Global Animal External Fixation Market Research Report 2020-2024
External fixation is frequently used due to rising trauma cases in animals fuels the growth of the animal external fixation market. In the context of China-US trade war and global economic volatility and uncertainty, it will have a big influence on this market. Animal External Fixation Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2023 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Animal External Fixation market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Animal External Fixation basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Stryker
Orthofix
Smith & Nephew
Wright Medical
Zimmer Biomet
Lima Corporate
Integra LifeSciences
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Animal External Fixation for each application, including-
Veterinary Hospitals
Veterinary Clinics
In this report, the global Animal External Fixation market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Animal External Fixation basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Stryker
Orthofix
Smith & Nephew
Wright Medical
Zimmer Biomet
Lima Corporate
Integra LifeSciences
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Animal External Fixation for each application, including-
Veterinary Hospitals
Veterinary Clinics
PART I ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Animal External Fixation Definition
1.2 Animal External Fixation Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Animal External Fixation Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Animal External Fixation Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Animal External Fixation Application Analysis
1.3.1 Animal External Fixation Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Animal External Fixation Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Animal External Fixation Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Animal External Fixation Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Animal External Fixation Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Animal External Fixation Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Animal External Fixation Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Animal External Fixation Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Animal External Fixation Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Animal External Fixation Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Animal External Fixation Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Animal External Fixation Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Animal External Fixation Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Animal External Fixation Product Development History
3.2 Asia Animal External Fixation Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Animal External Fixation Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Animal External Fixation Product Development History
7.2 North American Animal External Fixation Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Animal External Fixation Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Animal External Fixation Product Development History
11.2 Europe Animal External Fixation Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Animal External Fixation Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Animal External Fixation Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Animal External Fixation Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Animal External Fixation Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Animal External Fixation Market Analysis
17.2 Animal External Fixation Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Animal External Fixation New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Animal External Fixation Definition
1.2 Animal External Fixation Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Animal External Fixation Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Animal External Fixation Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Animal External Fixation Application Analysis
1.3.1 Animal External Fixation Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Animal External Fixation Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Animal External Fixation Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Animal External Fixation Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Animal External Fixation Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Animal External Fixation Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Animal External Fixation Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Animal External Fixation Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Animal External Fixation Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Animal External Fixation Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Animal External Fixation Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Animal External Fixation Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Animal External Fixation Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Animal External Fixation Product Development History
3.2 Asia Animal External Fixation Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Animal External Fixation Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Animal External Fixation Product Development History
7.2 North American Animal External Fixation Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Animal External Fixation Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Animal External Fixation Product Development History
11.2 Europe Animal External Fixation Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Animal External Fixation Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Animal External Fixation Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Animal External Fixation Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Animal External Fixation Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Animal External Fixation Market Analysis
17.2 Animal External Fixation Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Animal External Fixation New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Animal External Fixation Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL ANIMAL EXTERNAL FIXATION INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
