Global Pre-recorded Disc Market Research Report 2020-2024
In the context of China-US trade war and COVID-19 epidemic, it will have a big influence on this market. Pre-recorded Disc Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2023 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Pre-recorded Disc market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Pre-recorded Disc basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation
Memory-Tech Corporation
U-Tech Media Co., Ltd
BOD
CMC Magnetics Corporation
RITEK
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Pre-recorded Disc for each application, including-
Audio
Games
In this report, the global Pre-recorded Disc market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Pre-recorded Disc basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation
Memory-Tech Corporation
U-Tech Media Co., Ltd
BOD
CMC Magnetics Corporation
RITEK
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Pre-recorded Disc for each application, including-
Audio
Games
PART I PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Pre-recorded Disc Definition
1.2 Pre-recorded Disc Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Pre-recorded Disc Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Pre-recorded Disc Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Pre-recorded Disc Application Analysis
1.3.1 Pre-recorded Disc Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Pre-recorded Disc Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Pre-recorded Disc Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Pre-recorded Disc Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Pre-recorded Disc Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Pre-recorded Disc Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Pre-recorded Disc Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Pre-recorded Disc Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Pre-recorded Disc Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Pre-recorded Disc Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Pre-recorded Disc Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Pre-recorded Disc Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO PRE-RECORDED DISC UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Pre-recorded Disc Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Pre-recorded Disc Product Development History
3.2 Asia Pre-recorded Disc Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Pre-recorded Disc Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Pre-recorded Disc Product Development History
7.2 North American Pre-recorded Disc Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Pre-recorded Disc Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Pre-recorded Disc Product Development History
11.2 Europe Pre-recorded Disc Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Pre-recorded Disc Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Pre-recorded Disc Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Pre-recorded Disc Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Pre-recorded Disc Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN PRE-RECORDED DISC NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Pre-recorded Disc Market Analysis
17.2 Pre-recorded Disc Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Pre-recorded Disc New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Pre-recorded Disc Definition
1.2 Pre-recorded Disc Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Pre-recorded Disc Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Pre-recorded Disc Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Pre-recorded Disc Application Analysis
1.3.1 Pre-recorded Disc Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Pre-recorded Disc Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Pre-recorded Disc Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Pre-recorded Disc Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Pre-recorded Disc Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Pre-recorded Disc Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Pre-recorded Disc Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Pre-recorded Disc Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Pre-recorded Disc Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Pre-recorded Disc Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Pre-recorded Disc Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Pre-recorded Disc Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO PRE-RECORDED DISC UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Pre-recorded Disc Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Pre-recorded Disc Product Development History
3.2 Asia Pre-recorded Disc Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Pre-recorded Disc Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Pre-recorded Disc Product Development History
7.2 North American Pre-recorded Disc Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Pre-recorded Disc Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Pre-recorded Disc Product Development History
11.2 Europe Pre-recorded Disc Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Pre-recorded Disc Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN PRE-RECORDED DISC MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Pre-recorded Disc Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Pre-recorded Disc Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Pre-recorded Disc Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN PRE-RECORDED DISC NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Pre-recorded Disc Market Analysis
17.2 Pre-recorded Disc Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Pre-recorded Disc New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Pre-recorded Disc Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL PRE-RECORDED DISC INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
