Body Fat Scales-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Body Fat Scales-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Body Fat Scales industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Body Fat Scales 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Body Fat Scales worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Body Fat Scales market
Market status and development trend of Body Fat Scales by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Body Fat Scales, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Body Fat Scales market as:
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Digital Weight Scale
Body Fat Monitor
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Male
Female
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Body Fat Scales Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Tanita
Taylor
Aicok
Bluestone
Health o Meter
Yunmai
Surpahs
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Body Fat Scales-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Body Fat Scales industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Body Fat Scales 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Body Fat Scales worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Body Fat Scales market
Market status and development trend of Body Fat Scales by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Body Fat Scales, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Body Fat Scales market as:
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Digital Weight Scale
Body Fat Monitor
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Male
Female
Global Body Fat Scales Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Body Fat Scales Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Tanita
Taylor
Aicok
Bluestone
Health o Meter
Yunmai
Surpahs
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF BODY FAT SCALES
1.1 Definition of Body Fat Scales in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Body Fat Scales
1.2.1 Digital Weight Scale
1.2.2 Body Fat Monitor
1.3 Downstream Application of Body Fat Scales
1.3.1 Male
1.3.2 Female
1.4 Development History of Body Fat Scales
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Body Fat Scales 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Body Fat Scales Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Body Fat Scales Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Body Fat Scales 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Body Fat Scales by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Body Fat Scales by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Body Fat Scales by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BODY FAT SCALES
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Body Fat Scales Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 BODY FAT SCALES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Body Fat Scales by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Body Fat Scales by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Body Fat Scales by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Body Fat Scales Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Body Fat Scales Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 BODY FAT SCALES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Tanita
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.1.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tanita
12.2 Taylor
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.2.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Taylor
12.3 Aicok
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.3.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aicok
12.4 Bluestone
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.4.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bluestone
12.5 Health o Meter
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.5.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Health o Meter
12.6 Yunmai
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.6.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yunmai
12.7 Surpahs
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.7.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Surpahs
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BODY FAT SCALES
13.1 Industry Chain of Body Fat Scales
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BODY FAT SCALES
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Body Fat Scales
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Body Fat Scales
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Body Fat Scales
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Body Fat Scales
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Body Fat Scales in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Body Fat Scales
1.2.1 Digital Weight Scale
1.2.2 Body Fat Monitor
1.3 Downstream Application of Body Fat Scales
1.3.1 Male
1.3.2 Female
1.4 Development History of Body Fat Scales
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Body Fat Scales 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Body Fat Scales Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Body Fat Scales Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Body Fat Scales 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Body Fat Scales by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Body Fat Scales by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Body Fat Scales by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Body Fat Scales by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Body Fat Scales by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Body Fat Scales Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BODY FAT SCALES
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Body Fat Scales Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 BODY FAT SCALES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Body Fat Scales by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Body Fat Scales by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Body Fat Scales by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Body Fat Scales Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Body Fat Scales Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 BODY FAT SCALES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Tanita
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.1.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tanita
12.2 Taylor
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.2.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Taylor
12.3 Aicok
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.3.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aicok
12.4 Bluestone
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.4.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bluestone
12.5 Health o Meter
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.5.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Health o Meter
12.6 Yunmai
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.6.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yunmai
12.7 Surpahs
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Body Fat Scales Product
12.7.3 Body Fat Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Surpahs
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BODY FAT SCALES
13.1 Industry Chain of Body Fat Scales
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BODY FAT SCALES
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Body Fat Scales
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Body Fat Scales
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Body Fat Scales
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Body Fat Scales
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
