Covid-19 contact tracing applications: National strategies in technological terms (Bluetooth, QR Code, GPS) and geostrategic terms (sovereignty, use of data)
This study contains a survey of the digital contact tracing approaches deployed for COVID-19 all over the world via the benchmark of more than 50 countries (and more than 40 identified initiatives). It also analyses the choices made in the light of the underlying issues (technologies, data protection regulations, the role of private entities).
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. CONTACT TRACING
2.1. Traditional contact tracing
2.2. Digital contact tracing
2.3. Collective contact tracing
2.4. Contact tracing by QR Code
2.5. Contact tracing by GPS
2.6. Contact tracing by decentralised Bluetooth
2.7. Contact tracing by centralised Bluetooth
2.8. Comparison: centralised v. decentralised
2.9. The main Bluetooth protocols
2.10. Comparison: Bluetooth v GPS
3. INITIATIVES ALL OVER THE WORLD
3.1. Overview of digital contact tracing solutions worldwide
3.2. Overview of digital contact tracing solutions in Europe
3.3. Distribution of contact tracing solutions by technology worldwide
3.4. Distribution of contact tracing solutions by technology in Europe
3.5. Summary by technology
4. CASE STUDIES
4.1. Australia
4.2. Austria
4.3. China
4.4. France
4.5. Norway
4.6. Singapore
5. PROSPECTS
5.1. Social limitations of digital contact tracing applications
5.2. Technological and software limitations of digital contact tracing applications
5.3. Legal and security limits of digital contact tracing applications
5.4. European exception legal framework
5.5. Acceptability of contact tracing applications
5.6. Google & Apple API: Exposure Notification
APPENDICES
The European legal framework
Synthesis of contact tracing applications by country
2. CONTACT TRACING
2.1. Traditional contact tracing
2.2. Digital contact tracing
2.3. Collective contact tracing
2.4. Contact tracing by QR Code
2.5. Contact tracing by GPS
2.6. Contact tracing by decentralised Bluetooth
2.7. Contact tracing by centralised Bluetooth
2.8. Comparison: centralised v. decentralised
2.9. The main Bluetooth protocols
2.10. Comparison: Bluetooth v GPS
3. INITIATIVES ALL OVER THE WORLD
3.1. Overview of digital contact tracing solutions worldwide
3.2. Overview of digital contact tracing solutions in Europe
3.3. Distribution of contact tracing solutions by technology worldwide
3.4. Distribution of contact tracing solutions by technology in Europe
3.5. Summary by technology
4. CASE STUDIES
4.1. Australia
4.2. Austria
4.3. China
4.4. France
4.5. Norway
4.6. Singapore
5. PROSPECTS
5.1. Social limitations of digital contact tracing applications
5.2. Technological and software limitations of digital contact tracing applications
5.3. Legal and security limits of digital contact tracing applications
5.4. European exception legal framework
5.5. Acceptability of contact tracing applications
5.6. Google & Apple API: Exposure Notification
APPENDICES
The European legal framework
Synthesis of contact tracing applications by country
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
2. Contact tracing
Digital contact tracing solutions
Entities behind the digital contact tracing initiative
Operation of collective contact tracing
Operation of contact tracing by QR Code
Operation of contact tracing by GPS
Operation of contact tracing by decentralised Bluetooth
Operation of contact tracing by centralised Bluetooth
Comparison of centralised and decentralised Bluetooth systems
Comparison of the main Bluetooth protocols
Comparison: Bluetooth versus GPS
3. Initiatives all over the world
Technology used in the projects surveyed
Distribution of Bluetooth technology
5. Prospects
Contact tracing adoption rate in the main countries
2. Contact tracing
Digital contact tracing solutions
Entities behind the digital contact tracing initiative
Operation of collective contact tracing
Operation of contact tracing by QR Code
Operation of contact tracing by GPS
Operation of contact tracing by decentralised Bluetooth
Operation of contact tracing by centralised Bluetooth
Comparison of centralised and decentralised Bluetooth systems
Comparison of the main Bluetooth protocols
Comparison: Bluetooth versus GPS
3. Initiatives all over the world
Technology used in the projects surveyed
Distribution of Bluetooth technology
5. Prospects
Contact tracing adoption rate in the main countries