Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade -Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade -Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade market
Market status and development trend of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade market as:
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
0.1-0.3 mm
0.3-0.5 mm
>0.5 mm
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Razor
Industrial
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Gillette
Edgewell
BIC
Supermax
Lord
Malhotra
Benxi Jincheng
SRBIL
Treet
Feather
Feintechnik
AccuTec Blades
Kaili Razor
Shanghai Cloud
Yingjili
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade -Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade market
Market status and development trend of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade market as:
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
0.1-0.3 mm
0.3-0.5 mm
>0.5 mm
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Razor
Industrial
Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Gillette
Edgewell
BIC
Supermax
Lord
Malhotra
Benxi Jincheng
SRBIL
Treet
Feather
Feintechnik
AccuTec Blades
Kaili Razor
Shanghai Cloud
Yingjili
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
1.1 Definition of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
1.2.1 0.1-0.3 mm
1.2.2 0.3-0.5 mm
1.2.3 >0.5 mm
1.3 Downstream Application of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
1.3.1 Razor
1.3.2 Industrial
1.4 Development History of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Gillette
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.1.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gillette
7.2 Edgewell
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.2.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Edgewell
7.3 BIC
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.3.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BIC
7.4 Supermax
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.4.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Supermax
7.5 Lord
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.5.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lord
7.6 Malhotra
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.6.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Malhotra
7.7 Benxi Jincheng
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.7.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Benxi Jincheng
7.8 SRBIL
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.8.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SRBIL
7.9 Treet
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.9.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Treet
7.10 Feather
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.10.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feather
7.11 Feintechnik
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.11.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feintechnik
7.12 AccuTec Blades
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.12.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AccuTec Blades
7.13 Kaili Razor
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.13.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kaili Razor
7.14 Shanghai Cloud
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.14.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shanghai Cloud
7.15 Yingjili
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.15.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yingjili
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
8.1 Industry Chain of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
1.2.1 0.1-0.3 mm
1.2.2 0.3-0.5 mm
1.2.3 >0.5 mm
1.3 Downstream Application of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
1.3.1 Razor
1.3.2 Industrial
1.4 Development History of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Gillette
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.1.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gillette
7.2 Edgewell
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.2.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Edgewell
7.3 BIC
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.3.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BIC
7.4 Supermax
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.4.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Supermax
7.5 Lord
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.5.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lord
7.6 Malhotra
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.6.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Malhotra
7.7 Benxi Jincheng
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.7.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Benxi Jincheng
7.8 SRBIL
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.8.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SRBIL
7.9 Treet
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.9.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Treet
7.10 Feather
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.10.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feather
7.11 Feintechnik
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.11.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feintechnik
7.12 AccuTec Blades
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.12.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AccuTec Blades
7.13 Kaili Razor
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.13.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kaili Razor
7.14 Shanghai Cloud
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.14.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shanghai Cloud
7.15 Yingjili
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Product
7.15.3 Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yingjili
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
8.1 Industry Chain of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Carbon Steel Double Edge Blade
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL DOUBLE EDGE BLADE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
