Clostridium Difficile Treatment-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Clostridium Difficile Treatment-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Clostridium Difficile Treatment industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole South America and Regional Market Size of Clostridium Difficile Treatment 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in South America, with company and product introduction, position in the Clostridium Difficile Treatment market
Market status and development trend of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Clostridium Difficile Treatment, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment market as:
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Brazil
Argentina
Venezuela
Colombia
Others
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospitals
Clinics
Others
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Merck
Pfizer
Summit Therapeutics
Astellas Pharma
CRESTOVO
Da Volterra
Immuron
MGB Biopharma
Novartis
Otsuka Pharmaceutical
Rebiotix
Romark Laboratories
Sanofi Pasteur
Seres Therapeutics
Shire
Synthetic Biologics
Valeant Pharmaceuticals
Valneva
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Clostridium Difficile Treatment-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Clostridium Difficile Treatment industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole South America and Regional Market Size of Clostridium Difficile Treatment 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in South America, with company and product introduction, position in the Clostridium Difficile Treatment market
Market status and development trend of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Clostridium Difficile Treatment, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment market as:
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Brazil
Argentina
Venezuela
Colombia
Others
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospitals
Clinics
Others
South America Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Merck
Pfizer
Summit Therapeutics
Astellas Pharma
CRESTOVO
Da Volterra
Immuron
MGB Biopharma
Novartis
Otsuka Pharmaceutical
Rebiotix
Romark Laboratories
Sanofi Pasteur
Seres Therapeutics
Shire
Synthetic Biologics
Valeant Pharmaceuticals
Valneva
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
1.1 Definition of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
1.2.1 Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
1.2.2 Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
1.3 Downstream Application of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
1.3.1 Hospitals
1.3.2 Clinics
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Clostridium Difficile Treatment 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Clostridium Difficile Treatment Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Clostridium Difficile Treatment Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Actelion Pharmaceuticals
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.1.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Actelion Pharmaceuticals
7.2 Merck
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.2.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merck
7.3 Pfizer
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.3.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pfizer
7.4 Summit Therapeutics
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.4.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Summit Therapeutics
7.5 Astellas Pharma
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.5.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Astellas Pharma
7.6 CRESTOVO
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.6.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CRESTOVO
7.7 Da Volterra
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.7.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Da Volterra
7.8 Immuron
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.8.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Immuron
7.9 MGB Biopharma
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.9.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MGB Biopharma
7.10 Novartis
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.10.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Novartis
7.11 Otsuka Pharmaceutical
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.11.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Otsuka Pharmaceutical
7.12 Rebiotix
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.12.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rebiotix
7.13 Romark Laboratories
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.13.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Romark Laboratories
7.14 Sanofi Pasteur
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.14.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sanofi Pasteur
7.15 Seres Therapeutics
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.15.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Seres Therapeutics
7.16 Shire
7.17 Synthetic Biologics
7.18 Valeant Pharmaceuticals
7.19 Valneva
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
8.1 Industry Chain of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
1.2.1 Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
1.2.2 Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
1.3 Downstream Application of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
1.3.1 Hospitals
1.3.2 Clinics
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Clostridium Difficile Treatment 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Clostridium Difficile Treatment Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Clostridium Difficile Treatment in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Clostridium Difficile Treatment by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Clostridium Difficile Treatment Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Clostridium Difficile Treatment Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Actelion Pharmaceuticals
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.1.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Actelion Pharmaceuticals
7.2 Merck
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.2.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merck
7.3 Pfizer
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.3.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pfizer
7.4 Summit Therapeutics
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.4.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Summit Therapeutics
7.5 Astellas Pharma
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.5.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Astellas Pharma
7.6 CRESTOVO
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.6.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CRESTOVO
7.7 Da Volterra
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.7.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Da Volterra
7.8 Immuron
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.8.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Immuron
7.9 MGB Biopharma
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.9.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MGB Biopharma
7.10 Novartis
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.10.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Novartis
7.11 Otsuka Pharmaceutical
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.11.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Otsuka Pharmaceutical
7.12 Rebiotix
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.12.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rebiotix
7.13 Romark Laboratories
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.13.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Romark Laboratories
7.14 Sanofi Pasteur
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.14.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sanofi Pasteur
7.15 Seres Therapeutics
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Clostridium Difficile Treatment Product
7.15.3 Clostridium Difficile Treatment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Seres Therapeutics
7.16 Shire
7.17 Synthetic Biologics
7.18 Valeant Pharmaceuticals
7.19 Valneva
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
8.1 Industry Chain of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Treatment
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TREATMENT
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
