The Global Critical Materials Recovery Market 2027-2047
The critical raw materials recovery market enters 2026 defined less by price than by policy and consolidation. The decisive shift of the period was the conversion of "supply-chain security" from rhetoric into industrial policy. After China demonstrated its leverage through 2024–2025 export controls on gallium, germanium, graphite and rare-earth magnets — disruptions severe enough to halt at least one automaker's production line — Western governments responded with hard instruments. The United States launched Project Vault, a $10 billion-backed strategic minerals reserve covering all 60 USGS-listed critical minerals, and convened a 54-nation Critical Minerals Ministerial that produced FORGE, a friend-shoring framework proposing enforceable reference-price floors to counter Chinese below-market competition. The European Union advanced its Critical Raw Materials Act into implementation, with the FutuRaM project quantifying an "urban mine" capable of supplying up to 56% of the bloc's primary-material needs by 2050. Recovery is now framed as strategic infrastructure for defense, AI and robotics supply chains — not an ESG add-on.
Against this supportive policy backdrop, the commercial reality was brutal. Battery-metal prices bottomed in 2025 — battery-grade lithium carbonate fell to roughly $12/kg before rebounding to around $24/kg by mid-2026 — and the trough triggered a wave of insolvencies that reshaped the competitive field. Ascend Elements filed for Chapter 11, Li-Cycle was acquired by Glencore out of bankruptcy, Lithion Technologies entered creditor protection, and European cell and refining ventures Northvolt, Morrow Batteries and Viridian Lithium failed. The survivors share clear traits: integrated offtake, captive feedstock, government backing, or distinctive low-cost technology.
Activity has consequently bifurcated. Battery recycling remains dominated by China, where CATL's Brunp processed over 200,000 tonnes in 2025 and targets one million tonnes annually by 2030. In the West, momentum has shifted toward rare-earth and magnet recovery — Cyclic Materials, HyProMag, Carester/Caremag and Paladin all advanced funded, friend-shored projects — alongside rare-earth-free magnet substitution led by Niron Magnetics. Meanwhile, the EV end-of-life wave that builds sharply after 2030 guarantees the largest secondary feedstock stream in history. The market's trajectory therefore hinges on a single dynamic: whether stockpile demand and price floors can stabilise recovered-material economics enough to outlast spot-price volatility. The forecasts in this report assume they increasingly can, lifting recovered-material value toward roughly $250 billion by 2047.
The Global Critical Materials Recovery Market 2027–2047 is a comprehensive, two-decade analysis of how the world will recover critical and strategic raw materials from secondary sources — end-of-life products, manufacturing scrap and industrial waste — as supply-chain security becomes the defining force in the global minerals economy. The report opens against a transformed backdrop. Following China's 2024–2025 export controls on gallium, germanium, graphite and rare-earth magnets, recovery has shifted from an environmental activity to a strategic imperative. New instruments — the United States' Project Vault strategic reserve, the 54-nation FORGE friend-shoring framework, the EU Critical Raw Materials Act, and a wave of government-backed processing finance — are reshaping the economics of recycling. At the same time, a sharp 2025 battery-metal price trough triggered a wave of recycler insolvencies, accelerating consolidation toward integrated, policy-backed players.
This report quantifies the opportunity through detailed 2027–2047 forecasts by material, recovery source and region, and evaluates the technologies, business models and companies positioned to capture it across rare earths and magnets, lithium-ion batteries, semiconductors and platinum group metals.
Report content includes:
Against this supportive policy backdrop, the commercial reality was brutal. Battery-metal prices bottomed in 2025 — battery-grade lithium carbonate fell to roughly $12/kg before rebounding to around $24/kg by mid-2026 — and the trough triggered a wave of insolvencies that reshaped the competitive field. Ascend Elements filed for Chapter 11, Li-Cycle was acquired by Glencore out of bankruptcy, Lithion Technologies entered creditor protection, and European cell and refining ventures Northvolt, Morrow Batteries and Viridian Lithium failed. The survivors share clear traits: integrated offtake, captive feedstock, government backing, or distinctive low-cost technology.
Activity has consequently bifurcated. Battery recycling remains dominated by China, where CATL's Brunp processed over 200,000 tonnes in 2025 and targets one million tonnes annually by 2030. In the West, momentum has shifted toward rare-earth and magnet recovery — Cyclic Materials, HyProMag, Carester/Caremag and Paladin all advanced funded, friend-shored projects — alongside rare-earth-free magnet substitution led by Niron Magnetics. Meanwhile, the EV end-of-life wave that builds sharply after 2030 guarantees the largest secondary feedstock stream in history. The market's trajectory therefore hinges on a single dynamic: whether stockpile demand and price floors can stabilise recovered-material economics enough to outlast spot-price volatility. The forecasts in this report assume they increasingly can, lifting recovered-material value toward roughly $250 billion by 2047.
The Global Critical Materials Recovery Market 2027–2047 is a comprehensive, two-decade analysis of how the world will recover critical and strategic raw materials from secondary sources — end-of-life products, manufacturing scrap and industrial waste — as supply-chain security becomes the defining force in the global minerals economy. The report opens against a transformed backdrop. Following China's 2024–2025 export controls on gallium, germanium, graphite and rare-earth magnets, recovery has shifted from an environmental activity to a strategic imperative. New instruments — the United States' Project Vault strategic reserve, the 54-nation FORGE friend-shoring framework, the EU Critical Raw Materials Act, and a wave of government-backed processing finance — are reshaping the economics of recycling. At the same time, a sharp 2025 battery-metal price trough triggered a wave of recycler insolvencies, accelerating consolidation toward integrated, policy-backed players.
This report quantifies the opportunity through detailed 2027–2047 forecasts by material, recovery source and region, and evaluates the technologies, business models and companies positioned to capture it across rare earths and magnets, lithium-ion batteries, semiconductors and platinum group metals.
Report content includes:
- 20-year market forecasts (2027–2047) by material, recovery source and region — in both tonnes and value (USD)
- Supply-chain-security analysis: Project Vault, FORGE, the 54-nation framework, export controls and price-floor mechanisms
- Critical material extraction technologies — hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, biometallurgy, ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents, electrochemical and supercritical methods — with TRL and value-proposition assessments
- Critical material recovery technologies — solvent extraction, ion exchange, precipitation, biosorption, electrowinning and direct recovery
- Rare-earth element and permanent-magnet recovery, including long-loop and short-loop recycling and rare-earth-free magnet substitution
- Li-ion battery recycling: chemistries, black mass, economics, EV end-of-life scrappage forecasts, capacity, regulations and the 2025–2026 industry shakeout
- Critical semiconductor recovery from e-waste and photovoltaics
- Platinum group metal recovery from autocatalysts, fuel cells and electrolysers
- Pricing trends, market drivers, restraints, and technology-readiness evaluations
- Profiles of 164 companies across the recovery value chain. Companies profiled include Accurec Recycling GmbH, ACE Green Recycling, Altilium, American Battery Technology Company (ABTC), Anhua Taisen, Aqua Metals, Ascend Elements, Attero, BacTech Environmental, Ballard Power Systems, BANIQL, BASF, Battery Pollution Technologies, Batx Energies, Berkeley Energia, BHP, BMW, Botree Cycling, Brazilian Nickel, Carester, Ceibo, Cheetah Resources, CATL, Cirba Solutions, Circunomics, Circular Industries, Cyclic Materials, Cylib, DEScycle, Dowa Eco-System, Dow Chemicals, Dundee Sustainable Technologies, DuPont, EcoBat, eCobalt Solutions, Econili Battery, EcoPro, Electra Battery Materials, Electramet, Elmery, Elemental Group, Element Zero, Emulsion Flow Technologies, Enim, EnviroMetal Technologies, Eramet, ExPost Technology, Farasis Energy, First Solar, Fortum, 4R Energy, Freeport-McMoRan, Fluor, FLSmidth, Ganfeng Lithium, Ganzhou Cyclewell, GEM, GLC Recycle, Glencore, Gotion, GREEN14, Green Li-ion, Green Mineral, GS Group, Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech, Huayou Cobalt, Henkel, Heraeus, HydroVolt, HyProMag, InoBat, Inmetco, Jiecheng New Energy, JPM Silicon, JX Nippon Metal Mining, Keyking Recycling, Korea Zinc, Kyoei Seiko, Igneo, IXOM, Jalle Technologies, Jervois Global, Jetti Resources, Kemira Oyj, Librec, Lithium Australia, LG Chem, Li Industries, LICO Materials, Lithion Technologies, Litus Inc., Lohum, MagREEsource, Mecaware, Metastable Materials, Metso, Minerva Lithium, MIRARCO, Mitsubishi Materials, Neometals, NEU Battery Materials, Nickelhutte Aue, NioCorp Developments, Niron Magnetics, Nordic Salt Cycle, Nouryon and more......
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Definition and Importance of Critical Raw Materials
1.2 E-Waste as a Source of Critical Raw Materials
1.3 Electrification, Renewable and Clean Technologies
1.4 Regulatory Landscape
1.4.1 European Union
1.4.2 United States
1.4.3 China
1.4.4 Japan
1.4.5 Australia
1.4.6 Canada
1.4.7 India
1.4.8 South Korea
1.4.9 Brazil
1.4.10 Russia
1.4.11 Global Initiatives
1.5 Key Market Drivers and Restraints
1.6 The Global Critical Raw Materials Market in 2026
1.7 Critical Material Extraction Technology
1.7.1 Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste)
1.7.2 Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources
1.7.3 Li-ion battery technology metal recovery
1.7.4 Critical semiconductor materials recovery
1.7.5 Critical platinum group metal recovery
1.8 Critical Raw Materials Value Chain
1.9 The Economic Case for Critical Raw Materials Recovery
1.10 Price Trends for Key Recovered Materials (2020-2026)
1.11 Global market forecasts
1.11.1 By Material Type (2025-2047)
1.11.2 By Recovery Source (2025-2047)
1.11.3 By Region (2025-2047)
1.12 The 2025–2026 recycler shakeout
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Critical Raw Materials
2.2 Global situation in supply and trade
2.2.1 From diversification rhetoric to industrial-policy execution
2.2.2 Project Vault: a demand backstop that resets recovery economics
2.2.3 The 54-nation framework: friend-shoring and enforced price floors
2.2.4 Substitution as the second hedge: rare-earth-free magnets
2.2.5 Recovery reframed: strategic infrastructure, not ESG compliance
2.3 Circular economy
2.3.1 Circular use of critical raw materials
2.4 Critical and strategic raw materials used in the energy transition
2.4.1 Greening critical metals
2.5 Metals and minerals processed and extracted
2.5.1 Copper
2.5.1.1 Global copper demand and trends
2.5.1.2 Markets and applications
2.5.1.3 Copper extraction and recovery
2.5.2 Nickel
2.5.2.1 Global nickel demand and trends
2.5.2.2 Markets and applications
2.5.2.3 Nickel extraction and recovery
2.5.3 Cobalt
2.5.3.1 Global cobalt demand and trends
2.5.3.2 Markets and applications
2.5.3.3 Cobalt extraction and recovery
2.5.4 Rare Earth Elements (REE)
2.5.4.1 Global Rare Earth Elements demand and trends
2.5.4.2 Markets and applications
2.5.4.3 Rare Earth Elements extraction and recovery
2.5.4.4 Recovery of REEs from secondary resources
2.5.5 Lithium
2.5.5.1 Global lithium demand and trends
2.5.5.2 Markets and applications
2.5.5.3 Lithium extraction and recovery
2.5.6 Gold
2.5.6.1 Global gold demand and trends
2.5.6.2 Markets and applications
2.5.6.3 Gold extraction and recovery
2.5.7 Uranium
2.5.7.1 Global uranium demand and trends
2.5.7.2 Markets and applications
2.5.7.3 Uranium extraction and recovery
2.5.8 Zinc
2.5.8.1 Global Zinc demand and trends
2.5.8.2 Markets and applications
2.5.8.3 Zinc extraction and recovery
2.5.9 Manganese
2.5.9.1 Global manganese demand and trends
2.5.9.2 Markets and applications
2.5.9.3 Manganese extraction and recovery
2.5.10 Tantalum
2.5.10.1 Global tantalum demand and trends
2.5.10.2 Markets and applications
2.5.10.3 Tantalum extraction and recovery
2.5.11 Niobium
2.5.11.1 Global niobium demand and trends
2.5.11.2 Markets and applications
2.5.11.3 Niobium extraction and recovery
2.5.12 Indium
2.5.12.1 Global indium demand and trends
2.5.12.2 Markets and applications
2.5.12.3 Indium extraction and recovery
2.5.13 Gallium
2.5.13.1 Global gallium demand and trends
2.5.13.2 Markets and applications
2.5.13.3 Gallium extraction and recovery
2.5.14 Germanium
2.5.14.1 Global germanium demand and trends
2.5.14.2 Markets and applications
2.5.14.3 Germanium extraction and recovery
2.5.15 Antimony
2.5.15.1 Global antimony demand and trends
2.5.15.2 Markets and applications
2.5.15.3 Antimony extraction and recovery
2.5.16 Scandium
2.5.16.1 Global scandium demand and trends
2.5.16.2 Markets and applications
2.5.16.3 Scandium extraction and recovery
2.5.17 Graphite
2.5.17.1 Global graphite demand and trends
2.5.17.2 Markets and applications
2.5.17.3 Graphite extraction and recovery
2.6 Recovery sources
2.6.1 Primary sources
2.6.2 Secondary sources
2.6.2.1 Extraction
2.6.2.1.1 Hydrometallurgical extraction
2.6.2.1.1.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.1.2 Lixiviants
2.6.2.1.1.3 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.2 Pyrometallurgical extraction
2.6.2.1.2.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.2.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.3 Biometallurgy
2.6.2.1.3.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.3.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.4 Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents
2.6.2.1.4.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.4.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.5 Electroleaching extraction
2.6.2.1.5.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.5.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.6 Supercritical fluid extraction
2.6.2.1.6.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.6.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2 Recovery
2.6.2.2.1 Solvent extraction
2.6.2.2.1.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.1.2 Rare-Earth Element Recovery
2.6.2.2.1.3 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.2 Ion exchange recovery
2.6.2.2.2.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.2.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.3 Ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) recovery
2.6.2.2.3.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.3.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.4 Precipitation
2.6.2.2.4.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.4.2 Coagulation and flocculation
2.6.2.2.4.3 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.5 Biosorption
2.6.2.2.5.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.5.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.6 Electrowinning
2.6.2.2.6.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.6.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.7 Direct materials recovery
2.6.2.2.7.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.7.2 Rare-earth Oxide (REO) Processing Using Molten Salt Electrolysis
2.6.2.2.7.3 Rare-earth Magnet Recycling by Hydrogen Decrepitation
2.6.2.2.7.4 Direct Recycling of Li-ion Battery Cathodes by Sintering
2.6.2.2.7.5 SWOT analysis
3 CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS RECOVERY IN SEMICONDUCTORS
3.1 Critical semiconductor materials
3.2 Electronic waste (e-waste)
3.2.1 Types of Critical Raw Materials found in E-Waste
3.2.2 AI-enabled recovery: the DOE–Amazon collaboration
3.3 Photovoltaic and solar technologies
3.3.1 Common types of PV panels and their critical semiconductor components
3.3.2 Silicon Recovery Technology for Crystalline-Si PVs
3.3.3 Tellurium Recovery from CdTe Thin-Film Photovoltaics
3.3.4 Solar Panel Manufacturers and Recovery Rates
3.4 Concentration and value of Critical Raw Materials in E-Waste
3.5 Applications and Importance of Key Critical Raw Materials
3.6 Waste Recycling and Recovery Processes
3.7 Collection and Sorting Infrastructure
3.8 Pre-Processing Technologies
3.9 Metal Recovery Technologies
3.9.1 Pyrometallurgy
3.9.2 Hydrometallurgy
3.9.3 Biometallurgy
3.9.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
3.9.5 Electrokinetic Separation
3.9.6 Mechanochemical Processing
3.10 Global market 2025-2047
3.10.1 Ktonnes
3.10.2 Revenues
3.10.3 Regional
4 CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS RECOVERY IN LI-ION BATTERIES
4.1 Critical Li-ion Battery Metals
4.2 Critical Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery
4.3 Lithium-Ion Battery recycling value chain
4.4 Black mass powder
4.5 Recycling different cathode chemistries
4.6 Preparation
4.7 Pre-Treatment
4.7.1 Discharging
4.7.2 Mechanical Pre-Treatment
4.7.3 Thermal Pre-Treatment
4.8 Comparison of recycling techniques
4.9 Hydrometallurgy
4.9.1 Method overview
4.9.1.1 Solvent extraction
4.9.2 SWOT analysis
4.10 Pyrometallurgy
4.10.1 Method overview
4.10.2 SWOT analysis
4.11 Direct recycling
4.11.1 Method overview
4.11.1.1 Electrolyte separation
4.11.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials
4.11.1.3 Binder removal
4.11.1.4 Relithiation
4.11.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
4.11.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
4.11.2 SWOT analysis
4.12 Other methods
4.12.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment
4.12.2 Electrochemical Method
4.12.3 Ionic Liquids
4.13 Recycling of Specific Components
4.13.1 Anode (Graphite)
4.13.2 Cathode
4.13.3 Electrolyte
4.14 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries
4.14.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes
4.14.2 Li-Metal batteries
4.14.3 Lithium sulfur batteries (Li–S)
4.14.4 All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs)
4.15 Economic case for Li-ion battery recycling
4.15.1 Onshoring the battery loop
4.15.2 Metal prices
4.15.3 Second-life energy storage
4.15.4 LFP batteries
4.15.5 Other components and materials
4.15.6 Reducing costs
4.16 Competitive landscape
4.17 Global capacities, current and planned
4.18 Future outlook
4.19 Global market 2025-2047
4.19.1 Chemistry
4.19.2 Ktonnes
4.19.3 Revenues
4.19.4 Regional
5 CRITICAL RARE-EARTH ELEMENT RECOVERY
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Permanent magnet applications
5.3 Recovery technologies
5.3.1 Long-loop and short-loop recovery methods
5.3.2 Hydrogen decrepitation
5.3.3 Powder metallurgy (PM)
5.3.4 Long-loop magnet recycling
5.3.5 Solvent Extraction
5.3.6 Ion Exchange Resin Chromatography
5.3.7 Electrolysis and Metallothermic Reduction
5.4 Markets
5.4.1 Rare-earth magnet market
5.4.1.1 Substitution: rare-earth-free magnets as a parallel hedge
5.4.2 Rare-earth magnet recovery technology
5.4.3 Distributed domestic recovery
5.5 Global market 2025-2047
5.5.1 Ktonnes
5.5.2 Revenues
6 CRITICAL PLATINUM GROUP METAL RECOVERY
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Supply chain
6.3 Prices
6.4 PGM Recovery
6.5 PGM recovery from spent automotive catalysts
6.6 PGM recovery from hydrogen electrolyzers and fuel cells
6.6.1 Green hydrogen market
6.6.2 PGM recovery from hydrogen-related technologies
6.6.3 Catalyst Coated Membranes (CCMs)
6.6.4 Fuel cell catalysts
6.6.5 Emerging technologies
6.6.5.1 Microwave-assisted Leaching
6.6.5.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
6.6.5.3 Bioleaching
6.6.5.4 Electrochemical Recovery
6.6.5.5 Membrane Separation
6.6.5.6 Ionic Liquids
6.6.5.7 Photocatalytic Recovery
6.6.6 Sustainability of the hydrogen economy
6.7 Markets
6.8 Global market 2025-2047
6.8.1 Ktonnes
6.8.2 Revenues
7 COMPANY PROFILES (159 COMPANY PROFILES)
8 APPENDICES
8.1 Research Methodology
8.2 Glossary of Terms
8.3 List of Abbreviations
9 REFERENCES
1.1 Definition and Importance of Critical Raw Materials
1.2 E-Waste as a Source of Critical Raw Materials
1.3 Electrification, Renewable and Clean Technologies
1.4 Regulatory Landscape
1.4.1 European Union
1.4.2 United States
1.4.3 China
1.4.4 Japan
1.4.5 Australia
1.4.6 Canada
1.4.7 India
1.4.8 South Korea
1.4.9 Brazil
1.4.10 Russia
1.4.11 Global Initiatives
1.5 Key Market Drivers and Restraints
1.6 The Global Critical Raw Materials Market in 2026
1.7 Critical Material Extraction Technology
1.7.1 Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste)
1.7.2 Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources
1.7.3 Li-ion battery technology metal recovery
1.7.4 Critical semiconductor materials recovery
1.7.5 Critical platinum group metal recovery
1.8 Critical Raw Materials Value Chain
1.9 The Economic Case for Critical Raw Materials Recovery
1.10 Price Trends for Key Recovered Materials (2020-2026)
1.11 Global market forecasts
1.11.1 By Material Type (2025-2047)
1.11.2 By Recovery Source (2025-2047)
1.11.3 By Region (2025-2047)
1.12 The 2025–2026 recycler shakeout
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Critical Raw Materials
2.2 Global situation in supply and trade
2.2.1 From diversification rhetoric to industrial-policy execution
2.2.2 Project Vault: a demand backstop that resets recovery economics
2.2.3 The 54-nation framework: friend-shoring and enforced price floors
2.2.4 Substitution as the second hedge: rare-earth-free magnets
2.2.5 Recovery reframed: strategic infrastructure, not ESG compliance
2.3 Circular economy
2.3.1 Circular use of critical raw materials
2.4 Critical and strategic raw materials used in the energy transition
2.4.1 Greening critical metals
2.5 Metals and minerals processed and extracted
2.5.1 Copper
2.5.1.1 Global copper demand and trends
2.5.1.2 Markets and applications
2.5.1.3 Copper extraction and recovery
2.5.2 Nickel
2.5.2.1 Global nickel demand and trends
2.5.2.2 Markets and applications
2.5.2.3 Nickel extraction and recovery
2.5.3 Cobalt
2.5.3.1 Global cobalt demand and trends
2.5.3.2 Markets and applications
2.5.3.3 Cobalt extraction and recovery
2.5.4 Rare Earth Elements (REE)
2.5.4.1 Global Rare Earth Elements demand and trends
2.5.4.2 Markets and applications
2.5.4.3 Rare Earth Elements extraction and recovery
2.5.4.4 Recovery of REEs from secondary resources
2.5.5 Lithium
2.5.5.1 Global lithium demand and trends
2.5.5.2 Markets and applications
2.5.5.3 Lithium extraction and recovery
2.5.6 Gold
2.5.6.1 Global gold demand and trends
2.5.6.2 Markets and applications
2.5.6.3 Gold extraction and recovery
2.5.7 Uranium
2.5.7.1 Global uranium demand and trends
2.5.7.2 Markets and applications
2.5.7.3 Uranium extraction and recovery
2.5.8 Zinc
2.5.8.1 Global Zinc demand and trends
2.5.8.2 Markets and applications
2.5.8.3 Zinc extraction and recovery
2.5.9 Manganese
2.5.9.1 Global manganese demand and trends
2.5.9.2 Markets and applications
2.5.9.3 Manganese extraction and recovery
2.5.10 Tantalum
2.5.10.1 Global tantalum demand and trends
2.5.10.2 Markets and applications
2.5.10.3 Tantalum extraction and recovery
2.5.11 Niobium
2.5.11.1 Global niobium demand and trends
2.5.11.2 Markets and applications
2.5.11.3 Niobium extraction and recovery
2.5.12 Indium
2.5.12.1 Global indium demand and trends
2.5.12.2 Markets and applications
2.5.12.3 Indium extraction and recovery
2.5.13 Gallium
2.5.13.1 Global gallium demand and trends
2.5.13.2 Markets and applications
2.5.13.3 Gallium extraction and recovery
2.5.14 Germanium
2.5.14.1 Global germanium demand and trends
2.5.14.2 Markets and applications
2.5.14.3 Germanium extraction and recovery
2.5.15 Antimony
2.5.15.1 Global antimony demand and trends
2.5.15.2 Markets and applications
2.5.15.3 Antimony extraction and recovery
2.5.16 Scandium
2.5.16.1 Global scandium demand and trends
2.5.16.2 Markets and applications
2.5.16.3 Scandium extraction and recovery
2.5.17 Graphite
2.5.17.1 Global graphite demand and trends
2.5.17.2 Markets and applications
2.5.17.3 Graphite extraction and recovery
2.6 Recovery sources
2.6.1 Primary sources
2.6.2 Secondary sources
2.6.2.1 Extraction
2.6.2.1.1 Hydrometallurgical extraction
2.6.2.1.1.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.1.2 Lixiviants
2.6.2.1.1.3 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.2 Pyrometallurgical extraction
2.6.2.1.2.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.2.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.3 Biometallurgy
2.6.2.1.3.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.3.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.4 Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents
2.6.2.1.4.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.4.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.5 Electroleaching extraction
2.6.2.1.5.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.5.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.1.6 Supercritical fluid extraction
2.6.2.1.6.1 Overview
2.6.2.1.6.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2 Recovery
2.6.2.2.1 Solvent extraction
2.6.2.2.1.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.1.2 Rare-Earth Element Recovery
2.6.2.2.1.3 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.2 Ion exchange recovery
2.6.2.2.2.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.2.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.3 Ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) recovery
2.6.2.2.3.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.3.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.4 Precipitation
2.6.2.2.4.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.4.2 Coagulation and flocculation
2.6.2.2.4.3 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.5 Biosorption
2.6.2.2.5.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.5.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.6 Electrowinning
2.6.2.2.6.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.6.2 SWOT analysis
2.6.2.2.7 Direct materials recovery
2.6.2.2.7.1 Overview
2.6.2.2.7.2 Rare-earth Oxide (REO) Processing Using Molten Salt Electrolysis
2.6.2.2.7.3 Rare-earth Magnet Recycling by Hydrogen Decrepitation
2.6.2.2.7.4 Direct Recycling of Li-ion Battery Cathodes by Sintering
2.6.2.2.7.5 SWOT analysis
3 CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS RECOVERY IN SEMICONDUCTORS
3.1 Critical semiconductor materials
3.2 Electronic waste (e-waste)
3.2.1 Types of Critical Raw Materials found in E-Waste
3.2.2 AI-enabled recovery: the DOE–Amazon collaboration
3.3 Photovoltaic and solar technologies
3.3.1 Common types of PV panels and their critical semiconductor components
3.3.2 Silicon Recovery Technology for Crystalline-Si PVs
3.3.3 Tellurium Recovery from CdTe Thin-Film Photovoltaics
3.3.4 Solar Panel Manufacturers and Recovery Rates
3.4 Concentration and value of Critical Raw Materials in E-Waste
3.5 Applications and Importance of Key Critical Raw Materials
3.6 Waste Recycling and Recovery Processes
3.7 Collection and Sorting Infrastructure
3.8 Pre-Processing Technologies
3.9 Metal Recovery Technologies
3.9.1 Pyrometallurgy
3.9.2 Hydrometallurgy
3.9.3 Biometallurgy
3.9.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
3.9.5 Electrokinetic Separation
3.9.6 Mechanochemical Processing
3.10 Global market 2025-2047
3.10.1 Ktonnes
3.10.2 Revenues
3.10.3 Regional
4 CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS RECOVERY IN LI-ION BATTERIES
4.1 Critical Li-ion Battery Metals
4.2 Critical Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery
4.3 Lithium-Ion Battery recycling value chain
4.4 Black mass powder
4.5 Recycling different cathode chemistries
4.6 Preparation
4.7 Pre-Treatment
4.7.1 Discharging
4.7.2 Mechanical Pre-Treatment
4.7.3 Thermal Pre-Treatment
4.8 Comparison of recycling techniques
4.9 Hydrometallurgy
4.9.1 Method overview
4.9.1.1 Solvent extraction
4.9.2 SWOT analysis
4.10 Pyrometallurgy
4.10.1 Method overview
4.10.2 SWOT analysis
4.11 Direct recycling
4.11.1 Method overview
4.11.1.1 Electrolyte separation
4.11.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials
4.11.1.3 Binder removal
4.11.1.4 Relithiation
4.11.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
4.11.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
4.11.2 SWOT analysis
4.12 Other methods
4.12.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment
4.12.2 Electrochemical Method
4.12.3 Ionic Liquids
4.13 Recycling of Specific Components
4.13.1 Anode (Graphite)
4.13.2 Cathode
4.13.3 Electrolyte
4.14 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries
4.14.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes
4.14.2 Li-Metal batteries
4.14.3 Lithium sulfur batteries (Li–S)
4.14.4 All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs)
4.15 Economic case for Li-ion battery recycling
4.15.1 Onshoring the battery loop
4.15.2 Metal prices
4.15.3 Second-life energy storage
4.15.4 LFP batteries
4.15.5 Other components and materials
4.15.6 Reducing costs
4.16 Competitive landscape
4.17 Global capacities, current and planned
4.18 Future outlook
4.19 Global market 2025-2047
4.19.1 Chemistry
4.19.2 Ktonnes
4.19.3 Revenues
4.19.4 Regional
5 CRITICAL RARE-EARTH ELEMENT RECOVERY
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Permanent magnet applications
5.3 Recovery technologies
5.3.1 Long-loop and short-loop recovery methods
5.3.2 Hydrogen decrepitation
5.3.3 Powder metallurgy (PM)
5.3.4 Long-loop magnet recycling
5.3.5 Solvent Extraction
5.3.6 Ion Exchange Resin Chromatography
5.3.7 Electrolysis and Metallothermic Reduction
5.4 Markets
5.4.1 Rare-earth magnet market
5.4.1.1 Substitution: rare-earth-free magnets as a parallel hedge
5.4.2 Rare-earth magnet recovery technology
5.4.3 Distributed domestic recovery
5.5 Global market 2025-2047
5.5.1 Ktonnes
5.5.2 Revenues
6 CRITICAL PLATINUM GROUP METAL RECOVERY
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Supply chain
6.3 Prices
6.4 PGM Recovery
6.5 PGM recovery from spent automotive catalysts
6.6 PGM recovery from hydrogen electrolyzers and fuel cells
6.6.1 Green hydrogen market
6.6.2 PGM recovery from hydrogen-related technologies
6.6.3 Catalyst Coated Membranes (CCMs)
6.6.4 Fuel cell catalysts
6.6.5 Emerging technologies
6.6.5.1 Microwave-assisted Leaching
6.6.5.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
6.6.5.3 Bioleaching
6.6.5.4 Electrochemical Recovery
6.6.5.5 Membrane Separation
6.6.5.6 Ionic Liquids
6.6.5.7 Photocatalytic Recovery
6.6.6 Sustainability of the hydrogen economy
6.7 Markets
6.8 Global market 2025-2047
6.8.1 Ktonnes
6.8.2 Revenues
7 COMPANY PROFILES (159 COMPANY PROFILES)
8 APPENDICES
8.1 Research Methodology
8.2 Glossary of Terms
8.3 List of Abbreviations
9 REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. List of Key Critical Raw Materials and Their Primary Applications.
Table 2. Regulatory Landscape for Critical Raw Materials by Country/Region.
Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints in Critical Raw Materials Recovery.
Table 4. Global Production of Critical Materials by Country (Top 10 Countries).
Table 5. Projected Demand for Critical Materials in Clean Energy Technologies (2024–2047).
Table 6. Value Proposition for Critical Material Extraction Technologies.
Table 7. Critical Material Extraction Methods Evaluated by Key Performance Metrics.
Table 8. Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources
Table 9. Critical Rare-Earth Element Recovery Technologies from Secondary Sources.
Table 10. Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery Methods-Metal, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Environmental Impact, Economic Viability.
Table 11. Critical Semiconductor Materials Recovery-Material, Primary Source, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Potential Applications.
Table 12. Critical Semiconductor Material Recovery from Secondary Sources.
Table 13. Critical Platinum Group Metal Recovery.
Table 14. Price Trends for Key Recovered Materials (2020-2026).
Table 15. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2047), by ktonnes.
Table 16. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2047), by value (Billions USD).
Table 17. Global critical raw materials recovery by recovery source, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 18. Global critical raw materials recovery by recovery source, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 19. Global critical raw materials recovery by region, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 20. Global critical raw materials recovery by region, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 21. Primary global suppliers of critical raw materials.
Table 22. Current contribution of recycling to meet global demand of CRMs.
Table 23. Applications and Importance of Key Critical Raw Materials.
Table 24. Comparison of Recovery Rates for Different Critical Materials.
Table 25. Markets and applications: copper.
Table 26. Technologies and Techniques for Copper Extraction and Recovery.
Table 27. Markets and applications: nickel.
Table 28. Technologies and Techniques for Nickel Extraction and Recovery.
Table 29. Markets and applications: cobalt.
Table 30. Technologies and Techniques for Cobalt Extraction and Recovery.
Table 31. Markets and applications: rare earth elements.
Table 32. Technologies and Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Extraction and Recovery.
Table 33. Markets and applications: lithium.
Table 34. Technologies and Techniques for Lithium Extraction and Recovery.
Table 35. Markets and applications: gold.
Table 36. Technologies and Techniques for Gold Extraction and Recovery.
Table 37. Markets and applications: uranium.
Table 38. Technologies and Techniques for Uranium Extraction and Recovery.
Table 39. Markets and applications: zinc.
Table 40. Zinc Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 41. Markets and applications: manganese.
Table 42. Manganese Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 43. Markets and applications: tantalum.
Table 44. Tantalum Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 45. Markets and applications: niobium.
Table 46. Niobium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 47. Markets and applications: indium.
Table 48. Indium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 49. Markets and applications: gallium.
Table 50. Gallium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 51. Markets and applications: germanium.
Table 52. Germanium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 53. Markets and applications: antimony.
Table 54. Antimony Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 55. Markets and applications: scandium.
Table 56. Scandium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 57. Graphite Markets and Applications.
Table 58. Graphite Extraction and Recovery Techniques and Technologies.
Table 59. Comparison of Primary vs Secondary Production for Key Materials.
Table 60. Environmental Impact Comparison: Primary vs Secondary Production.
Table 61. Technologies for critical material recovery from secondary sources.
Table 62. Technologies for critical raw material recovery from secondary sources.
Table 63. Critical raw material extraction technologies.
Table 64. Pyrometallurgical extraction methods.
Table 65. Bioleaching processes and their applicability to critical materials.
Table 66. Comparative analysis of metal recovery technologies.
Table 67. Technology readiness of critical material recovery technologies by secondary material sources.
Table 68. Technology readiness of critical semiconductor recovery technologies.
Table 69. Critical Semiconductors Applications and Recycling Rates.
Table 70. Types of critical raw Materials found in E-Waste.
Table 71. E-waste Generation and Recycling Rates.
Table 72. Critical Semiconductor Recovery from Photovoltaics.
Table 73. Solar Panel Manufacturers and Their Recycling Capabilities.
Table 74. Concentration and Value of Critical Raw Materials in E-waste.
Table 75. Critical Semiconductor Materials and Their Applications.
Table 76. Critical Materials Waste Recycling and Recovery Processes.
Table 77. Collection and Sorting Infrastructure for Critical Materials Recycling.
Table 78. Pre-Processing Technologies for Critical Materials Recycling.
Table 79. Global recovered critical electronics materials, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 80. Global recovered critical electronics materials, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 81. Recovered critical raw electronics material market, by region, 2025-2047 (ktonnes).
Table 82. Drivers for Recycling Li-ion Batteries.
Table 83. Li-ion Battery Metal Recovery Technologies.
Table 84. Li-ion battery recycling value chain.
Table 85. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.
Table 86. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries.
Table 87. Comparison of LIB recycling methods.
Table 88. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.
Table 89. Economic assessment of battery recycling options.
Table 90. Retired lithium-batteries.
Table 91. Global capacities, current and planned (tonnes/year).
Table 92. Global scrapped EV (BEV+PHEV) forecast to 2047.
Table 93. Global Li-ion battery recycling by cathode chemistry, 2025–2047 (tonnes)
Table 94. Global Li-ion battery recycling volume, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 95. Global Li-ion battery recycling revenues, 2025–2047 ($B)
Table 96. Li-ion battery recycling market, by region, 2025-2047 (ktonnes).
Table 97. Critical rare-earth elements markets and applications.
Table 98. Primary and Secondary Material Streams for Rare-Earth Element Recovery.
Table 99. Critical rare-earth element recovery technologies.
Table 100. Rare Earth Element Content in Secondary Material Sources.
Table 101. Comparison of Short-loop and Long-loop Rare Earth Recovery Methods.
Table 102. Long-loop Rare-Earth Magnet Recycling Technologies.
Table 103. Rare Earth Element Demand by Application.
Table 104. Global rare-earth magnet key players in a table
Table 105. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Value Chain.
Table 106.Technology readiness of REE recovery technologies
Table 107. Global recovered critical rare-earth elements, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 108. Global recovered critical rare-earth elements, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 109. Global PGM Demand Segmented by Application.
Table 110. Critical Platinum Group Metals: Applications and Recycling Rates.
Table 111. Technology Readiness of Critical PGM Recovery from Secondary Sources.
Table 112. Automotive Catalyst Recycling Players.
Table 113. Challenges in transitioning to new PEMEL catalysts and the role of PGM recycling in a table.
Table 114. Key Suppliers of Catalysts for Fuel Cells.
Table 115. Global recovered critical platinum group metals, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 116. Global recovered critical platinum group metal market, 2025-2047 (billions USD).
Table 117. Glossary of terms.
Table 118. List of Abbreviations.
Table 1. List of Key Critical Raw Materials and Their Primary Applications.
Table 2. Regulatory Landscape for Critical Raw Materials by Country/Region.
Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints in Critical Raw Materials Recovery.
Table 4. Global Production of Critical Materials by Country (Top 10 Countries).
Table 5. Projected Demand for Critical Materials in Clean Energy Technologies (2024–2047).
Table 6. Value Proposition for Critical Material Extraction Technologies.
Table 7. Critical Material Extraction Methods Evaluated by Key Performance Metrics.
Table 8. Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources
Table 9. Critical Rare-Earth Element Recovery Technologies from Secondary Sources.
Table 10. Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery Methods-Metal, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Environmental Impact, Economic Viability.
Table 11. Critical Semiconductor Materials Recovery-Material, Primary Source, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Potential Applications.
Table 12. Critical Semiconductor Material Recovery from Secondary Sources.
Table 13. Critical Platinum Group Metal Recovery.
Table 14. Price Trends for Key Recovered Materials (2020-2026).
Table 15. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2047), by ktonnes.
Table 16. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2047), by value (Billions USD).
Table 17. Global critical raw materials recovery by recovery source, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 18. Global critical raw materials recovery by recovery source, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 19. Global critical raw materials recovery by region, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 20. Global critical raw materials recovery by region, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 21. Primary global suppliers of critical raw materials.
Table 22. Current contribution of recycling to meet global demand of CRMs.
Table 23. Applications and Importance of Key Critical Raw Materials.
Table 24. Comparison of Recovery Rates for Different Critical Materials.
Table 25. Markets and applications: copper.
Table 26. Technologies and Techniques for Copper Extraction and Recovery.
Table 27. Markets and applications: nickel.
Table 28. Technologies and Techniques for Nickel Extraction and Recovery.
Table 29. Markets and applications: cobalt.
Table 30. Technologies and Techniques for Cobalt Extraction and Recovery.
Table 31. Markets and applications: rare earth elements.
Table 32. Technologies and Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Extraction and Recovery.
Table 33. Markets and applications: lithium.
Table 34. Technologies and Techniques for Lithium Extraction and Recovery.
Table 35. Markets and applications: gold.
Table 36. Technologies and Techniques for Gold Extraction and Recovery.
Table 37. Markets and applications: uranium.
Table 38. Technologies and Techniques for Uranium Extraction and Recovery.
Table 39. Markets and applications: zinc.
Table 40. Zinc Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 41. Markets and applications: manganese.
Table 42. Manganese Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 43. Markets and applications: tantalum.
Table 44. Tantalum Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 45. Markets and applications: niobium.
Table 46. Niobium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 47. Markets and applications: indium.
Table 48. Indium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 49. Markets and applications: gallium.
Table 50. Gallium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 51. Markets and applications: germanium.
Table 52. Germanium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 53. Markets and applications: antimony.
Table 54. Antimony Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 55. Markets and applications: scandium.
Table 56. Scandium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.
Table 57. Graphite Markets and Applications.
Table 58. Graphite Extraction and Recovery Techniques and Technologies.
Table 59. Comparison of Primary vs Secondary Production for Key Materials.
Table 60. Environmental Impact Comparison: Primary vs Secondary Production.
Table 61. Technologies for critical material recovery from secondary sources.
Table 62. Technologies for critical raw material recovery from secondary sources.
Table 63. Critical raw material extraction technologies.
Table 64. Pyrometallurgical extraction methods.
Table 65. Bioleaching processes and their applicability to critical materials.
Table 66. Comparative analysis of metal recovery technologies.
Table 67. Technology readiness of critical material recovery technologies by secondary material sources.
Table 68. Technology readiness of critical semiconductor recovery technologies.
Table 69. Critical Semiconductors Applications and Recycling Rates.
Table 70. Types of critical raw Materials found in E-Waste.
Table 71. E-waste Generation and Recycling Rates.
Table 72. Critical Semiconductor Recovery from Photovoltaics.
Table 73. Solar Panel Manufacturers and Their Recycling Capabilities.
Table 74. Concentration and Value of Critical Raw Materials in E-waste.
Table 75. Critical Semiconductor Materials and Their Applications.
Table 76. Critical Materials Waste Recycling and Recovery Processes.
Table 77. Collection and Sorting Infrastructure for Critical Materials Recycling.
Table 78. Pre-Processing Technologies for Critical Materials Recycling.
Table 79. Global recovered critical electronics materials, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 80. Global recovered critical electronics materials, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 81. Recovered critical raw electronics material market, by region, 2025-2047 (ktonnes).
Table 82. Drivers for Recycling Li-ion Batteries.
Table 83. Li-ion Battery Metal Recovery Technologies.
Table 84. Li-ion battery recycling value chain.
Table 85. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.
Table 86. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries.
Table 87. Comparison of LIB recycling methods.
Table 88. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.
Table 89. Economic assessment of battery recycling options.
Table 90. Retired lithium-batteries.
Table 91. Global capacities, current and planned (tonnes/year).
Table 92. Global scrapped EV (BEV+PHEV) forecast to 2047.
Table 93. Global Li-ion battery recycling by cathode chemistry, 2025–2047 (tonnes)
Table 94. Global Li-ion battery recycling volume, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 95. Global Li-ion battery recycling revenues, 2025–2047 ($B)
Table 96. Li-ion battery recycling market, by region, 2025-2047 (ktonnes).
Table 97. Critical rare-earth elements markets and applications.
Table 98. Primary and Secondary Material Streams for Rare-Earth Element Recovery.
Table 99. Critical rare-earth element recovery technologies.
Table 100. Rare Earth Element Content in Secondary Material Sources.
Table 101. Comparison of Short-loop and Long-loop Rare Earth Recovery Methods.
Table 102. Long-loop Rare-Earth Magnet Recycling Technologies.
Table 103. Rare Earth Element Demand by Application.
Table 104. Global rare-earth magnet key players in a table
Table 105. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Value Chain.
Table 106.Technology readiness of REE recovery technologies
Table 107. Global recovered critical rare-earth elements, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 108. Global recovered critical rare-earth elements, 2025–2047 (value, $B)
Table 109. Global PGM Demand Segmented by Application.
Table 110. Critical Platinum Group Metals: Applications and Recycling Rates.
Table 111. Technology Readiness of Critical PGM Recovery from Secondary Sources.
Table 112. Automotive Catalyst Recycling Players.
Table 113. Challenges in transitioning to new PEMEL catalysts and the role of PGM recycling in a table.
Table 114. Key Suppliers of Catalysts for Fuel Cells.
Table 115. Global recovered critical platinum group metals, 2025–2047 (ktonnes)
Table 116. Global recovered critical platinum group metal market, 2025-2047 (billions USD).
Table 117. Glossary of terms.
Table 118. List of Abbreviations.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. TRL of critical material extraction technologies.
Figure 2. Critical Raw Materials Value Chain.
Figure 3. Conceptual diagram illustrating the Circular Economy.
Figure 4. Circular Economy Model for Critical Materials.
Figure 5. Copper demand outlook.
Figure 6. Global nickel demand outlook.
Figure 7. Global cobalt demand outlook.
Figure 8. Global lithium demand outlook.
Figure 9. Global graphite demand outlook.
Figure 10. Solvent extraction (SX) in hydrometallurgy.
Figure 11. SWOT analysis: hydrometallurgical extraction.
Figure 12. SWOT analysis: pyrometallurgical extraction of critical materials.
Figure 13. SWOT analysis: biometallurgy for critical material extraction.
Figure 14. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material extraction.
Figure 15. SWOT analysis: electrochemical leaching for critical material extraction.
Figure 16. SWOT analysis: supercritical fluid extraction technology.
Figure 17. SWOT analysis: solvent extraction recovery technology.
Figure 18. SWOT analysis: ion exchange resin recovery technology.
Figure 19. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material recovery.
Figure 20. SWOT analysis: precipitation for critical material recovery.
Figure 21. SWOT analysis: biosorption for critical material recovery.
Figure 22. SWOT analysis: electrowinning for critical material recovery.
Figure 23. SWOT analysis: direct critical material recovery technology.
Figure 25. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials.
Figure 26. Mechanical separation flow diagram.
Figure 27. Recupyl mechanical separation flow diagram.
Figure 28. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Figure 29. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.
Figure 30. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
Figure 31. Umicore recycling flow diagram.
Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
Figure 33. Schematic of direct recyling process.
Figure 34. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling.
Figure 35. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.
Figure 36. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery.
Figure 37. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.
Figure 1. TRL of critical material extraction technologies.
Figure 2. Critical Raw Materials Value Chain.
Figure 3. Conceptual diagram illustrating the Circular Economy.
Figure 4. Circular Economy Model for Critical Materials.
Figure 5. Copper demand outlook.
Figure 6. Global nickel demand outlook.
Figure 7. Global cobalt demand outlook.
Figure 8. Global lithium demand outlook.
Figure 9. Global graphite demand outlook.
Figure 10. Solvent extraction (SX) in hydrometallurgy.
Figure 11. SWOT analysis: hydrometallurgical extraction.
Figure 12. SWOT analysis: pyrometallurgical extraction of critical materials.
Figure 13. SWOT analysis: biometallurgy for critical material extraction.
Figure 14. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material extraction.
Figure 15. SWOT analysis: electrochemical leaching for critical material extraction.
Figure 16. SWOT analysis: supercritical fluid extraction technology.
Figure 17. SWOT analysis: solvent extraction recovery technology.
Figure 18. SWOT analysis: ion exchange resin recovery technology.
Figure 19. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material recovery.
Figure 20. SWOT analysis: precipitation for critical material recovery.
Figure 21. SWOT analysis: biosorption for critical material recovery.
Figure 22. SWOT analysis: electrowinning for critical material recovery.
Figure 23. SWOT analysis: direct critical material recovery technology.
Figure 25. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials.
Figure 26. Mechanical separation flow diagram.
Figure 27. Recupyl mechanical separation flow diagram.
Figure 28. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Figure 29. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.
Figure 30. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
Figure 31. Umicore recycling flow diagram.
Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
Figure 33. Schematic of direct recyling process.
Figure 34. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling.
Figure 35. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.
Figure 36. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery.
Figure 37. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.
