2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China, with company and product introduction, position in the 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner market
Market status and development trend of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner market as:
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Wireless Scanner
Wired Scanner
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Manufacturing
Hospital
Commercial use
Other
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
MOTOROLA
DATALOGIC
Honeywell
CODE
Micaoscan
General Data
RIOTEC
Intermec
Socket mobile
AML
Suntop Computer Systems
SCANDIT
Follett
ARGOX
COGNEX
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China, with company and product introduction, position in the 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner market
Market status and development trend of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner market as:
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Wireless Scanner
Wired Scanner
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Manufacturing
Hospital
Commercial use
Other
China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
MOTOROLA
DATALOGIC
Honeywell
CODE
Micaoscan
General Data
RIOTEC
Intermec
Socket mobile
AML
Suntop Computer Systems
SCANDIT
Follett
ARGOX
COGNEX
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
1.1 Definition of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
1.2.1 Wireless Scanner
1.2.2 Wired Scanner
1.3 Downstream Application of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
1.3.1 Manufacturing
1.3.2 Hospital
1.3.3 Commercial use
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner 2013-2023
1.5.1 China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 MOTOROLA
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.1.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MOTOROLA
7.2 DATALOGIC
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.2.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DATALOGIC
7.3 Honeywell
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.3.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Honeywell
7.4 CODE
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.4.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CODE
7.5 Micaoscan
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.5.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Micaoscan
7.6 General Data
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.6.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of General Data
7.7 RIOTEC
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.7.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RIOTEC
7.8 Intermec
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.8.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Intermec
7.9 Socket mobile
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.9.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Socket mobile
7.10 AML
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.10.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AML
7.11 Suntop Computer Systems
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.11.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Suntop Computer Systems
7.12 SCANDIT
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.12.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SCANDIT
7.13 Follett
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.13.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Follett
7.14 ARGOX
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.14.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ARGOX
7.15 COGNEX
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.15.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of COGNEX
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
8.1 Industry Chain of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
1.2.1 Wireless Scanner
1.2.2 Wired Scanner
1.3 Downstream Application of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
1.3.1 Manufacturing
1.3.2 Hospital
1.3.3 Commercial use
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner 2013-2023
1.5.1 China 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 MOTOROLA
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.1.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MOTOROLA
7.2 DATALOGIC
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.2.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DATALOGIC
7.3 Honeywell
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.3.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Honeywell
7.4 CODE
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.4.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CODE
7.5 Micaoscan
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.5.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Micaoscan
7.6 General Data
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.6.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of General Data
7.7 RIOTEC
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.7.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RIOTEC
7.8 Intermec
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.8.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Intermec
7.9 Socket mobile
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.9.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Socket mobile
7.10 AML
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.10.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AML
7.11 Suntop Computer Systems
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.11.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Suntop Computer Systems
7.12 SCANDIT
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.12.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SCANDIT
7.13 Follett
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.13.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Follett
7.14 ARGOX
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.14.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ARGOX
7.15 COGNEX
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Product
7.15.3 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of COGNEX
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
8.1 Industry Chain of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 2-Dimensional Bar Code Scanner
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL BAR CODE SCANNER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
