
FIG 4. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, key trends 2023
FIG 5. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, growth prospects 2022-2032
FIG 6. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, porters 5 force model
FIG 7. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, pestel analysis
FIG 8. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, value chain analysis
FIG 9. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 10. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 11. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 12. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 13. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 14. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, Country snapshot 2022 & 2032
FIG 15. Asia pacific Defense Tactical Radio market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 16. Asia Pacific Defense Tactical Radio market, company market share analysis (2023)
