Interventional Cardiovascular Devices-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
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Report Summary
Interventional Cardiovascular Devices-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Interventional Cardiovascular Devices industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Interventional Cardiovascular Devices market
Market status and development trend of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices market as:
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Imaging System
Catheter
PTCA Balloon
Stent
PTCA Guidewire
Other
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospitals
Clinics
Other
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
GE Healthcare
Boston Scientific
Johnson & Johnson
Medtronic
Philips
Abbott Laboratories
Terumo
Argon Medical Devices
Volcano Therapeutics
Argon Medical
Spectranetics
Angio Dynamics
AccessClosure
Merit Medical Systems
B. Braun
C. R. Bard
Marine Polymer Technologies
Cordis
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Interventional Cardiovascular Devices-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Interventional Cardiovascular Devices industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Interventional Cardiovascular Devices market
Market status and development trend of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices market as:
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Imaging System
Catheter
PTCA Balloon
Stent
PTCA Guidewire
Other
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospitals
Clinics
Other
United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
GE Healthcare
Boston Scientific
Johnson & Johnson
Medtronic
Philips
Abbott Laboratories
Terumo
Argon Medical Devices
Volcano Therapeutics
Argon Medical
Spectranetics
Angio Dynamics
AccessClosure
Merit Medical Systems
B. Braun
C. R. Bard
Marine Polymer Technologies
Cordis
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
1.1 Definition of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
1.2.1 Imaging System
1.2.2 Catheter
1.2.3 PTCA Balloon
1.2.4 Stent
1.2.5 PTCA Guidewire
1.2.6 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
1.3.1 Hospitals
1.3.2 Clinics
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 GE Healthcare
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.1.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GE Healthcare
7.2 Boston Scientific
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.2.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Boston Scientific
7.3 Johnson & Johnson
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.3.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Johnson & Johnson
7.4 Medtronic
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.4.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Medtronic
7.5 Philips
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.5.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Philips
7.6 Abbott Laboratories
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.6.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Abbott Laboratories
7.7 Terumo
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.7.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Terumo
7.8 Argon Medical Devices
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.8.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Argon Medical Devices
7.9 Volcano Therapeutics
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.9.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Volcano Therapeutics
7.10 Argon Medical
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.10.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Argon Medical
7.11 Spectranetics
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.11.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Spectranetics
7.12 Angio Dynamics
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.12.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Angio Dynamics
7.13 AccessClosure
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.13.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AccessClosure
7.14 Merit Medical Systems
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.14.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merit Medical Systems
7.15 B. Braun
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.15.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B. Braun
7.16 C. R. Bard
7.17 Marine Polymer Technologies
7.18 Cordis
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
8.1 Industry Chain of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
1.2.1 Imaging System
1.2.2 Catheter
1.2.3 PTCA Balloon
1.2.4 Stent
1.2.5 PTCA Guidewire
1.2.6 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
1.3.1 Hospitals
1.3.2 Clinics
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 GE Healthcare
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.1.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GE Healthcare
7.2 Boston Scientific
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.2.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Boston Scientific
7.3 Johnson & Johnson
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.3.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Johnson & Johnson
7.4 Medtronic
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.4.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Medtronic
7.5 Philips
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.5.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Philips
7.6 Abbott Laboratories
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.6.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Abbott Laboratories
7.7 Terumo
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.7.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Terumo
7.8 Argon Medical Devices
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.8.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Argon Medical Devices
7.9 Volcano Therapeutics
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.9.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Volcano Therapeutics
7.10 Argon Medical
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.10.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Argon Medical
7.11 Spectranetics
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.11.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Spectranetics
7.12 Angio Dynamics
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.12.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Angio Dynamics
7.13 AccessClosure
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.13.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AccessClosure
7.14 Merit Medical Systems
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.14.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merit Medical Systems
7.15 B. Braun
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Product
7.15.3 Interventional Cardiovascular Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B. Braun
7.16 C. R. Bard
7.17 Marine Polymer Technologies
7.18 Cordis
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
8.1 Industry Chain of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Interventional Cardiovascular Devices
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference