High Speed Rail Infrastructure Component Manufacturing
During 2010, many nations will increase their roll out of high-speed rail (HSR) initiatives to make them a more integral part of their overall transportation infrastructure and improve their transportation infrastructure for commuters and freight. Several countries in Europe that lack an HSR system have expressed their commitment to begin construction by the end of the year. Many Asian nations, too, have already begun HSR development projects that will be completed by 2015 or 2020. China and Japan, for instance, are rolling out thousands of miles of new routes that will expand their established HSR network and create new HSR capacity through the next decade. Manufacturers of a multitude of HSR components required to construct this complex transportation system stand waiting in the wings to capitalize on the potential need for their supply of goods and services.
Nations with little or no HSR infrastructure, such as the United States, are closely weighing the benefits of HSR adoption and the initial and long-term financial commitments. Much of the debate is centered around the types of HSR infrastructure to implement. Traditionalists of HSR manufacturing advocate a wheels-on-rail system while futurists prefer the more costly magnetic levitation (maglev) system.
This SBI Energy report analyzes the market opportunities that global HSR manufacturers are eager to embrace through the next decade. We examine the critical trends driving HSR growth by region and forecast the value of this growth by each of the manufactured HSR components. Finally, we look at the socioeconomic and consumer-based trends affecting the HSR industry, such as the development of next-generation HSR products, safety issues, and long-term effects of HSR on a transportation economy.
Nations with little or no HSR infrastructure, such as the United States, are closely weighing the benefits of HSR adoption and the initial and long-term financial commitments. Much of the debate is centered around the types of HSR infrastructure to implement. Traditionalists of HSR manufacturing advocate a wheels-on-rail system while futurists prefer the more costly magnetic levitation (maglev) system.
This SBI Energy report analyzes the market opportunities that global HSR manufacturers are eager to embrace through the next decade. We examine the critical trends driving HSR growth by region and forecast the value of this growth by each of the manufactured HSR components. Finally, we look at the socioeconomic and consumer-based trends affecting the HSR industry, such as the development of next-generation HSR products, safety issues, and long-term effects of HSR on a transportation economy.
CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table 1-1: Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing Sectors by Type of HSR System, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Figure 1-1: Share of Miles of HSR Track Currently Installed, Under Construction, or Planned Construction, 2005 to 2009, Total Global and Asian Countries
Energy Conservation Drives HSR Development
Table 1-2: Transportation Capital Stock by Mode, 1999, 2008 and 2009 (in $ billions)
Demand for Freight Transportation Will Grow
Table 1-3: Commercial Freight Activity in the U.S. by Transportation Mode, 2002 vs. 2009
Transportation Effects of HSR
Figure 1-2: Total U.S. Railroad Stations and Amtrak’s Share of the Total, 1995 to 2009
U.S. Maglev Deployment Program Takes Off
Table 1-4: Projected Costs Per Mile of Maglev and Light-Rail Projects Worldwide (in $ millions)
Figure 1-3: Projected Country Share of HSR Miles by Type of HSR System, 2014
United States Progresses to HSR Future
U.S. Imports of HSR Components Decline
Table 1-5: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 1-6: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 1-7: Projected Total of Newly Constructed Miles of HSR Tracks Installed, by HSR System in 2014
China Develops Largest HSR Network
China Poised to Play Role in U.S. HSR Manufacturing
Europe Accelerates HSR Manufacturing
HSR Challenges Ahead
HSR Manufacturers Address Safety
Table 1-8: U.S. Transportation Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2005 to 2009
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Report Scope
Methodology
HSR Background
Terminology
Maglev Technology Options
The German Technology
Japanese High-Speed Maglev Technology
Table 2-1: Planned Maglev HSR Manufacturing Projects in the U.S. and Germany
Transrapid International (TRI) Maglev System
Maglev 2000 System
U.S. Maglev Technology
Maglev Compared with Other Transportation Modes
Potential Maglev Disadvantages
CHAPTER 3: GLOBAL ACTIVITIES IN HSR MANUFACTURING
Energy Conservation Drives HSR Development
Table 3-1: U.S. Energy Consumption by Transportation Mode, 2005 to 2009 (in Trillions BTUs)
Figure 3-1: Index of U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight by Mode of Transportation, 1995 to 2009
Table 3-2: Transportation Capital Stock by Mode, 1999, 2008 and 2009 (in $ billions)
Table 3-3: Transportation System Mileage within the U.S. by Mode, 2004 to 2009
Table 3-4: Total Class-1 Rail Replaced or Added in the U.S., 1999 to 2009 (in thousands tons)
Demand for Freight Transportation Will Grow
Table 3-5: Commercial Freight Activity in the U.S. by Transportation Mode, 2002 vs. 2009
Figure 3-2: Total Rail Replaced or Added in the U.S., 1999 to 2009 (in thousands of tons)
Figure 3-3: Share of Commercial Freight Activity in the U.S. by Mode of Transportation, 2002 vs. 2009
Transportation Effects of HSR
Figure 3-4: Total U.S. Railroad Stations and Amtrak’s Share of the Total, 1995 to 2009
Table 3-6: Number of U.S. Stations Serviced by Amtrak and Other Class 1 Rails, 1995 to 2009
Table 3-7: Transit Passenger Miles by Type of Transportation Service, 2005 to 2009 (in millions)
U.S. Maglev Deployment Program Takes Off
Table 3-8: Projected Costs Per Mile of Maglev and Light-Rail Projects Worldwide (in $ millions)
Table 3-9: Comparison of Capital Costs of TGV vs. Maglev HSR Systems
Table 3-10: Estimated Capital Costs of European HSR System (in $ millions)
Table 3-11: Estimated Capital Costs of U.S. Maglev HSR System vs. U.S. Metroliner Incremental HSR System
Figure 3-5: HSR Construction Costs Per Mile for Several Global HSR Projects (in $ millions)
United States Progresses to HSR Future
Baltimore-Washington Maglev Project
Pittsburgh Maglev Project
Las Vegas-Anaheim Maglev Project
China Develops Largest HSR Network
China Poised to Play Role in U.S. HSR Manufacturing
Japan Keeps Pace with HSR Development
Europe Accelerates HSR Manufacturing
Germany and U.K. Forge Maglev Projects
Spain Extends HSR Network
CHAPTER 4: THE GLOBAL HSR MANUFACTURING MARKET
Table 4-1: Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing Sectors by Type of HSR System, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-2: Length of HSR Track by Region Installed, Under Construction, and Planned, 2005 to 2009 (in miles)
Figure 4-1: Share of Miles of HSR Track Currently Installed, Under Construction, or Planned Construction, 2005 to 2009, Total Global and Asian Countries
Table 4-3: Miles of HSR Track Installed Through 2009 by Type of HSR System and Region
Figure 4-2: Share of Miles of HSR Track Currently Installed, Under Construction, or Planned Construction, 2005 to 2009, U.S. and Europe
Table 4-4: Share of Miles of HSR Tracks Installed by Type of HSR System and Region, 2005 to 2009
Figure 4-3: Projected Country Share of HSR Miles by Type of HSR System, 2014
Table 4-5: Market Value of HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Figure 4-4: Market Share of HSR Manufacturing Sectors by HSR System Technology, 2009
Figure 4-5: Projected Share of Market Value of HSR Manufacturing Sectors in 2014, by HSR System Technology
Table 4-6: Projected Total of Newly Constructed Miles of HSR Tracks Installed, by HSR System in 2014
Table 4-7: Projected Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing by Type of HSR System, 2010 to 2014 (in $ millions)
Table 4-8: Market Value of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-9: Market Value of TGV HSR Manufacturing, 2005 to 2009, by Region (in $ millions)
Table 4-10: Projected Market Value of TGV Manufacturing, 2010 to 2014, by Region (in $ millions)
Figure 4-6: Share of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2010 vs. 2014
Figure 4-7: Share of TGV HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2010 vs. 2014
Table 4-11: Projected Market Value of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2010 to 2014 (in $ Millions)
Table 4-12: Market Value of TGV HSR Manufacturing Sectors, 2005 to 2009, by Region (in $ millions)
Table 4-13: Market Value of Maglev HSR Manufacturing, 2005 to 2009, by Region (in $ millions)
Table 4-14: Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing by Type of HSR System and Manufacturing Sector, 2010 to 2014 (in $ millions)
Table 4-15: Projected Market Value of TGV Manufacturing, 2010 to 2014, by Region and Manufacturing Sector (in $ millions)
Table 4-16: Projected Market Value of Maglev Manufacturing, 2010 to 2014, by Region and Manufacturing Sector (in $ millions)
Table 4-17: CAGR of TGV HSR Manufacturing by Sector, 2005 to 2014
Table 4-18: CAGR of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Sector and Region, 2005 to 2014
Figure 4-8: CAGR of HSR Manufacturing Sectors, 2005 to 2014
Projected Growth of HSR Components
Figure 4-9: Projected CAGR of Market Value of HSR Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-19: Projected Global Market Value of Railroad Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-20: Projected Global Market Value of Rail Bed Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-21: Projected Global Market Value of HSR Station Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-22: Projected Global Market Value of HSR Technology Components, 2010 to 2014
U.S. Import and Export Value of HSR Manufacturing
Figure 4-10: Share of Imports and Exports Conducted by Rail between NAFTA Countries, 1995 to 2009
U.S. Imports of HSR Components Decline
Table 4-23: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-24: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-25: Share of U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009
Figure 4-11: Share of U.S. Imports by Country of Iron Rails Used for HSR Manufacturing, 2009
Table 4-26: U.S. Import Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ thousands)
Table 4-27: U.S. Imports by Country of Electromagnetic Couplings Used in HSR Manufacturing (in $ thousands)
Figure 4-12: Share of U.S. Exports by Country of Iron Rails Used for HSR Manufacturing, 2009
Table 4-28: U.S. Export Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ thousands)
CHAPTER 5: COMPETITIVE PROFILES
Bombardier, Inc
Overview and Performance
Figure 5-1: Bombardier Revenues and Year-over-Year Percent Change, 2006 to 2010
GE Technology Infrastructure
Overview and Performance
Table 5-1: General Electric Co. Infrastructure Division Revenues, 2004 to 2009 (e) (in $Billions)
Figure 5-2: Share of General Electric Revenue for 2009, by GE Business Unit (in $ billions)
Research & Development
Alstom
Overview and Performance
Table 5-2: Alstom Revenues by Business Unit, 2008 vs. 2009
Figure 5-3: Alstom’s Share of Revenue by Business Segment, 2008 vs. 2009
Research & Development
Siemens Mobility
Overview and Performance
Table 5-3: Siemens Revenues, 2008 to 2009, by Business Unit (in $ billions)
Significant Developments
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Overview and Performance
Outlook
Figure 5-4: Kawasaki Heavy Industries Revenues and Year-Over-Year Percent Change, 2005 to 2009
HSR Component Manufacturers
Wabtec Corp
National Railway Equipment Co.
New York Air Brake Corp.
ORX
Ronsco
Liaoning MEC Group Co.
ZTR Control Systems
Talgo
Koni-Enidine
CHAPTER 6: HIGH-SPEED RAIL MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES
Critical Challenge One: Securing HSR Funding
Laying of Legislative HSR Foundation
Figure 6-1: Share of Miles Traveled to Home, Work, School, Recreation, Shopping, and Other Reasons in the U.S. by Mode of Transportation, 2009
HSR Lobbying Activity Escalates in the U.S
Critical Challenge Two: HSR Manufacturers Address Safety
Table 6-1: Top Speeds, Weights and Acceleration Statistics by Type of HSR
Track Sharing Approved
Table 6-2: U.S. Transportation Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2005 to 2009
Table 6-3: U.S. Transportation Accidents by Mode of Transportation, 2005 to 2009
Maglev Safety Issues Differ from TGV
Asia Challenges U.S. on HSR Safety
Japan Advises on Safety in U.S.
Critical Challenge Three: Innovations Help Differentiate HSR Systems
Innovation Occurring in Train Controls
U.S. HSR Control Systems
Figure 6-2: Causes of Train Accidents in the U.S., 2007
APPENDIX
Table 1-1: Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing Sectors by Type of HSR System, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Figure 1-1: Share of Miles of HSR Track Currently Installed, Under Construction, or Planned Construction, 2005 to 2009, Total Global and Asian Countries
Energy Conservation Drives HSR Development
Table 1-2: Transportation Capital Stock by Mode, 1999, 2008 and 2009 (in $ billions)
Demand for Freight Transportation Will Grow
Table 1-3: Commercial Freight Activity in the U.S. by Transportation Mode, 2002 vs. 2009
Transportation Effects of HSR
Figure 1-2: Total U.S. Railroad Stations and Amtrak’s Share of the Total, 1995 to 2009
U.S. Maglev Deployment Program Takes Off
Table 1-4: Projected Costs Per Mile of Maglev and Light-Rail Projects Worldwide (in $ millions)
Figure 1-3: Projected Country Share of HSR Miles by Type of HSR System, 2014
United States Progresses to HSR Future
U.S. Imports of HSR Components Decline
Table 1-5: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 1-6: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 1-7: Projected Total of Newly Constructed Miles of HSR Tracks Installed, by HSR System in 2014
China Develops Largest HSR Network
China Poised to Play Role in U.S. HSR Manufacturing
Europe Accelerates HSR Manufacturing
HSR Challenges Ahead
HSR Manufacturers Address Safety
Table 1-8: U.S. Transportation Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2005 to 2009
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Report Scope
Methodology
HSR Background
Terminology
Maglev Technology Options
The German Technology
Japanese High-Speed Maglev Technology
Table 2-1: Planned Maglev HSR Manufacturing Projects in the U.S. and Germany
Transrapid International (TRI) Maglev System
Maglev 2000 System
U.S. Maglev Technology
Maglev Compared with Other Transportation Modes
Potential Maglev Disadvantages
CHAPTER 3: GLOBAL ACTIVITIES IN HSR MANUFACTURING
Energy Conservation Drives HSR Development
Table 3-1: U.S. Energy Consumption by Transportation Mode, 2005 to 2009 (in Trillions BTUs)
Figure 3-1: Index of U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight by Mode of Transportation, 1995 to 2009
Table 3-2: Transportation Capital Stock by Mode, 1999, 2008 and 2009 (in $ billions)
Table 3-3: Transportation System Mileage within the U.S. by Mode, 2004 to 2009
Table 3-4: Total Class-1 Rail Replaced or Added in the U.S., 1999 to 2009 (in thousands tons)
Demand for Freight Transportation Will Grow
Table 3-5: Commercial Freight Activity in the U.S. by Transportation Mode, 2002 vs. 2009
Figure 3-2: Total Rail Replaced or Added in the U.S., 1999 to 2009 (in thousands of tons)
Figure 3-3: Share of Commercial Freight Activity in the U.S. by Mode of Transportation, 2002 vs. 2009
Transportation Effects of HSR
Figure 3-4: Total U.S. Railroad Stations and Amtrak’s Share of the Total, 1995 to 2009
Table 3-6: Number of U.S. Stations Serviced by Amtrak and Other Class 1 Rails, 1995 to 2009
Table 3-7: Transit Passenger Miles by Type of Transportation Service, 2005 to 2009 (in millions)
U.S. Maglev Deployment Program Takes Off
Table 3-8: Projected Costs Per Mile of Maglev and Light-Rail Projects Worldwide (in $ millions)
Table 3-9: Comparison of Capital Costs of TGV vs. Maglev HSR Systems
Table 3-10: Estimated Capital Costs of European HSR System (in $ millions)
Table 3-11: Estimated Capital Costs of U.S. Maglev HSR System vs. U.S. Metroliner Incremental HSR System
Figure 3-5: HSR Construction Costs Per Mile for Several Global HSR Projects (in $ millions)
United States Progresses to HSR Future
Baltimore-Washington Maglev Project
Pittsburgh Maglev Project
Las Vegas-Anaheim Maglev Project
China Develops Largest HSR Network
China Poised to Play Role in U.S. HSR Manufacturing
Japan Keeps Pace with HSR Development
Europe Accelerates HSR Manufacturing
Germany and U.K. Forge Maglev Projects
Spain Extends HSR Network
CHAPTER 4: THE GLOBAL HSR MANUFACTURING MARKET
Table 4-1: Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing Sectors by Type of HSR System, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-2: Length of HSR Track by Region Installed, Under Construction, and Planned, 2005 to 2009 (in miles)
Figure 4-1: Share of Miles of HSR Track Currently Installed, Under Construction, or Planned Construction, 2005 to 2009, Total Global and Asian Countries
Table 4-3: Miles of HSR Track Installed Through 2009 by Type of HSR System and Region
Figure 4-2: Share of Miles of HSR Track Currently Installed, Under Construction, or Planned Construction, 2005 to 2009, U.S. and Europe
Table 4-4: Share of Miles of HSR Tracks Installed by Type of HSR System and Region, 2005 to 2009
Figure 4-3: Projected Country Share of HSR Miles by Type of HSR System, 2014
Table 4-5: Market Value of HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Figure 4-4: Market Share of HSR Manufacturing Sectors by HSR System Technology, 2009
Figure 4-5: Projected Share of Market Value of HSR Manufacturing Sectors in 2014, by HSR System Technology
Table 4-6: Projected Total of Newly Constructed Miles of HSR Tracks Installed, by HSR System in 2014
Table 4-7: Projected Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing by Type of HSR System, 2010 to 2014 (in $ millions)
Table 4-8: Market Value of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-9: Market Value of TGV HSR Manufacturing, 2005 to 2009, by Region (in $ millions)
Table 4-10: Projected Market Value of TGV Manufacturing, 2010 to 2014, by Region (in $ millions)
Figure 4-6: Share of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2010 vs. 2014
Figure 4-7: Share of TGV HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2010 vs. 2014
Table 4-11: Projected Market Value of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Region, 2010 to 2014 (in $ Millions)
Table 4-12: Market Value of TGV HSR Manufacturing Sectors, 2005 to 2009, by Region (in $ millions)
Table 4-13: Market Value of Maglev HSR Manufacturing, 2005 to 2009, by Region (in $ millions)
Table 4-14: Accumulated Market Value of HSR Manufacturing by Type of HSR System and Manufacturing Sector, 2010 to 2014 (in $ millions)
Table 4-15: Projected Market Value of TGV Manufacturing, 2010 to 2014, by Region and Manufacturing Sector (in $ millions)
Table 4-16: Projected Market Value of Maglev Manufacturing, 2010 to 2014, by Region and Manufacturing Sector (in $ millions)
Table 4-17: CAGR of TGV HSR Manufacturing by Sector, 2005 to 2014
Table 4-18: CAGR of Maglev HSR Manufacturing by Sector and Region, 2005 to 2014
Figure 4-8: CAGR of HSR Manufacturing Sectors, 2005 to 2014
Projected Growth of HSR Components
Figure 4-9: Projected CAGR of Market Value of HSR Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-19: Projected Global Market Value of Railroad Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-20: Projected Global Market Value of Rail Bed Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-21: Projected Global Market Value of HSR Station Components, 2010 to 2014
Table 4-22: Projected Global Market Value of HSR Technology Components, 2010 to 2014
U.S. Import and Export Value of HSR Manufacturing
Figure 4-10: Share of Imports and Exports Conducted by Rail between NAFTA Countries, 1995 to 2009
U.S. Imports of HSR Components Decline
Table 4-23: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-24: U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 to 2009 (in $ millions)
Table 4-25: Share of U.S. Shipment Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009
Figure 4-11: Share of U.S. Imports by Country of Iron Rails Used for HSR Manufacturing, 2009
Table 4-26: U.S. Import Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ thousands)
Table 4-27: U.S. Imports by Country of Electromagnetic Couplings Used in HSR Manufacturing (in $ thousands)
Figure 4-12: Share of U.S. Exports by Country of Iron Rails Used for HSR Manufacturing, 2009
Table 4-28: U.S. Export Value of HSR Manufacturing Components, 2005 vs. 2009 (in $ thousands)
CHAPTER 5: COMPETITIVE PROFILES
Bombardier, Inc
Overview and Performance
Figure 5-1: Bombardier Revenues and Year-over-Year Percent Change, 2006 to 2010
GE Technology Infrastructure
Overview and Performance
Table 5-1: General Electric Co. Infrastructure Division Revenues, 2004 to 2009 (e) (in $Billions)
Figure 5-2: Share of General Electric Revenue for 2009, by GE Business Unit (in $ billions)
Research & Development
Alstom
Overview and Performance
Table 5-2: Alstom Revenues by Business Unit, 2008 vs. 2009
Figure 5-3: Alstom’s Share of Revenue by Business Segment, 2008 vs. 2009
Research & Development
Siemens Mobility
Overview and Performance
Table 5-3: Siemens Revenues, 2008 to 2009, by Business Unit (in $ billions)
Significant Developments
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Overview and Performance
Outlook
Figure 5-4: Kawasaki Heavy Industries Revenues and Year-Over-Year Percent Change, 2005 to 2009
HSR Component Manufacturers
Wabtec Corp
National Railway Equipment Co.
New York Air Brake Corp.
ORX
Ronsco
Liaoning MEC Group Co.
ZTR Control Systems
Talgo
Koni-Enidine
CHAPTER 6: HIGH-SPEED RAIL MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES
Critical Challenge One: Securing HSR Funding
Laying of Legislative HSR Foundation
Figure 6-1: Share of Miles Traveled to Home, Work, School, Recreation, Shopping, and Other Reasons in the U.S. by Mode of Transportation, 2009
HSR Lobbying Activity Escalates in the U.S
Critical Challenge Two: HSR Manufacturers Address Safety
Table 6-1: Top Speeds, Weights and Acceleration Statistics by Type of HSR
Track Sharing Approved
Table 6-2: U.S. Transportation Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2005 to 2009
Table 6-3: U.S. Transportation Accidents by Mode of Transportation, 2005 to 2009
Maglev Safety Issues Differ from TGV
Asia Challenges U.S. on HSR Safety
Japan Advises on Safety in U.S.
Critical Challenge Three: Innovations Help Differentiate HSR Systems
Innovation Occurring in Train Controls
U.S. HSR Control Systems
Figure 6-2: Causes of Train Accidents in the U.S., 2007
APPENDIX
