Global Fiber-optic Laser Market Research Report 2021-2025
A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, thulium and holmium. In the context of China-US trade war and global economic volatility and uncertainty, it will have a big influence on this market. Fiber-optic Laser Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2025 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Fiber-optic Laser market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Fiber-optic Laser basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Company A
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Fiber-optic Laser for each application, including-
Electron
In this report, the global Fiber-optic Laser market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Fiber-optic Laser basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Company A
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Fiber-optic Laser for each application, including-
Electron
PART I FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Fiber-optic Laser Definition
1.2 Fiber-optic Laser Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Fiber-optic Laser Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Fiber-optic Laser Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Fiber-optic Laser Application Analysis
1.3.1 Fiber-optic Laser Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Fiber-optic Laser Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Fiber-optic Laser Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Fiber-optic Laser Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Fiber-optic Laser Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Fiber-optic Laser Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Fiber-optic Laser Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Fiber-optic Laser Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Fiber-optic Laser Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Fiber-optic Laser Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Fiber-optic Laser Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Fiber-optic Laser Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO FIBER-OPTIC LASER UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Fiber-optic Laser Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Fiber-optic Laser Product Development History
3.2 Asia Fiber-optic Laser Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Fiber-optic Laser Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Fiber-optic Laser Product Development History
7.2 North American Fiber-optic Laser Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Fiber-optic Laser Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Fiber-optic Laser Product Development History
11.2 Europe Fiber-optic Laser Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Fiber-optic Laser Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Fiber-optic Laser Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Fiber-optic Laser Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Fiber-optic Laser Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN FIBER-OPTIC LASER NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Fiber-optic Laser Market Analysis
17.2 Fiber-optic Laser Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Fiber-optic Laser New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Fiber-optic Laser Definition
1.2 Fiber-optic Laser Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Fiber-optic Laser Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Fiber-optic Laser Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Fiber-optic Laser Application Analysis
1.3.1 Fiber-optic Laser Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Fiber-optic Laser Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Fiber-optic Laser Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Fiber-optic Laser Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Fiber-optic Laser Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Fiber-optic Laser Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Fiber-optic Laser Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Fiber-optic Laser Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Fiber-optic Laser Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Fiber-optic Laser Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Fiber-optic Laser Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Fiber-optic Laser Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO FIBER-OPTIC LASER UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Fiber-optic Laser Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Fiber-optic Laser Product Development History
3.2 Asia Fiber-optic Laser Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Fiber-optic Laser Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Fiber-optic Laser Product Development History
7.2 North American Fiber-optic Laser Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Fiber-optic Laser Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Fiber-optic Laser Product Development History
11.2 Europe Fiber-optic Laser Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Fiber-optic Laser Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN FIBER-OPTIC LASER MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Fiber-optic Laser Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Fiber-optic Laser Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Fiber-optic Laser Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN FIBER-OPTIC LASER NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Fiber-optic Laser Market Analysis
17.2 Fiber-optic Laser Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Fiber-optic Laser New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Fiber-optic Laser Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL FIBER-OPTIC LASER INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
