Medical Dialysis Devices-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Medical Dialysis Devices-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Medical Dialysis Devices industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Medical Dialysis Devices 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Medical Dialysis Devices market
Market status and development trend of Medical Dialysis Devices by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Medical Dialysis Devices, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Medical Dialysis Devices market as:
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Clinic
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Medical Dialysis Devices Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Asahi Kasei Corp.
Allmed Medical GmbH
B. Braun Melsungen Ag
Ballya International Limited
Baxter International, Inc.
Cantel Medical Corp.
Chengdu Weilisheng Biotech Co., Ltd
Dialife SA
Farmasol
Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
Gambro AB
GPC Medical Ltd.
JMS Co., Ltd.
Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc.
Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
Newsol Technologies Inc.
Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
Nipro Corporation
Nxstage Medical, Inc.
Toray Industries, Inc.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Medical Dialysis Devices-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Medical Dialysis Devices industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Medical Dialysis Devices 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Medical Dialysis Devices market
Market status and development trend of Medical Dialysis Devices by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Medical Dialysis Devices, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Medical Dialysis Devices market as:
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Clinic
Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Medical Dialysis Devices Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Asahi Kasei Corp.
Allmed Medical GmbH
B. Braun Melsungen Ag
Ballya International Limited
Baxter International, Inc.
Cantel Medical Corp.
Chengdu Weilisheng Biotech Co., Ltd
Dialife SA
Farmasol
Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
Gambro AB
GPC Medical Ltd.
JMS Co., Ltd.
Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc.
Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
Newsol Technologies Inc.
Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
Nipro Corporation
Nxstage Medical, Inc.
Toray Industries, Inc.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
1.1 Definition of Medical Dialysis Devices in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Medical Dialysis Devices
1.2.1 Hemodialysis
1.2.2 Peritoneal Dialysis
1.3 Downstream Application of Medical Dialysis Devices
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Clinic
1.4 Development History of Medical Dialysis Devices
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Medical Dialysis Devices 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Medical Dialysis Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Medical Dialysis Devices Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Medical Dialysis Devices by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Medical Dialysis Devices Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Medical Dialysis Devices Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Asahi Kasei Corp.
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.1.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Asahi Kasei Corp.
7.2 Allmed Medical GmbH
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.2.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Allmed Medical GmbH
7.3 B. Braun Melsungen Ag
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.3.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B. Braun Melsungen Ag
7.4 Ballya International Limited
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.4.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ballya International Limited
7.5 Baxter International, Inc.
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.5.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Baxter International, Inc.
7.6 Cantel Medical Corp.
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.6.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cantel Medical Corp.
7.7 Chengdu Weilisheng Biotech Co., Ltd
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.7.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Chengdu Weilisheng Biotech Co., Ltd
7.8 Dialife SA
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.8.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dialife SA
7.9 Farmasol
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.9.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Farmasol
7.10 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.10.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
7.11 Gambro AB
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.11.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gambro AB
7.12 GPC Medical Ltd.
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.12.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GPC Medical Ltd.
7.13 JMS Co., Ltd.
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.13.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of JMS Co., Ltd.
7.14 Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc.
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.14.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc.
7.15 Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.15.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
7.16 Newsol Technologies Inc.
7.17 Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
7.18 Nipro Corporation
7.19 Nxstage Medical, Inc.
7.20 Toray Industries, Inc.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
8.1 Industry Chain of Medical Dialysis Devices
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Medical Dialysis Devices in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Medical Dialysis Devices
1.2.1 Hemodialysis
1.2.2 Peritoneal Dialysis
1.3 Downstream Application of Medical Dialysis Devices
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Clinic
1.4 Development History of Medical Dialysis Devices
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Medical Dialysis Devices 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Medical Dialysis Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Medical Dialysis Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Medical Dialysis Devices Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Medical Dialysis Devices in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Medical Dialysis Devices by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Medical Dialysis Devices Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Medical Dialysis Devices Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Asahi Kasei Corp.
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.1.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Asahi Kasei Corp.
7.2 Allmed Medical GmbH
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.2.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Allmed Medical GmbH
7.3 B. Braun Melsungen Ag
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.3.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B. Braun Melsungen Ag
7.4 Ballya International Limited
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.4.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ballya International Limited
7.5 Baxter International, Inc.
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.5.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Baxter International, Inc.
7.6 Cantel Medical Corp.
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.6.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cantel Medical Corp.
7.7 Chengdu Weilisheng Biotech Co., Ltd
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.7.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Chengdu Weilisheng Biotech Co., Ltd
7.8 Dialife SA
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.8.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dialife SA
7.9 Farmasol
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.9.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Farmasol
7.10 Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.10.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co.
7.11 Gambro AB
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.11.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gambro AB
7.12 GPC Medical Ltd.
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.12.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GPC Medical Ltd.
7.13 JMS Co., Ltd.
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.13.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of JMS Co., Ltd.
7.14 Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc.
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.14.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc.
7.15 Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Medical Dialysis Devices Product
7.15.3 Medical Dialysis Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
7.16 Newsol Technologies Inc.
7.17 Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
7.18 Nipro Corporation
7.19 Nxstage Medical, Inc.
7.20 Toray Industries, Inc.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
8.1 Industry Chain of Medical Dialysis Devices
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Medical Dialysis Devices
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL DIALYSIS DEVICES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
