Placenta Extract-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Placenta Extract-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Placenta Extract industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Placenta Extract 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Placenta Extract worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Placenta Extract market
Market status and development trend of Placenta Extract by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Placenta Extract, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Placenta Extract market as:
Global Placenta Extract Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Placenta Extract Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Liquid Type
Placenta Powder
Global Placenta Extract Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Pharmaceutical
Research institutions
Food industry
Cosmetics
Others
Global Placenta Extract Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Placenta Extract Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Japan Natural Laboratories Co., Ltd
HeightLongJiang Yinhe
Ai-Zest Corporation CO., LTD.
Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd.
CJT
Charites japan
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Placenta Extract-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Placenta Extract industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Placenta Extract 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Placenta Extract worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Placenta Extract market
Market status and development trend of Placenta Extract by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Placenta Extract, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Placenta Extract market as:
Global Placenta Extract Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Placenta Extract Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Liquid Type
Placenta Powder
Global Placenta Extract Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Pharmaceutical
Research institutions
Food industry
Cosmetics
Others
Global Placenta Extract Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Placenta Extract Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Japan Natural Laboratories Co., Ltd
HeightLongJiang Yinhe
Ai-Zest Corporation CO., LTD.
Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd.
CJT
Charites japan
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF PLACENTA EXTRACT
1.1 Definition of Placenta Extract in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Placenta Extract
1.2.1 Liquid Type
1.2.2 Placenta Powder
1.3 Downstream Application of Placenta Extract
1.3.1 Pharmaceutical
1.3.2 Research institutions
1.3.3 Food industry
1.3.4 Cosmetics
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of Placenta Extract
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Placenta Extract 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Placenta Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Placenta Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Placenta Extract 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Placenta Extract 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Placenta Extract 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Placenta Extract by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Placenta Extract by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Placenta Extract by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Placenta Extract by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Placenta Extract by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Placenta Extract by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PLACENTA EXTRACT
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Placenta Extract Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 PLACENTA EXTRACT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Placenta Extract by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Placenta Extract by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Placenta Extract by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Placenta Extract Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Placenta Extract Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 PLACENTA EXTRACT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Japan Natural Laboratories Co., Ltd
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.1.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Japan Natural Laboratories Co., Ltd
12.2 HeightLongJiang Yinhe
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.2.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HeightLongJiang Yinhe
12.3 Ai-Zest Corporation CO., LTD.
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.3.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ai-Zest Corporation CO., LTD.
12.4 Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd.
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.4.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd.
12.5 CJT
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.5.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CJT
12.6 Charites japan
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.6.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Charites japan
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PLACENTA EXTRACT
13.1 Industry Chain of Placenta Extract
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PLACENTA EXTRACT
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Placenta Extract
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Placenta Extract
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Placenta Extract
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Placenta Extract
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Placenta Extract in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Placenta Extract
1.2.1 Liquid Type
1.2.2 Placenta Powder
1.3 Downstream Application of Placenta Extract
1.3.1 Pharmaceutical
1.3.2 Research institutions
1.3.3 Food industry
1.3.4 Cosmetics
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of Placenta Extract
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Placenta Extract 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Placenta Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Placenta Extract Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Placenta Extract 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Placenta Extract by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Placenta Extract 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Placenta Extract 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Placenta Extract by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Placenta Extract by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Placenta Extract by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Placenta Extract by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Placenta Extract by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Placenta Extract by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Placenta Extract Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Placenta Extract Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PLACENTA EXTRACT
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Placenta Extract Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 PLACENTA EXTRACT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Placenta Extract by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Placenta Extract by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Placenta Extract by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Placenta Extract Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Placenta Extract Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 PLACENTA EXTRACT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Japan Natural Laboratories Co., Ltd
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.1.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Japan Natural Laboratories Co., Ltd
12.2 HeightLongJiang Yinhe
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.2.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HeightLongJiang Yinhe
12.3 Ai-Zest Corporation CO., LTD.
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.3.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ai-Zest Corporation CO., LTD.
12.4 Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd.
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.4.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd.
12.5 CJT
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.5.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CJT
12.6 Charites japan
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Placenta Extract Product
12.6.3 Placenta Extract Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Charites japan
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PLACENTA EXTRACT
13.1 Industry Chain of Placenta Extract
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PLACENTA EXTRACT
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Placenta Extract
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Placenta Extract
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Placenta Extract
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Placenta Extract
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
