Cruise-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Cruise-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Cruise industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Cruise 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Cruise worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Cruise market
Market status and development trend of Cruise by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Cruise, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Cruise market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Cruise industry.
The report segments the global Cruise market as:
Global Cruise Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Cruise Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
ContemporaryCruise
PremiumCruise
LuxuryCruise
Others
Global Cruise Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Transportation
Entertainment
Others
Global Cruise Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Cruise Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Carnival
RCI
NCLH
MSC
Disney
Genting
Hurtigruten
Silversea
TUI
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Cruise-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Cruise industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Cruise 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Cruise worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Cruise market
Market status and development trend of Cruise by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Cruise, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Cruise market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Cruise industry.
The report segments the global Cruise market as:
Global Cruise Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Cruise Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
ContemporaryCruise
PremiumCruise
LuxuryCruise
Others
Global Cruise Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Transportation
Entertainment
Others
Global Cruise Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Cruise Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Carnival
RCI
NCLH
MSC
Disney
Genting
Hurtigruten
Silversea
TUI
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CRUISE
1.1 Definition of Cruise in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Cruise
1.2.1 ContemporaryCruise
1.2.2 PremiumCruise
1.2.3 LuxuryCruise
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Cruise
1.3.1 Transportation
1.3.2 Entertainment
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Cruise
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Cruise 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Cruise Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Cruise Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Cruise 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of Cruise by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Cruise by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Cruise by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Cruise by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Cruise 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Cruise 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Cruise by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Cruise by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Cruise by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Cruise by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Cruise by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Cruise by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Cruise Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Cruise Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CRUISE
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Cruise Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 CRUISE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Cruise by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Cruise by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Cruise by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Cruise Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Cruise Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 CRUISE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Carnival
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.1.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Carnival
12.2 RCI
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.2.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RCI
12.3 NCLH
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.3.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NCLH
12.4 MSC
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.4.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MSC
12.5 Disney
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.5.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Disney
12.6 Genting
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.6.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Genting
12.7 Hurtigruten
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.7.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hurtigruten
12.8 Silversea
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.8.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Silversea
12.9 TUI
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.9.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TUI
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CRUISE
13.1 Industry Chain of Cruise
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CRUISE
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Cruise
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Cruise
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Cruise
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Cruise
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Cruise in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Cruise
1.2.1 ContemporaryCruise
1.2.2 PremiumCruise
1.2.3 LuxuryCruise
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Cruise
1.3.1 Transportation
1.3.2 Entertainment
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Cruise
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Cruise 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Cruise Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Cruise Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Cruise 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of Cruise by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Cruise by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Cruise by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Cruise by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Cruise 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Cruise 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Cruise by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Cruise by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Cruise by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Cruise by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Cruise by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Cruise by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Cruise Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Cruise Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Cruise Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Cruise Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa Cruise Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Cruise Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Cruise Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Cruise Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CRUISE
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Cruise Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 CRUISE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Cruise by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Cruise by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Cruise by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Cruise Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Cruise Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 CRUISE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Carnival
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.1.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Carnival
12.2 RCI
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.2.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RCI
12.3 NCLH
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.3.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NCLH
12.4 MSC
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.4.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MSC
12.5 Disney
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.5.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Disney
12.6 Genting
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.6.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Genting
12.7 Hurtigruten
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.7.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hurtigruten
12.8 Silversea
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.8.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Silversea
12.9 TUI
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Cruise Product
12.9.3 Cruise Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TUI
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CRUISE
13.1 Industry Chain of Cruise
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CRUISE
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Cruise
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Cruise
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Cruise
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Cruise
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
