Global Ancestry Testing Market Research Report 2021-2025
Genetic ancestry testing, or genetic genealogy, is a way for people interested in family history (genealogy) to go beyond what they can learn from relatives or from historical documentation. In the context of China-US trade war and COVID-19 epidemic, it will have a big influence on this market. Ancestry Testing Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2025 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Ancestry Testing market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Ancestry Testing basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
MyHeritage
LabCorp
Myriad Genetics
Ancestry.com
Quest Diagnostics
Gene By Gene
DNA Diagnostics Center
Invitae
IntelliGenetics
Ambry Genetics
Living DNA
EasyDNA
Pathway Genomics
Centrillion Technology
Xcode
Color Genomics
Anglia DNA Services
African Ancestry
Canadian DNA Services
DNA Family Check
Alpha Biolaboratories
Test Me DNA
23 Mofang
Genetic Health
DNA Services of America
Shuwen Health Sciences
Mapmygenome
Full Genomes
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Ancestry Testing for each application, including-
Online
Offline
In this report, the global Ancestry Testing market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Ancestry Testing basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
MyHeritage
LabCorp
Myriad Genetics
Ancestry.com
Quest Diagnostics
Gene By Gene
DNA Diagnostics Center
Invitae
IntelliGenetics
Ambry Genetics
Living DNA
EasyDNA
Pathway Genomics
Centrillion Technology
Xcode
Color Genomics
Anglia DNA Services
African Ancestry
Canadian DNA Services
DNA Family Check
Alpha Biolaboratories
Test Me DNA
23 Mofang
Genetic Health
DNA Services of America
Shuwen Health Sciences
Mapmygenome
Full Genomes
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Ancestry Testing for each application, including-
Online
Offline
PART I ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Ancestry Testing Definition
1.2 Ancestry Testing Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Ancestry Testing Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Ancestry Testing Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Ancestry Testing Application Analysis
1.3.1 Ancestry Testing Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Ancestry Testing Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Ancestry Testing Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Ancestry Testing Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Ancestry Testing Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Ancestry Testing Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Ancestry Testing Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Ancestry Testing Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Ancestry Testing Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Ancestry Testing Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Ancestry Testing Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Ancestry Testing Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO ANCESTRY TESTING UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Ancestry Testing Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Ancestry Testing Product Development History
3.2 Asia Ancestry Testing Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Ancestry Testing Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Ancestry Testing Product Development History
7.2 North American Ancestry Testing Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Ancestry Testing Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Ancestry Testing Product Development History
11.2 Europe Ancestry Testing Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Ancestry Testing Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V ANCESTRY TESTING MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN ANCESTRY TESTING MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Ancestry Testing Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Ancestry Testing Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Ancestry Testing Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ANCESTRY TESTING NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Ancestry Testing Market Analysis
17.2 Ancestry Testing Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Ancestry Testing New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Ancestry Testing Definition
1.2 Ancestry Testing Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Ancestry Testing Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Ancestry Testing Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Ancestry Testing Application Analysis
1.3.1 Ancestry Testing Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Ancestry Testing Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Ancestry Testing Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Ancestry Testing Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Ancestry Testing Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Ancestry Testing Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Ancestry Testing Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Ancestry Testing Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Ancestry Testing Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Ancestry Testing Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Ancestry Testing Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Ancestry Testing Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO ANCESTRY TESTING UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Ancestry Testing Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Ancestry Testing Product Development History
3.2 Asia Ancestry Testing Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Ancestry Testing Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Ancestry Testing Product Development History
7.2 North American Ancestry Testing Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Ancestry Testing Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Ancestry Testing Product Development History
11.2 Europe Ancestry Testing Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Ancestry Testing Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V ANCESTRY TESTING MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN ANCESTRY TESTING MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Ancestry Testing Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Ancestry Testing Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Ancestry Testing Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ANCESTRY TESTING NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Ancestry Testing Market Analysis
17.2 Ancestry Testing Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Ancestry Testing New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Ancestry Testing Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL ANCESTRY TESTING INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
