Global Optical Communication Device Market Research Report 2020-2024
In the context of China-US trade war and COVID-19 epidemic, it will have a big influence on this market. Optical Communication Device Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2023 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Optical Communication Device market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Optical Communication Device basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
II-VI
Lumentum
FIT
Sumitomo
Zhong Ji Innolight
Accelink
NeoPhotonics
Fujitsu
FiberLabs
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Optical Communication Device for each application, including-
Datacom
Telecom
In this report, the global Optical Communication Device market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Optical Communication Device basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
II-VI
Lumentum
FIT
Sumitomo
Zhong Ji Innolight
Accelink
NeoPhotonics
Fujitsu
FiberLabs
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Optical Communication Device for each application, including-
Datacom
Telecom
PART I OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Optical Communication Device Definition
1.2 Optical Communication Device Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Optical Communication Device Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Optical Communication Device Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Optical Communication Device Application Analysis
1.3.1 Optical Communication Device Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Optical Communication Device Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Optical Communication Device Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Optical Communication Device Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Optical Communication Device Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Optical Communication Device Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Optical Communication Device Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Optical Communication Device Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Optical Communication Device Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Optical Communication Device Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Optical Communication Device Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Optical Communication Device Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Optical Communication Device Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Optical Communication Device Product Development History
3.2 Asia Optical Communication Device Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Optical Communication Device Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Optical Communication Device Product Development History
7.2 North American Optical Communication Device Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Optical Communication Device Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Optical Communication Device Product Development History
11.2 Europe Optical Communication Device Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Optical Communication Device Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Optical Communication Device Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Optical Communication Device Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Optical Communication Device Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Optical Communication Device Market Analysis
17.2 Optical Communication Device Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Optical Communication Device New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Optical Communication Device Definition
1.2 Optical Communication Device Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Optical Communication Device Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Optical Communication Device Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Optical Communication Device Application Analysis
1.3.1 Optical Communication Device Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Optical Communication Device Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Optical Communication Device Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Optical Communication Device Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Optical Communication Device Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Optical Communication Device Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Optical Communication Device Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Optical Communication Device Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Optical Communication Device Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Optical Communication Device Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Optical Communication Device Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Optical Communication Device Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Optical Communication Device Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Optical Communication Device Product Development History
3.2 Asia Optical Communication Device Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Optical Communication Device Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Optical Communication Device Product Development History
7.2 North American Optical Communication Device Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Optical Communication Device Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Optical Communication Device Product Development History
11.2 Europe Optical Communication Device Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Optical Communication Device Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Optical Communication Device Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Optical Communication Device Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Optical Communication Device Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Optical Communication Device Market Analysis
17.2 Optical Communication Device Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Optical Communication Device New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Optical Communication Device Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
