Global Carbon Market: Size and Trends with Impact Analysis of COVID-19 (2021 Edition)
The report titled “Global Carbon Market: Size and Trends with Impact Analysis of COVID-19 (2021 Edition)”, provides an in-depth analysis of global carbon market by market value, by traded value, by traded volume, and by segments. The reports provides a detailed analysis of segments’ traded value and volume, which includes Europe (EUAs Exchange Traded, EUAs Auctioned, EUAs OTC, Aviation EUAs, and sCERs Exchange Traded); North America (Western Climate Initiative and Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative); The UK; New Zealand; China; South Korea; and Certified Emission Reductions (Primary Market And Secondary Market). etc. The report also provides a detailed analysis of the COVID-19 impact on global carbon market.
The report also assesses the key opportunities in the market and outlines the factors that are and will be driving the growth of the industry. Growth of global carbon market has been estimated for the period 2017-2021, taking into consideration the previous growth patterns, the growth drivers, and the current and future trends.
The key initiatives/ Emission Trading Systems (ETS) of global carbon market are EU ETS, California Cap-and-Trade Program, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), Korea Emissions Trading System, and China National ETS are also profiled with their offsets and credits, auction revenue, and annual cap.
Key Initiatives/ Emission Trading Systems (ETS)
The world’s major environmental concern is the uncontrolled emission of carbon or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In lieu of the same and coming with a better idea to combat the same, the system of the carbon market is established. The carbon market refers to the market in which carbon credits, in other words carbon certificates, are obtained and sold within defined standards for the prevention or reduction of GHGs. A regulatory mechanism ensures that countries are made responsible for every amount of emissions they generate. Governments around the world have established carbon markets, where emissions (or emissions reductions) can be exchanged from one entity to another. Carbon markets help companies offset their emissions and work towards their climate goals.
The global carbon market by value can be segmented as Compliance Market and Voluntary Market. The global carbon market by traded value and volume can be segmented as North America, China, The UK, New Zealand, South Korea, and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic had the potential to shock carbon markets around the world. However, markets demonstrated remarkable resilience, first reacting rationally to lower demand through price decreases, and then returning to near-normal functioning. Compared to after the global financial crisis, ETSs have weathered the shock without major effects.
The global carbon market has increased during the years 2017-2021. The global carbon market is expected to increase due to rising carbon emission, growing coverage of carbon pricing initiatives, increasing demand of voluntary carbon credits, increase in carbon pricing, increase in adoption of net zero targets, etc. Yet the market faces some challenges such as, difficulty in mobilizing potential supply, problems of homogeneity, justice, gaming, and knowledge, etc. Moreover, the market growth would succeed by various market trends like new developments enhancing carbon market accessibility and liquidity, increasing corporate efforts in carbon offsetting, development in emission trading system, carbon as a new investment asset class, article 6 agreement redefining global carbon offset markets, etc.
The report also assesses the key opportunities in the market and outlines the factors that are and will be driving the growth of the industry. Growth of global carbon market has been estimated for the period 2017-2021, taking into consideration the previous growth patterns, the growth drivers, and the current and future trends.
The key initiatives/ Emission Trading Systems (ETS) of global carbon market are EU ETS, California Cap-and-Trade Program, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), Korea Emissions Trading System, and China National ETS are also profiled with their offsets and credits, auction revenue, and annual cap.
Key Initiatives/ Emission Trading Systems (ETS)
- EU ETS
- California Cap-and-Trade Program
- Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
- Korea Emissions Trading System
- China National ETS
The world’s major environmental concern is the uncontrolled emission of carbon or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In lieu of the same and coming with a better idea to combat the same, the system of the carbon market is established. The carbon market refers to the market in which carbon credits, in other words carbon certificates, are obtained and sold within defined standards for the prevention or reduction of GHGs. A regulatory mechanism ensures that countries are made responsible for every amount of emissions they generate. Governments around the world have established carbon markets, where emissions (or emissions reductions) can be exchanged from one entity to another. Carbon markets help companies offset their emissions and work towards their climate goals.
The global carbon market by value can be segmented as Compliance Market and Voluntary Market. The global carbon market by traded value and volume can be segmented as North America, China, The UK, New Zealand, South Korea, and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic had the potential to shock carbon markets around the world. However, markets demonstrated remarkable resilience, first reacting rationally to lower demand through price decreases, and then returning to near-normal functioning. Compared to after the global financial crisis, ETSs have weathered the shock without major effects.
The global carbon market has increased during the years 2017-2021. The global carbon market is expected to increase due to rising carbon emission, growing coverage of carbon pricing initiatives, increasing demand of voluntary carbon credits, increase in carbon pricing, increase in adoption of net zero targets, etc. Yet the market faces some challenges such as, difficulty in mobilizing potential supply, problems of homogeneity, justice, gaming, and knowledge, etc. Moreover, the market growth would succeed by various market trends like new developments enhancing carbon market accessibility and liquidity, increasing corporate efforts in carbon offsetting, development in emission trading system, carbon as a new investment asset class, article 6 agreement redefining global carbon offset markets, etc.
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Carbon Market: An Overview
2.1.1 Introduction to Carbon Market
2.1.2 Process of Carbon Trading
2.1.3 Pros and Cons of Carbon Market
2.1.4 Emergence of Carbon Market
2.2 Carbon Market: Segmentation
2.2.1 Carbon Market Segmentation by Type
2.2.2 Compliance v/s. Voluntary Market
3. GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Global Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.1.1 Global Carbon Market by Value
3.1.2 Global Compliance Carbon Market by Segment (European Union (EU), China, South Korea, the UK, California, and other Emission Trading Systems (ETS))
3.1.3 Global Voluntary Carbon Offset Market by Value
3.1.4 Global Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.1.5 Global Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (Europe, North America, the UK, New Zealand, China, South Korea, and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs))
3.1.6 Global Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.1.7 Global Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (Europe, North America, China, the UK, New Zealand, South Korea, and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs))
3.2 Europe Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.2.1 Europe Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.2.2 Europe Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (EUAs Exchange Traded, EUAs Auctioned, EUAs OTC, Aviation EUAs, and sCERs Exchange Traded)
3.2.3 Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value
3.2.4 Europe Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.2.5 Europe Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (EUAs Exchange Traded, EUAs Auctioned, EUAs OTC, Aviation EUAs, and sCERs Exchange Traded)
3.2.6 Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume
3.3 North America Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.3.1 North America Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.3.2 North America Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (Western Climate Initiative and Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative)
3.3.3 North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value
3.3.4 North America Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.3.5 North America Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (Western Climate Initiative (WCI) and Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI))
3.3.6 North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume
3.4 South Korea Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.4.1 South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.4.2 South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.5 New Zealand Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.5.1 New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.5.2 New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.6 China Carbon Market: Segment Analysis
3.6.1 China Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.6.2 China Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.7 Certified Emission Reductions Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.7.1 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.7.2 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (Primary Market and Secondary Market)
3.7.3 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.7.4 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.7.5 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (Primary Market and Secondary Market)
3.7.6 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Volume
4. IMPACT OF COVID-19
4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on Carbon Market
4.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Carbon Emission
4.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Carbon Prices
4.4 Investments in Green Recovery Plans
5. MARKET DYNAMICS
5.1 Growth Driver
5.1.1 Rising Carbon Emission
5.1.2 Growing Coverage of Carbon Pricing Initiatives
5.1.3 Increasing Demand of Voluntary Carbon Credits
5.1.4 Increase in Carbon Pricing
5.1.5 Increase in Adoption of Net Zero Targets
5.2 Challenges
5.2.1 Difficulty in Mobilizing Potential Supply
5.2.2 Problems of Homogeneity, Justice, Gaming, and Knowledge
5.3 Market Trends
5.3.1 New Developments Enhancing Carbon Market Accessibility and Liquidity
5.3.2 Increasing Corporate Efforts in Carbon Offsetting
5.3.3 Development in Emission Trading System
5.3.4 Carbon as a New Investment Asset Class
5.3.5 Article 6 Agreement Redefining Global Carbon Offset Markets
6. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
6.1 Emissions Trading Schemes: Key Comparison
6.2 Policy on Use of Carbon Offset Credits for Major Existing Emission Trading Systems
7. INITIATIVES/EMISSION TRADING SYSTEMS PROFILES
7.1 EU ETS
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Offsets and Credits
7.1.3 Auction Revenue
7.1.4 Annual Cap on Stationary Installations
7.2 California Cap-and-Trade Program
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Offsets and Credits
7.2.3 Auction Revenue
7.2.4 Annual Cap
7.3 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Offsets and Credits
7.3.3 Auction Revenue
7.3.4 Annual Cap
7.4 Korea Emissions Trading System
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Offsets and Credits
7.4.3 Auction Revenue
7.4.4 Annual Cap
7.5 China National ETS
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Offset and Credits
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Carbon Market: An Overview
2.1.1 Introduction to Carbon Market
2.1.2 Process of Carbon Trading
2.1.3 Pros and Cons of Carbon Market
2.1.4 Emergence of Carbon Market
2.2 Carbon Market: Segmentation
2.2.1 Carbon Market Segmentation by Type
2.2.2 Compliance v/s. Voluntary Market
3. GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Global Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.1.1 Global Carbon Market by Value
3.1.2 Global Compliance Carbon Market by Segment (European Union (EU), China, South Korea, the UK, California, and other Emission Trading Systems (ETS))
3.1.3 Global Voluntary Carbon Offset Market by Value
3.1.4 Global Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.1.5 Global Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (Europe, North America, the UK, New Zealand, China, South Korea, and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs))
3.1.6 Global Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.1.7 Global Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (Europe, North America, China, the UK, New Zealand, South Korea, and Certified Emission Reductions (CERs))
3.2 Europe Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.2.1 Europe Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.2.2 Europe Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (EUAs Exchange Traded, EUAs Auctioned, EUAs OTC, Aviation EUAs, and sCERs Exchange Traded)
3.2.3 Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value
3.2.4 Europe Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.2.5 Europe Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (EUAs Exchange Traded, EUAs Auctioned, EUAs OTC, Aviation EUAs, and sCERs Exchange Traded)
3.2.6 Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume
3.3 North America Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.3.1 North America Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.3.2 North America Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (Western Climate Initiative and Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative)
3.3.3 North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value
3.3.4 North America Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.3.5 North America Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (Western Climate Initiative (WCI) and Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI))
3.3.6 North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume
3.4 South Korea Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.4.1 South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.4.2 South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.5 New Zealand Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.5.1 New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.5.2 New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.6 China Carbon Market: Segment Analysis
3.6.1 China Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.6.2 China Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.7 Certified Emission Reductions Carbon Market: An Analysis
3.7.1 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.7.2 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment (Primary Market and Secondary Market)
3.7.3 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Value
3.7.4 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Volume
3.7.5 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment (Primary Market and Secondary Market)
3.7.6 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Volume
4. IMPACT OF COVID-19
4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on Carbon Market
4.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Carbon Emission
4.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Carbon Prices
4.4 Investments in Green Recovery Plans
5. MARKET DYNAMICS
5.1 Growth Driver
5.1.1 Rising Carbon Emission
5.1.2 Growing Coverage of Carbon Pricing Initiatives
5.1.3 Increasing Demand of Voluntary Carbon Credits
5.1.4 Increase in Carbon Pricing
5.1.5 Increase in Adoption of Net Zero Targets
5.2 Challenges
5.2.1 Difficulty in Mobilizing Potential Supply
5.2.2 Problems of Homogeneity, Justice, Gaming, and Knowledge
5.3 Market Trends
5.3.1 New Developments Enhancing Carbon Market Accessibility and Liquidity
5.3.2 Increasing Corporate Efforts in Carbon Offsetting
5.3.3 Development in Emission Trading System
5.3.4 Carbon as a New Investment Asset Class
5.3.5 Article 6 Agreement Redefining Global Carbon Offset Markets
6. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
6.1 Emissions Trading Schemes: Key Comparison
6.2 Policy on Use of Carbon Offset Credits for Major Existing Emission Trading Systems
7. INITIATIVES/EMISSION TRADING SYSTEMS PROFILES
7.1 EU ETS
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Offsets and Credits
7.1.3 Auction Revenue
7.1.4 Annual Cap on Stationary Installations
7.2 California Cap-and-Trade Program
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Offsets and Credits
7.2.3 Auction Revenue
7.2.4 Annual Cap
7.3 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Offsets and Credits
7.3.3 Auction Revenue
7.3.4 Annual Cap
7.4 Korea Emissions Trading System
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Offsets and Credits
7.4.3 Auction Revenue
7.4.4 Annual Cap
7.5 China National ETS
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Offset and Credits
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Types of Carbon Market
Figure 2: Process of Carbon Trading
Figure 3: Pros and Cons of Carbon Market
Figure 4: Clean Development Mechanism vs. Joint Implementation
Figure 5: Carbon Market Segmentation by Type
Figure 6: Compliance v/s. Voluntary Market
Figure 7: Global Carbon Market by Value; 2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 8: Global Compliance Carbon Market by Segment; 2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 9: Global Voluntary Carbon Offset Market by Value; 2017-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 10: Global Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2017-2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 11: Global Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 12: Global Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Billion Tonnes)
Figure 13: Global Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 14: Europe Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 15: Europe Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 16: Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 17: Europe Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Billion Tonnes)
Figure 18: Europe Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 19: Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume; 2018-2020 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 20: North America Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 21: North America Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 22: North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 23: North America Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Billion Tonnes)
Figure 24: North America Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 25: North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume; 2018-2020 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 26: South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 27: South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 28: New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 29: New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 30: China Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 31: China Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 32: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 33: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 34: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2020 (US$ Million)
Figure 35: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 36: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 37: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2020 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 38: Global CO2 Emissions Monthly Evolution; 2020 relative to 2019 (Percentage, %)
Figure 39: Global Annual Carbon Emission; 2005-2021 (GtCo2)
Figure 40: Global Share of Annual Greenhouse Emissions Covered by Carbon Pricing Initiatives: 2005-2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 41: Global Demand for Voluntary Carbon Credits; 2010-2020 (MtCO2e)
Figure 42: Prices in Implemented Carbon Pricing Initiatives; 2017-2020 (US$/tCO2e)
Figure 43: Countries Considering Net Zero Targets; 2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 44: EU ETS Auction Revenue; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 45: EU ETS Annual Cap on Stationary Installations; 2013-2021 (MtCo2e)
Figure 46: California Cap-and-Trade Program Auction Revenue; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 47: California Cap-and-Trade Program Annual Cap; 2018-2023 (MtCo2e)
Figure 48: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Auction Revenue; 2018-2020 (US$ Million)
Figure 49: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Annual Cap; 2014-2021 (Million Short Tons)
Figure 50: Korea Emissions Trading System Auction Revenue; 2019-2020 (US$ Million)
Figure 51: Korea Emissions Trading System Annual Cap; 2018-2025 (MtCO2e)
Table 1: Key Exchanges and ETFs Involved in Carbon Trading and Investment Offerings
Table 2: Recent Carbon Offsetting and Reforestation Announcements in the STOXX
Table 3: Recent Carbon Offsetting and Reforestation Announcements in the S&P
Table 4: Emission Trading System Developments
Table 5: Emissions Trading Schemes: Key Comparison
Table 6: Policy on Use of Carbon Offset Credits for Major Existing Emission Trading Systems
Table 7: EU ETS Offsets and Credits
Table 8: California Cap-and-Trade Offsets and Credits
Table 9: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Offsets and Credits
Table 10: Korea Emissions Trading System Offsets and Credits
Figure 1: Types of Carbon Market
Figure 2: Process of Carbon Trading
Figure 3: Pros and Cons of Carbon Market
Figure 4: Clean Development Mechanism vs. Joint Implementation
Figure 5: Carbon Market Segmentation by Type
Figure 6: Compliance v/s. Voluntary Market
Figure 7: Global Carbon Market by Value; 2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 8: Global Compliance Carbon Market by Segment; 2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 9: Global Voluntary Carbon Offset Market by Value; 2017-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 10: Global Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2017-2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 11: Global Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 12: Global Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Billion Tonnes)
Figure 13: Global Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 14: Europe Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 15: Europe Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 16: Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 17: Europe Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Billion Tonnes)
Figure 18: Europe Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 19: Europe Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume; 2018-2020 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 20: North America Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Billion)
Figure 21: North America Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 22: North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Value; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 23: North America Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Billion Tonnes)
Figure 24: North America Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 25: North America Carbon Market Segment by Traded Volume; 2018-2020 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 26: South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 27: South Korea Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 28: New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 29: New Zealand Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 30: China Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 31: China Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 32: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2021 (US$ Million)
Figure 33: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Value by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 34: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Value; 2018-2020 (US$ Million)
Figure 35: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2021 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 36: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Carbon Market Traded Volume by Segment; 2020 (Percentage, %)
Figure 37: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) Primary and Secondary Carbon Market by Traded Volume; 2018-2020 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 38: Global CO2 Emissions Monthly Evolution; 2020 relative to 2019 (Percentage, %)
Figure 39: Global Annual Carbon Emission; 2005-2021 (GtCo2)
Figure 40: Global Share of Annual Greenhouse Emissions Covered by Carbon Pricing Initiatives: 2005-2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 41: Global Demand for Voluntary Carbon Credits; 2010-2020 (MtCO2e)
Figure 42: Prices in Implemented Carbon Pricing Initiatives; 2017-2020 (US$/tCO2e)
Figure 43: Countries Considering Net Zero Targets; 2021 (Percentage, %)
Figure 44: EU ETS Auction Revenue; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 45: EU ETS Annual Cap on Stationary Installations; 2013-2021 (MtCo2e)
Figure 46: California Cap-and-Trade Program Auction Revenue; 2018-2020 (US$ Billion)
Figure 47: California Cap-and-Trade Program Annual Cap; 2018-2023 (MtCo2e)
Figure 48: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Auction Revenue; 2018-2020 (US$ Million)
Figure 49: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Annual Cap; 2014-2021 (Million Short Tons)
Figure 50: Korea Emissions Trading System Auction Revenue; 2019-2020 (US$ Million)
Figure 51: Korea Emissions Trading System Annual Cap; 2018-2025 (MtCO2e)
Table 1: Key Exchanges and ETFs Involved in Carbon Trading and Investment Offerings
Table 2: Recent Carbon Offsetting and Reforestation Announcements in the STOXX
Table 3: Recent Carbon Offsetting and Reforestation Announcements in the S&P
Table 4: Emission Trading System Developments
Table 5: Emissions Trading Schemes: Key Comparison
Table 6: Policy on Use of Carbon Offset Credits for Major Existing Emission Trading Systems
Table 7: EU ETS Offsets and Credits
Table 8: California Cap-and-Trade Offsets and Credits
Table 9: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Offsets and Credits
Table 10: Korea Emissions Trading System Offsets and Credits
