Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines market
Market status and development trend of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines market as:
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
4 Axis
5 Axis
Others
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Dental Clinic
Dental Lab
Others
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Dentsply Sirona
Ivoclar Vivadent
Roland
Straumann
Zimmer
Zirkonzahn
Willemin-Macodel
Dentium
Amann Girrbach
imes-icore
DATRON
Schutz Dental
vhf camfacture
Yenadent
B&D Dental
INTERDENT d.o.o.
MECANUMERIC
CadBlu Dental
Bien-Air Dental
Reitel Feinwerktechnik
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines market
Market status and development trend of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines market as:
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
4 Axis
5 Axis
Others
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Dental Clinic
Dental Lab
Others
China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Dentsply Sirona
Ivoclar Vivadent
Roland
Straumann
Zimmer
Zirkonzahn
Willemin-Macodel
Dentium
Amann Girrbach
imes-icore
DATRON
Schutz Dental
vhf camfacture
Yenadent
B&D Dental
INTERDENT d.o.o.
MECANUMERIC
CadBlu Dental
Bien-Air Dental
Reitel Feinwerktechnik
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
1.1 Definition of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
1.2.1 4 Axis
1.2.2 5 Axis
1.2.3 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
1.3.1 Dental Clinic
1.3.2 Dental Lab
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Dentsply Sirona
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.1.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dentsply Sirona
7.2 Ivoclar Vivadent
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.2.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ivoclar Vivadent
7.3 Roland
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.3.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Roland
7.4 Straumann
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.4.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Straumann
7.5 Zimmer
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.5.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zimmer
7.6 Zirkonzahn
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.6.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zirkonzahn
7.7 Willemin-Macodel
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.7.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Willemin-Macodel
7.8 Dentium
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.8.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dentium
7.9 Amann Girrbach
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.9.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amann Girrbach
7.10 imes-icore
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.10.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of imes-icore
7.11 DATRON
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.11.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DATRON
7.12 Schutz Dental
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.12.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Schutz Dental
7.13 vhf camfacture
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.13.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of vhf camfacture
7.14 Yenadent
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.14.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yenadent
7.15 B&D Dental
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.15.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B&D Dental
7.16 INTERDENT d.o.o.
7.17 MECANUMERIC
7.18 CadBlu Dental
7.19 Bien-Air Dental
7.20 Reitel Feinwerktechnik
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
1.2.1 4 Axis
1.2.2 5 Axis
1.2.3 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
1.3.1 Dental Clinic
1.3.2 Dental Lab
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Dentsply Sirona
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.1.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dentsply Sirona
7.2 Ivoclar Vivadent
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.2.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ivoclar Vivadent
7.3 Roland
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.3.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Roland
7.4 Straumann
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.4.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Straumann
7.5 Zimmer
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.5.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zimmer
7.6 Zirkonzahn
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.6.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zirkonzahn
7.7 Willemin-Macodel
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.7.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Willemin-Macodel
7.8 Dentium
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.8.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dentium
7.9 Amann Girrbach
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.9.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amann Girrbach
7.10 imes-icore
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.10.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of imes-icore
7.11 DATRON
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.11.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DATRON
7.12 Schutz Dental
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.12.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Schutz Dental
7.13 vhf camfacture
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.13.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of vhf camfacture
7.14 Yenadent
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.14.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yenadent
7.15 B&D Dental
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Product
7.15.3 Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B&D Dental
7.16 INTERDENT d.o.o.
7.17 MECANUMERIC
7.18 CadBlu Dental
7.19 Bien-Air Dental
7.20 Reitel Feinwerktechnik
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Dental CAD CAM Milling Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CAD CAM MILLING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
