Global Automotive Bumpers Industry 2016 Market Research Report
2016 Global Automotive Bumpers Industry Report is a professional and in-depth research report on the world's major regional market conditions of the Automotive Bumpers industry, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia) and the main countries (United States, Germany, Japan and China).
The report firstly introduced the Automotive Bumpers basics: definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain overview; industry policies and plans; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures and so on. Then it analyzed the world's main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilization, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The report includes six parts, dealing with: 1.) basic information; 2.) the Asia Automotive Bumpers industry; 3.) the North American Automotive Bumpers industry; 4.) the European Automotive Bumpers industry; 5.) market entry and investment feasibility; and 6.) the report conclusion.
The report firstly introduced the Automotive Bumpers basics: definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain overview; industry policies and plans; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures and so on. Then it analyzed the world's main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilization, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The report includes six parts, dealing with: 1.) basic information; 2.) the Asia Automotive Bumpers industry; 3.) the North American Automotive Bumpers industry; 4.) the European Automotive Bumpers industry; 5.) market entry and investment feasibility; and 6.) the report conclusion.
PART I AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Automotive Bumpers Definition
1.2 Automotive Bumpers Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Automotive Bumpers Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Automotive Bumpers Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Automotive Bumpers Application Analysis
1.3.1 Automotive Bumpers Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Automotive Bumpers Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Automotive Bumpers Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Automotive Bumpers Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Automotive Bumpers Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Automotive Bumpers Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Automotive Bumpers Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Automotive Bumpers Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Automotive Bumpers Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Automotive Bumpers Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Automotive Bumpers Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Automotive Bumpers Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Upstream Raw Materials Price Analysis
2.1.2 Upstream Raw Materials Market Analysis
2.1.3 Upstream Raw Materials Market Trend
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.1.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Automotive Bumpers Product Development History
3.2 Asia Automotive Bumpers Process Development History
3.3 Asia Automotive Bumpers Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
3.4 Asia Automotive Bumpers Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.5 Asia Automotive Bumpers Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2011-2016 ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
4.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
4.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
4.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER SIX ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
6.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
6.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
6.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Automotive Bumpers Product Development History
7.2 North American Automotive Bumpers Process Development History
7.3 North American Automotive Bumpers Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.4 North American Automotive Bumpers Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2011-2016 NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
8.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
8.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
8.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
10.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
10.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
10.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Automotive Bumpers Product Development History
11.2 Europe Automotive Bumpers Process Development History
11.3 Europe Automotive Bumpers Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
11.4 Europe Automotive Bumpers Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.5 Europe Automotive Bumpers Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2011-2016 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
12.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
12.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
12.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
14.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
14.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
14.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Automotive Bumpers Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Automotive Bumpers Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Automotive Bumpers Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Automotive Bumpers Market Analysis
17.2 Automotive Bumpers Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Automotive Bumpers New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2011-2016 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
18.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
18.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
18.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
19.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
19.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
19.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Automotive Bumpers Definition
1.2 Automotive Bumpers Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Automotive Bumpers Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Automotive Bumpers Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Automotive Bumpers Application Analysis
1.3.1 Automotive Bumpers Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Automotive Bumpers Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Automotive Bumpers Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Automotive Bumpers Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Automotive Bumpers Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Automotive Bumpers Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Automotive Bumpers Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Automotive Bumpers Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Automotive Bumpers Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Automotive Bumpers Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Automotive Bumpers Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Automotive Bumpers Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Upstream Raw Materials Price Analysis
2.1.2 Upstream Raw Materials Market Analysis
2.1.3 Upstream Raw Materials Market Trend
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.1.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Automotive Bumpers Product Development History
3.2 Asia Automotive Bumpers Process Development History
3.3 Asia Automotive Bumpers Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
3.4 Asia Automotive Bumpers Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.5 Asia Automotive Bumpers Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2011-2016 ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
4.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
4.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
4.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER SIX ASIA AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
6.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
6.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
6.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Automotive Bumpers Product Development History
7.2 North American Automotive Bumpers Process Development History
7.3 North American Automotive Bumpers Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.4 North American Automotive Bumpers Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2011-2016 NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
8.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
8.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
8.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
10.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
10.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
10.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Automotive Bumpers Product Development History
11.2 Europe Automotive Bumpers Process Development History
11.3 Europe Automotive Bumpers Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
11.4 Europe Automotive Bumpers Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.5 Europe Automotive Bumpers Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2011-2016 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
12.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
12.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
12.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
14.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
14.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
14.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Automotive Bumpers Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Automotive Bumpers Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Automotive Bumpers Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Automotive Bumpers Market Analysis
17.2 Automotive Bumpers Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Automotive Bumpers New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2011-2016 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
18.2 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
18.4 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
18.6 2011-2016 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Capacity Production Overview
19.2 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Demand Overview
19.4 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Import Export Consumption
19.6 2016-2020 Automotive Bumpers Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE BUMPERS INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
