The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2024-2034
Printed and flexible electronics are shaping the future. Due to advancements in materials science, printing technology, and other additive manufacturing processes, product designers can now leverage flexible electronics’ many benefits without sacrificing capabilities and functionality. Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) that combine flexible substrates and low-cost functional ink printing with other traditional components are leading to innovative form factors and product differentiation, including smaller devices, improved comfort for users, and lightweighting.
The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2024-2034 provides an in-depth analysis of the global printed, flexible, stretchable and hybrid electronics industry. The report analyses the overall industry landscape including macro trends, latest technical and commercial developments, products, key enabling technologies like sensors, displays, circuits, materials etc. It provides a comparative analysis of manufacturing techniques like screen printing, inkjet printing, 3D printing, roll-to-roll processing etc.
In-depth demand analysis is provided across several verticals:
Over 50 key enabling materials and components are explored in detail spanning substrates, conductive materials, inks, printable semiconductors, thin film batteries, photovoltaics, lighting solutions etc. Trends in sustainability, biodegradability and recycling of flexible electronics are also analyzed.
On the demand side, the study provides granular ten-year forecasts by 24 key end-use applications and over a dozen vertical markets. For instance, in medical electronics, market revenues are segmented by continuous glucose monitors, cardiovascular monitors, wearable drug delivery devices, electronic skin patches, flexible displays, exoskeletons etc.
For automotive, forecast demand is quantified for sensors, lighting, EV range enhancement, HMI etc. The report also analyzes the integration of printed electronics in smart infrastructure across buildings, factories, warehouses, airports, retail spaces etc. and the key technologies powering this shift.
Emerging areas like the metaverse, flexible OLED lighting, transparent antennas, heaters, biomonitoring and assistive wearables have also been covered.
On the supply side, the report profiles 800+ manufacturers and developers of printed flexible electronics across sensors, batteries, PV, substrates, wearables, medical devices etc. Latest product launches, partnerships, pilot plants and production capacities are tracked for each company. Companies profiled include BeFC, Brewer Science, C3 Nano, Canatu, CHASM, Dracula Technologies, DuPont, e2ip Technologies, Electroninks, Elephantech, Epicore Biosystems, FlexEnable, Fuji Corporation, GE Healthcare, Heraeus Epurio, Inkron Oy (Nagase), Inuru, Japan Display, Inc. (JDI), LG Display, Liquid Wire, Myrias Optics, NovaCentrix, Optomec, Panasonic, PowerON, Pragmatic Semiconductor, Printoptix, PVNanoCell, SmartKem Ltd., Syenta, tacterion GmbH, Tactotek, TracXon, Voltera, Xymox Technologies, Inc. and Ynvisible.
Backed by over 250 tables and 500 figures, the report provides historic revenues from 2018-2022 and market forecasts up to 2034 by technology, components, products, regions and application sectors.
The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2024-2034 provides an in-depth analysis of the global printed, flexible, stretchable and hybrid electronics industry. The report analyses the overall industry landscape including macro trends, latest technical and commercial developments, products, key enabling technologies like sensors, displays, circuits, materials etc. It provides a comparative analysis of manufacturing techniques like screen printing, inkjet printing, 3D printing, roll-to-roll processing etc.
In-depth demand analysis is provided across several verticals:
- Consumer Electronics: wearables, hearables, sports/fitness monitors etc.
- Medical & Healthcare: electronic skin patches, continuous glucose monitors, remote patient monitoring, drug delivery, prosthetics etc.
- Automotive: HMI, sensors, lighting, battery monitoring, EV range enhancement etc.
- Smart Buildings & Construction: HVAC, lighting, asset tracking etc.
- Smart Packaging: freshness indicators, track & trace, anti-counterfeiting etc.
- E-textiles and apparel: temperature monitoring & regulation, stretchable E-fabrics, therapeutic textiles, sports & fitness, smart footwear, wearable displays, smart gloves etc.
- Displays: Flexible and foldable displays, Micro-LEDs, lighting etc.
Over 50 key enabling materials and components are explored in detail spanning substrates, conductive materials, inks, printable semiconductors, thin film batteries, photovoltaics, lighting solutions etc. Trends in sustainability, biodegradability and recycling of flexible electronics are also analyzed.
On the demand side, the study provides granular ten-year forecasts by 24 key end-use applications and over a dozen vertical markets. For instance, in medical electronics, market revenues are segmented by continuous glucose monitors, cardiovascular monitors, wearable drug delivery devices, electronic skin patches, flexible displays, exoskeletons etc.
For automotive, forecast demand is quantified for sensors, lighting, EV range enhancement, HMI etc. The report also analyzes the integration of printed electronics in smart infrastructure across buildings, factories, warehouses, airports, retail spaces etc. and the key technologies powering this shift.
Emerging areas like the metaverse, flexible OLED lighting, transparent antennas, heaters, biomonitoring and assistive wearables have also been covered.
On the supply side, the report profiles 800+ manufacturers and developers of printed flexible electronics across sensors, batteries, PV, substrates, wearables, medical devices etc. Latest product launches, partnerships, pilot plants and production capacities are tracked for each company. Companies profiled include BeFC, Brewer Science, C3 Nano, Canatu, CHASM, Dracula Technologies, DuPont, e2ip Technologies, Electroninks, Elephantech, Epicore Biosystems, FlexEnable, Fuji Corporation, GE Healthcare, Heraeus Epurio, Inkron Oy (Nagase), Inuru, Japan Display, Inc. (JDI), LG Display, Liquid Wire, Myrias Optics, NovaCentrix, Optomec, Panasonic, PowerON, Pragmatic Semiconductor, Printoptix, PVNanoCell, SmartKem Ltd., Syenta, tacterion GmbH, Tactotek, TracXon, Voltera, Xymox Technologies, Inc. and Ynvisible.
Backed by over 250 tables and 500 figures, the report provides historic revenues from 2018-2022 and market forecasts up to 2034 by technology, components, products, regions and application sectors.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 The evolution of electronics
1.2 Markets for printed and flexible electronics
1.2.1 Macro-trends
1.2.2 Healthcare and wellness
1.2.3 Automotive
1.2.4 Buildings and construction
1.2.5 Energy storage and harvesting
1.2.6 E-Textiles
1.2.7 Consumer electronics
1.2.8 Smart packaging and logistics
1.3 The wearables revolution
1.4 The wearable tech market in 2023
1.5 Continuous monitoring
1.6 Market map for printed and flexible electronics
1.7 Wearable market leaders
1.8 What is printed/flexible electronics?
1.8.1 Motivation for use
1.8.2 From rigid to flexible and stretchable
1.8.2.1 Stretchable electronics
1.8.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables
1.8.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices
1.8.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors
1.8.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting
1.8.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin
1.9 Role in the metaverse
1.10 Wearable electronics in the textiles industry
1.11 New conductive materials
1.12 Entertainment
1.13 Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market
1.13.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and hyrbid products
1.13.2 Future growth
1.13.3 Advanced materials as a market driver
1.13.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics
1.14 Innovations at CES 2021-2024
1.15 Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024
1.16 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
1.17 Sustainability in flexible electronics
1.18 Global market revenues, 2018-2034
1.18.1 Consumer electronics
1.18.2 Medical & healthcare
1.18.3 E-textiles and smart apparel
1.18.4 Displays
1.18.5 Automotive
1.18.6 Smart buildings
1.18.7 Smart packaging
2 MANUFACTURING METHODS
2.1 Comparative analysis
2.2 Printed electronics
2.2.1 Technology description
2.2.2 SWOT analysis
2.3 3D electronics
2.3.1 Technology description
2.3.2 SWOT analysis
2.4 Analogue printing
2.4.1 Technology description
2.4.2 SWOT analysis
2.5 Digital printing
2.5.1 Technology description
2.5.2 SWOT analysis
2.6 In-mold electronics (IME)
2.6.1 Technology description
2.6.2 SWOT analysis
2.7 Roll-to-roll (R2R)
2.7.1 Technology description
2.7.2 SWOT analysis
3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
3.1 Component attachment materials
3.1.1 Conductive adhesives
3.1.2 Biodegradable adhesives
3.1.3 Magnets
3.1.4 Bio-based solders
3.1.5 Bio-derived solders
3.1.6 Recycled plastics
3.1.7 Nano adhesives
3.1.8 Shape memory polymers
3.1.9 Photo-reversible polymers
3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers
3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods
3.1.12 Low temperature solder
3.1.13 Reflow soldering
3.1.14 Induction soldering
3.1.15 UV curing
3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing
3.1.18 Hybrid integration
3.2 Conductive inks
3.2.1 Metal-based conductive inks
3.2.2 Nanoparticle inks
3.2.3 Silver inks
3.2.4 Particle-Free conductive ink
3.2.5 Copper inks
3.2.6 Gold (Au) ink
3.2.7 Conductive polymer inks
3.2.8 Liquid metals
3.3 Printable semiconductors
3.3.1 Technology overview
3.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.3 SWOT analysis
3.4 Printable sensing materials
3.4.1 Overview
3.4.2 Types
3.4.3 SWOT analysis
3.5 Flexible Substrates
3.5.1 Flexible plastic substrates
3.5.1.1 Types of materials
3.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
3.5.2 Paper substrates
3.5.2.1 Overview
3.5.3 Glass substrates
3.5.3.1 Overview
3.5.4 Textile substrates
3.6 Flexible ICs
3.6.1 Description
3.6.2 Flexible metal oxide ICs
3.6.3 Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies
3.6.4 SWOT analysis
3.7 Printed PCBs
3.7.1 Description
3.7.2 High-Speed PCBs
3.7.3 Flexible PCBs
3.7.4 3D Printed PCBs
3.7.5 Sustainable PCBs
3.8 Thin film batteries
3.8.1 Technology description
3.8.2 SWOT analysis
3.9 Energy harvesting
3.9.1 Approaches
3.9.2 Perovskite photovoltaics
3.9.3 Applications
3.9.4 SWOT analysis
4 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
4.1 Macro-trends
4.2 Market drivers
4.3 SWOT analysis
4.4 Wearable sensors
4.5 Wearable actuators
4.6 Recent market developments
4.7 Wrist-worn wearables
4.7.1 Overview
4.7.2 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers
4.7.2.1 Sensing
4.7.2.2 Actuating
4.7.3 SWOT analysis
4.7.4 Health monitoring
4.7.5 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches
4.7.6 Main producers and products
4.8 Sports and fitness
4.8.1 Overview
4.8.2 Wearable devices and apparel
4.8.3 Skin patches
4.8.4 Products
4.9 Hearables
4.9.1 Technology overview
4.9.2 Assistive Hearables
4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring
4.9.3 SWOT analysis
4.9.4 Health & Fitness Hearables
4.9.5 Multimedia Hearables
4.9.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
4.9.7 Companies and products
4.10 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors
4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers
4.10.2 Smart rings
4.10.3 Headbands
4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices
4.10.4.1 Companies and products
4.11 Pet and animal wearables
4.12 Military wearables
4.13 Industrial and workplace monitoring
4.13.1 Products
4.14 Global market revenues
4.15 Market challenges
5 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS
5.1 Macro-trends
5.2 Market drivers
5.3 SWOT analysis
5.4 Current state of the art
5.4.1 Electrochemical biosensors
5.4.2 Skin patches for continuous monitoring
5.4.3 Printed pH sensors
5.4.4 Wearable medical device products
5.4.5 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring
5.5 Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation
5.5.1 Market overview
5.5.2 Companies and products
5.6 Electronic skin patches
5.6.1 Electronic skin sensors
5.6.2 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics
5.6.3 Nanomaterials-based devices
5.6.3.1 Graphene
5.6.4 Liquid metal alloys
5.6.5 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics
5.6.6 Printed batteries
5.6.7 Materials
5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials
5.6.8 SWOT analysis
5.6.9 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring
5.6.9.1 Market overview
5.6.9.2 Companies and products
5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
5.6.10.1 Market overview
5.6.11 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors
5.6.11.1 Technologies
5.6.12 Non-invasive CGM sensors
5.6.12.1 Commercial devices
5.6.12.2 Companies and products
5.6.13 Cardiovascular monitoring
5.6.13.1 Market overview
5.6.13.2 ECG sensors
5.6.13.2.1 Companies and products
5.6.13.3 PPG sensors
5.6.13.3.1 Companies and products
5.6.14 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring
5.6.14.1 Market overview
5.6.14.2 Companies and products
5.6.15 Hydration sensors
5.6.15.1 Market overview
5.6.15.2 Companies and products
5.6.16 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)
5.6.16.1 Market overview
5.6.16.2 Companies and products
5.7 Wearable drug delivery
5.7.1 Companies and products
5.8 Cosmetics patches
5.8.1 Companies and products
5.9 Femtech devices
5.9.1 Companies and products
5.10 Smart footwear for health monitoring
5.10.1 Companies and products
5.11 Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired
5.11.1 Companies and products
5.12 Smart woundcare
5.12.1 Companies and products
5.13 Smart diapers
5.13.1 Companies and products
5.14 Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots
5.14.1 Companies and products
5.15 Global market revenues
5.16 Market challenges
6 ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL
6.1 Macro-trends
6.2 Market drivers
6.3 SWOT analysis
6.4 Performance requirements for E-textiles
6.5 Growth prospects for electronic textiles
6.6 Textiles in the Internet of Things
6.7 Types of E-Textile products
6.7.1 Embedded e-textiles
6.7.2 Laminated e-textiles
6.8 Materials and components
6.8.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles
6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted
6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated
6.8.1.3 Textile-based
6.8.2 Manufacturing of E-textiles
6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks
6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers
6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets
6.8.3 Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles
6.8.4 E-textiles materials and components
6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns
6.8.4.1.1 Production
6.8.4.1.2 Metals
6.8.4.1.3 Carbon materials and nanofibers
6.8.4.1.3.1 Graphene
6.8.4.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
6.8.4.1.3.3 Nanofibers
6.8.4.2 Mxenes
6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)
6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers
6.8.4.4.1 PDMS
6.8.4.4.2 PEDOT: PSS
6.8.4.4.3 Polypyrrole (PPy)
6.8.4.4.4 Conductive polymer composites
6.8.4.4.5 Ionic conductive polymers
6.8.4.5 Conductive inks
6.8.4.5.1 Aqueous-Based Ink
6.8.4.5.2 Solvent-Based Ink
6.8.4.5.3 Oil-Based Ink
6.8.4.5.4 Hot-Melt Ink
6.8.4.5.5 UV-Curable Ink
6.8.4.5.6 Metal-based conductive inks
6.8.4.5.6.1 Nanoparticle ink
6.8.4.5.6.2 Silver inks
6.8.4.5.6.3 Copper inks
6.8.4.5.6.4 Gold (Au) ink
6.8.4.5.7 Carbon-based conductive inks
6.8.4.5.7.1 Carbon nanotubes
6.8.4.5.7.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes
6.8.4.5.7.3 Graphene
6.8.4.5.8 Liquid metals
6.8.4.5.8.1 Properties
6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments
6.8.4.7 Phase change materials
6.8.4.7.1 Temperature controlled fabrics
6.8.4.8 Shape memory materials
6.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites
6.8.4.10 Nanocoatings in smart textiles
6.8.4.11 3D printing
6.8.4.11.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
6.8.4.11.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
6.8.4.11.3 Products
6.8.5 E-textiles components
6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators
6.8.5.1.1 Physiological sensors
6.8.5.1.2 Environmental sensors
6.8.5.1.3 Pressure sensors
6.8.5.1.3.1 Flexible capacitive sensors
6.8.5.1.3.2 Flexible piezoresistive sensors
6.8.5.1.3.3 Flexible piezoelectric sensors
6.8.5.1.4 Activity sensors
6.8.5.1.5 Strain sensors
6.8.5.1.5.1 Resistive sensors
6.8.5.1.5.2 Capacitive strain sensors
6.8.5.1.6 Temperature sensors
6.8.5.1.7 Inertial measurement units (IMUs)
6.8.5.2 Electrodes
6.8.5.3 Connectors
6.9 Applications, markets and products
6.9.1 Current E-textiles and smart clothing products
6.9.2 Temperature monitoring and regulation
6.9.2.1 Heated clothing
6.9.2.2 Heated gloves
6.9.2.3 Heated insoles
6.9.2.4 Heated jacket and clothing products
6.9.2.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications
6.9.3 Stretchable E-fabrics
6.9.4 Therapeutic products
6.9.5 Sport & fitness
6.9.5.1 Products
6.9.6 Smart footwear
6.9.6.1 Companies and products
6.9.7 Wearable displays
6.9.8 Military
6.9.9 Textile-based lighting
6.9.9.1 OLEDs
6.9.10 Smart gloves
6.9.11 Powering E-textiles
6.9.11.1 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles
6.9.11.2 Bio-batteries
6.9.11.3 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles
6.9.11.4 Textile supercapacitors
6.9.11.5 Energy harvesting
6.9.11.5.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles
6.9.11.5.2 Energy harvesting nanogenerators
6.9.11.5.2.1 TENGs
6.9.11.5.2.2 PENGs
6.9.11.5.3 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting
6.9.12 Motion capture for AR/VR
6.10 Global market revenues
6.11 Market challenges
7 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING
7.1 Macro-trends
7.2 Market drivers
7.3 SWOT analysis
7.4 Applications of printed and flexible electronics
7.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics
7.6 Battery market megatrends
7.7 Solid-state thin film batteries
7.7.1 Introduction
7.7.1.1 Features and advantages
7.7.1.2 Technical specifications
7.7.1.3 Types
7.7.1.4 Microbatteries
7.7.1.4.1 Introduction
7.7.1.4.2 Materials
7.7.1.4.2.1 Applications
7.7.1.4.3 3D designs
7.7.1.4.3.1 3D printed batteries
7.7.1.5 Bulk type solid-state batteries
7.7.1.6 Shortcomings and market challenges for solid-state thin film batteries
7.8 Flexible batteries (including stretchable, rollable, bendable and foldable)
7.8.1 Technical specifications
7.8.1.1 Approaches to flexibility
7.8.1.1.1 Flexible electronics
7.8.1.1.2 Flexible materials
7.8.2 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries
7.8.3 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries
7.8.4 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries
7.8.4.1 Electrode designs
7.8.4.2 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries
7.8.4.3 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries
7.8.4.4 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries
7.8.5 Flexible Li/S batteries
7.8.5.1 Components
7.8.5.2 Carbon nanomaterials
7.8.6 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li MnO2) batteries
7.8.7 Flexible zinc-based batteries
7.8.7.1 Components
7.8.7.1.1 Anodes
7.8.7.1.2 Cathodes
7.8.7.2 Challenges
7.8.7.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn Mn) batteries
7.8.7.4 Flexible silver zinc (Ag Zn) batteries
7.8.7.5 Flexible Zn Air batteries
7.8.7.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
7.8.8 Fiber-shaped batteries
7.8.8.1 Carbon nanotubes
7.8.8.2 Types
7.8.8.3 Applications
7.8.8.4 Challenges
7.8.9 Transparent batteries
7.8.9.1 Components
7.8.10 Degradable batteries
7.8.10.1 Components
7.8.11 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors
7.8.11.1 Nanomaterials for electrodes
7.8.11.2 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices
7.9 Printed batteries
7.9.1 Technical specifications
7.9.1.1 Components
7.9.1.1.1 Design
7.9.1.2 Key features
7.9.1.3 Printable current collectors
7.9.1.4 Printable electrodes
7.9.1.5 Materials
7.9.1.6 Applications
7.9.1.7 Printing techniques
7.9.1.8 Applications
7.9.2 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries
7.9.3 Zinc-based printed batteries
7.9.4 3D Printed batteries
7.9.4.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
7.9.4.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries
7.9.4.2.1 Electrode materials
7.9.4.2.2 Electrolyte Materials
7.9.5 Printed supercapacitors
7.9.5.1 Electrode materials
7.9.5.2 Electrolytes
7.10 Photovoltaics
7.10.1 Conductive pastes
7.10.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)
7.10.3 Perovskite PV
7.10.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics
7.10.4.1 Companies
7.10.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles
7.10.6 Solar tape
7.10.7 Origami-like solar cells
7.10.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics
7.10.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles
7.11 Stretchable heaters
7.12 Spray-on thermoelectric energy harvesting
7.13 Paper based fuel cells
7.14 Global market revenues
7.15 Market challenges
8 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS
8.1 Macro-trends
8.2 Market drivers
8.3 SWOT analysis
8.4 Printed and flexible display prototypes and products
8.5 Organic LCDs (OLCDs)
8.6 Flexible AMOLEDs
8.7 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED)
8.7.1 Printed OLEDs
8.7.1.1 Performance
8.7.1.2 Challenges
8.7.1.3 Commercial inkjet-printed OLED displays
8.8 Flexible and foldable microLED
8.8.1 Foldable microLED displays
8.8.2 Product developers
8.9 Flexible QD displays
8.10 Smartphones
8.11 Laptops, tablets and other displays
8.12 Products and prototypes
8.13 Flexible lighting
8.13.1 OLED lighting
8.13.2 Automotive applications
8.13.2.1 Commercial activity
8.14 FHE for large area lighting
8.15 Directly printed LED lighting
8.16 Flexible electrophoretic displays
8.16.1 Commercial activity
8.17 Electrowetting displays
8.18 Electrochromic displays
8.19 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs)
8.19.1 Types
8.19.2 Challenges
8.19.3 White PeLEDs
8.19.4 Printable and flexible electronics
8.20 Metamaterials
8.20.1 Metasurfaces
8.20.1.1 Flexible metasurfaces
8.20.1.2 Meta-Lens
8.20.1.3 Metasurface holograms
8.20.1.4 Stretchable displays
8.20.1.5 Soft materials
8.21 Transparent displays
8.21.1 Product developers
8.22 Global market revenues
8.23 Market challenges
9 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS
9.1 Macro-trends
9.2 Market drivers
9.3 SWOT analysis
9.4 Applications
9.4.1 Electric vehicles
9.4.1.1 Applications
9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating
9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters
9.4.2 HMI
9.4.3 Automotive displays and lighting
9.4.3.1 Interiors
9.4.3.1.1 OLED and flexible displays
9.4.3.1.2 Passive-matrix OLEDs
9.4.3.1.3 Active matrix OLED
9.4.3.1.4 Transparent OLED for heads-up displays
9.4.3.1.5 LCD displays
9.4.3.1.6 Micro-LEDs in automotive displays
9.4.3.1.6.1 Head-up display (HUD)
9.4.3.1.6.2 Headlamps
9.4.3.1.6.3 Product developers
9.4.3.2 Exteriors
9.4.4 In-Mold Electronics
9.4.5 Printed and flexible sensors
9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors
9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors
9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors
9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors
9.4.5.5 Image sensors
9.4.5.5.1 Materials and technologies
9.4.6 Printed heaters
9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters
9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters
9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater
9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors
9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors
9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters
9.4.6.7 Direct heating
9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters
9.4.7 Transparent antennas
9.4.8 Global market revenues
9.4.9 Market challenges
10 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS
10.1 Macro-trends
10.2 Market drivers
10.3 SWOT analysis
10.4 Applications
10.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics
10.4.2 Customizable interiors
10.4.3 Sensors
10.4.3.1 Capacitive sensors
10.4.3.2 Temperature and humidity sensors
10.4.3.3 Sensors for air quality
10.4.3.4 Magnetostrictive sensors
10.4.3.5 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids
10.4.3.6 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings
10.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas
10.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)
10.4.6 Industrial monitoring
10.5 Global market revenues
11 SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS
11.1 What is Smart Packaging?
11.1.1 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
11.1.2 Printed batteries and antennas
11.1.3 Flexible silicon integrated circuits
11.1.4 Natural materials in packaging
11.1.5 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing
11.1.6 OLEDs for smart and interactive packaging
11.1.7 Active packaging
11.1.8 Intelligent packaging
11.1.8.1 Smart Cards
11.1.8.2 RFID tags
11.1.8.2.1 Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz
11.1.8.2.2 High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz
11.1.8.2.3 Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz
11.1.8.2.4 Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags
11.1.8.3 Temperature Indicators
11.1.8.4 Freshness Indicators
11.1.8.5 Gas Indicators
11.2 SWOT analysis
11.3 Supply chain management
11.4 Improving product freshness and extending shelf life
11.5 Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting
11.6 Printed and flexible electronics in packaging
11.6.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging
11.6.2 Printed codes and markings
11.6.3 Barcodes (D)
11.6.4 D data matrix codes
11.6.5 Quick response (QR) codes
11.6.6 Augmented reality (AR) codes
11.6.7 Sensors and indicators
11.6.7.1 Freshness Indicators
11.6.7.2 Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs)
11.6.7.3 Natural colour formulation indicator
11.6.7.4 Thermochromic inks
11.6.7.5 Gas indicators
11.6.7.6 Chemical Sensors
11.6.7.7 Electrochemical-Based Sensors
11.6.7.8 Optical-Based Sensors
11.6.7.9 Biosensors
11.6.7.9.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
11.6.7.9.2 Optical-Based Biosensors
11.6.7.10 Edible Sensors
11.6.8 Antennas
11.6.8.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID)
11.6.8.1.1 RFID technologies
11.6.8.1.1.1 Biosensors on RFID tags
11.6.8.1.1.2 Powerless RFID sensor tags
11.6.8.1.1.3 RFID ICs with Large Area Printed Sensors
11.6.8.1.1.4 RFID for anti-counterfeiting
11.6.8.1.2 Passive RFID
11.6.8.1.3 Active RFID
11.6.8.1.3.1 Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)
11.6.8.1.3.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
11.6.8.1.4 Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags
11.6.8.1.5 RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging
11.6.8.2 Near-field communications (NFC)
11.6.9 Smart blister packs
11.7 Global market revenues
12 COMPANY PROFILES 712 (689 COMPANY PROFILES)
13 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
14 REFERENCES
1.1 The evolution of electronics
1.2 Markets for printed and flexible electronics
1.2.1 Macro-trends
1.2.2 Healthcare and wellness
1.2.3 Automotive
1.2.4 Buildings and construction
1.2.5 Energy storage and harvesting
1.2.6 E-Textiles
1.2.7 Consumer electronics
1.2.8 Smart packaging and logistics
1.3 The wearables revolution
1.4 The wearable tech market in 2023
1.5 Continuous monitoring
1.6 Market map for printed and flexible electronics
1.7 Wearable market leaders
1.8 What is printed/flexible electronics?
1.8.1 Motivation for use
1.8.2 From rigid to flexible and stretchable
1.8.2.1 Stretchable electronics
1.8.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables
1.8.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices
1.8.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors
1.8.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting
1.8.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin
1.9 Role in the metaverse
1.10 Wearable electronics in the textiles industry
1.11 New conductive materials
1.12 Entertainment
1.13 Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market
1.13.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and hyrbid products
1.13.2 Future growth
1.13.3 Advanced materials as a market driver
1.13.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics
1.14 Innovations at CES 2021-2024
1.15 Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024
1.16 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
1.17 Sustainability in flexible electronics
1.18 Global market revenues, 2018-2034
1.18.1 Consumer electronics
1.18.2 Medical & healthcare
1.18.3 E-textiles and smart apparel
1.18.4 Displays
1.18.5 Automotive
1.18.6 Smart buildings
1.18.7 Smart packaging
2 MANUFACTURING METHODS
2.1 Comparative analysis
2.2 Printed electronics
2.2.1 Technology description
2.2.2 SWOT analysis
2.3 3D electronics
2.3.1 Technology description
2.3.2 SWOT analysis
2.4 Analogue printing
2.4.1 Technology description
2.4.2 SWOT analysis
2.5 Digital printing
2.5.1 Technology description
2.5.2 SWOT analysis
2.6 In-mold electronics (IME)
2.6.1 Technology description
2.6.2 SWOT analysis
2.7 Roll-to-roll (R2R)
2.7.1 Technology description
2.7.2 SWOT analysis
3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
3.1 Component attachment materials
3.1.1 Conductive adhesives
3.1.2 Biodegradable adhesives
3.1.3 Magnets
3.1.4 Bio-based solders
3.1.5 Bio-derived solders
3.1.6 Recycled plastics
3.1.7 Nano adhesives
3.1.8 Shape memory polymers
3.1.9 Photo-reversible polymers
3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers
3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods
3.1.12 Low temperature solder
3.1.13 Reflow soldering
3.1.14 Induction soldering
3.1.15 UV curing
3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing
3.1.18 Hybrid integration
3.2 Conductive inks
3.2.1 Metal-based conductive inks
3.2.2 Nanoparticle inks
3.2.3 Silver inks
3.2.4 Particle-Free conductive ink
3.2.5 Copper inks
3.2.6 Gold (Au) ink
3.2.7 Conductive polymer inks
3.2.8 Liquid metals
3.3 Printable semiconductors
3.3.1 Technology overview
3.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.3 SWOT analysis
3.4 Printable sensing materials
3.4.1 Overview
3.4.2 Types
3.4.3 SWOT analysis
3.5 Flexible Substrates
3.5.1 Flexible plastic substrates
3.5.1.1 Types of materials
3.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
3.5.2 Paper substrates
3.5.2.1 Overview
3.5.3 Glass substrates
3.5.3.1 Overview
3.5.4 Textile substrates
3.6 Flexible ICs
3.6.1 Description
3.6.2 Flexible metal oxide ICs
3.6.3 Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies
3.6.4 SWOT analysis
3.7 Printed PCBs
3.7.1 Description
3.7.2 High-Speed PCBs
3.7.3 Flexible PCBs
3.7.4 3D Printed PCBs
3.7.5 Sustainable PCBs
3.8 Thin film batteries
3.8.1 Technology description
3.8.2 SWOT analysis
3.9 Energy harvesting
3.9.1 Approaches
3.9.2 Perovskite photovoltaics
3.9.3 Applications
3.9.4 SWOT analysis
4 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
4.1 Macro-trends
4.2 Market drivers
4.3 SWOT analysis
4.4 Wearable sensors
4.5 Wearable actuators
4.6 Recent market developments
4.7 Wrist-worn wearables
4.7.1 Overview
4.7.2 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers
4.7.2.1 Sensing
4.7.2.2 Actuating
4.7.3 SWOT analysis
4.7.4 Health monitoring
4.7.5 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches
4.7.6 Main producers and products
4.8 Sports and fitness
4.8.1 Overview
4.8.2 Wearable devices and apparel
4.8.3 Skin patches
4.8.4 Products
4.9 Hearables
4.9.1 Technology overview
4.9.2 Assistive Hearables
4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring
4.9.3 SWOT analysis
4.9.4 Health & Fitness Hearables
4.9.5 Multimedia Hearables
4.9.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
4.9.7 Companies and products
4.10 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors
4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers
4.10.2 Smart rings
4.10.3 Headbands
4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices
4.10.4.1 Companies and products
4.11 Pet and animal wearables
4.12 Military wearables
4.13 Industrial and workplace monitoring
4.13.1 Products
4.14 Global market revenues
4.15 Market challenges
5 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS
5.1 Macro-trends
5.2 Market drivers
5.3 SWOT analysis
5.4 Current state of the art
5.4.1 Electrochemical biosensors
5.4.2 Skin patches for continuous monitoring
5.4.3 Printed pH sensors
5.4.4 Wearable medical device products
5.4.5 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring
5.5 Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation
5.5.1 Market overview
5.5.2 Companies and products
5.6 Electronic skin patches
5.6.1 Electronic skin sensors
5.6.2 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics
5.6.3 Nanomaterials-based devices
5.6.3.1 Graphene
5.6.4 Liquid metal alloys
5.6.5 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics
5.6.6 Printed batteries
5.6.7 Materials
5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials
5.6.8 SWOT analysis
5.6.9 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring
5.6.9.1 Market overview
5.6.9.2 Companies and products
5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
5.6.10.1 Market overview
5.6.11 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors
5.6.11.1 Technologies
5.6.12 Non-invasive CGM sensors
5.6.12.1 Commercial devices
5.6.12.2 Companies and products
5.6.13 Cardiovascular monitoring
5.6.13.1 Market overview
5.6.13.2 ECG sensors
5.6.13.2.1 Companies and products
5.6.13.3 PPG sensors
5.6.13.3.1 Companies and products
5.6.14 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring
5.6.14.1 Market overview
5.6.14.2 Companies and products
5.6.15 Hydration sensors
5.6.15.1 Market overview
5.6.15.2 Companies and products
5.6.16 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)
5.6.16.1 Market overview
5.6.16.2 Companies and products
5.7 Wearable drug delivery
5.7.1 Companies and products
5.8 Cosmetics patches
5.8.1 Companies and products
5.9 Femtech devices
5.9.1 Companies and products
5.10 Smart footwear for health monitoring
5.10.1 Companies and products
5.11 Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired
5.11.1 Companies and products
5.12 Smart woundcare
5.12.1 Companies and products
5.13 Smart diapers
5.13.1 Companies and products
5.14 Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots
5.14.1 Companies and products
5.15 Global market revenues
5.16 Market challenges
6 ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL
6.1 Macro-trends
6.2 Market drivers
6.3 SWOT analysis
6.4 Performance requirements for E-textiles
6.5 Growth prospects for electronic textiles
6.6 Textiles in the Internet of Things
6.7 Types of E-Textile products
6.7.1 Embedded e-textiles
6.7.2 Laminated e-textiles
6.8 Materials and components
6.8.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles
6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted
6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated
6.8.1.3 Textile-based
6.8.2 Manufacturing of E-textiles
6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks
6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers
6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets
6.8.3 Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles
6.8.4 E-textiles materials and components
6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns
6.8.4.1.1 Production
6.8.4.1.2 Metals
6.8.4.1.3 Carbon materials and nanofibers
6.8.4.1.3.1 Graphene
6.8.4.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
6.8.4.1.3.3 Nanofibers
6.8.4.2 Mxenes
6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)
6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers
6.8.4.4.1 PDMS
6.8.4.4.2 PEDOT: PSS
6.8.4.4.3 Polypyrrole (PPy)
6.8.4.4.4 Conductive polymer composites
6.8.4.4.5 Ionic conductive polymers
6.8.4.5 Conductive inks
6.8.4.5.1 Aqueous-Based Ink
6.8.4.5.2 Solvent-Based Ink
6.8.4.5.3 Oil-Based Ink
6.8.4.5.4 Hot-Melt Ink
6.8.4.5.5 UV-Curable Ink
6.8.4.5.6 Metal-based conductive inks
6.8.4.5.6.1 Nanoparticle ink
6.8.4.5.6.2 Silver inks
6.8.4.5.6.3 Copper inks
6.8.4.5.6.4 Gold (Au) ink
6.8.4.5.7 Carbon-based conductive inks
6.8.4.5.7.1 Carbon nanotubes
6.8.4.5.7.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes
6.8.4.5.7.3 Graphene
6.8.4.5.8 Liquid metals
6.8.4.5.8.1 Properties
6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments
6.8.4.7 Phase change materials
6.8.4.7.1 Temperature controlled fabrics
6.8.4.8 Shape memory materials
6.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites
6.8.4.10 Nanocoatings in smart textiles
6.8.4.11 3D printing
6.8.4.11.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
6.8.4.11.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
6.8.4.11.3 Products
6.8.5 E-textiles components
6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators
6.8.5.1.1 Physiological sensors
6.8.5.1.2 Environmental sensors
6.8.5.1.3 Pressure sensors
6.8.5.1.3.1 Flexible capacitive sensors
6.8.5.1.3.2 Flexible piezoresistive sensors
6.8.5.1.3.3 Flexible piezoelectric sensors
6.8.5.1.4 Activity sensors
6.8.5.1.5 Strain sensors
6.8.5.1.5.1 Resistive sensors
6.8.5.1.5.2 Capacitive strain sensors
6.8.5.1.6 Temperature sensors
6.8.5.1.7 Inertial measurement units (IMUs)
6.8.5.2 Electrodes
6.8.5.3 Connectors
6.9 Applications, markets and products
6.9.1 Current E-textiles and smart clothing products
6.9.2 Temperature monitoring and regulation
6.9.2.1 Heated clothing
6.9.2.2 Heated gloves
6.9.2.3 Heated insoles
6.9.2.4 Heated jacket and clothing products
6.9.2.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications
6.9.3 Stretchable E-fabrics
6.9.4 Therapeutic products
6.9.5 Sport & fitness
6.9.5.1 Products
6.9.6 Smart footwear
6.9.6.1 Companies and products
6.9.7 Wearable displays
6.9.8 Military
6.9.9 Textile-based lighting
6.9.9.1 OLEDs
6.9.10 Smart gloves
6.9.11 Powering E-textiles
6.9.11.1 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles
6.9.11.2 Bio-batteries
6.9.11.3 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles
6.9.11.4 Textile supercapacitors
6.9.11.5 Energy harvesting
6.9.11.5.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles
6.9.11.5.2 Energy harvesting nanogenerators
6.9.11.5.2.1 TENGs
6.9.11.5.2.2 PENGs
6.9.11.5.3 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting
6.9.12 Motion capture for AR/VR
6.10 Global market revenues
6.11 Market challenges
7 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING
7.1 Macro-trends
7.2 Market drivers
7.3 SWOT analysis
7.4 Applications of printed and flexible electronics
7.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics
7.6 Battery market megatrends
7.7 Solid-state thin film batteries
7.7.1 Introduction
7.7.1.1 Features and advantages
7.7.1.2 Technical specifications
7.7.1.3 Types
7.7.1.4 Microbatteries
7.7.1.4.1 Introduction
7.7.1.4.2 Materials
7.7.1.4.2.1 Applications
7.7.1.4.3 3D designs
7.7.1.4.3.1 3D printed batteries
7.7.1.5 Bulk type solid-state batteries
7.7.1.6 Shortcomings and market challenges for solid-state thin film batteries
7.8 Flexible batteries (including stretchable, rollable, bendable and foldable)
7.8.1 Technical specifications
7.8.1.1 Approaches to flexibility
7.8.1.1.1 Flexible electronics
7.8.1.1.2 Flexible materials
7.8.2 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries
7.8.3 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries
7.8.4 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries
7.8.4.1 Electrode designs
7.8.4.2 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries
7.8.4.3 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries
7.8.4.4 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries
7.8.5 Flexible Li/S batteries
7.8.5.1 Components
7.8.5.2 Carbon nanomaterials
7.8.6 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li MnO2) batteries
7.8.7 Flexible zinc-based batteries
7.8.7.1 Components
7.8.7.1.1 Anodes
7.8.7.1.2 Cathodes
7.8.7.2 Challenges
7.8.7.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn Mn) batteries
7.8.7.4 Flexible silver zinc (Ag Zn) batteries
7.8.7.5 Flexible Zn Air batteries
7.8.7.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
7.8.8 Fiber-shaped batteries
7.8.8.1 Carbon nanotubes
7.8.8.2 Types
7.8.8.3 Applications
7.8.8.4 Challenges
7.8.9 Transparent batteries
7.8.9.1 Components
7.8.10 Degradable batteries
7.8.10.1 Components
7.8.11 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors
7.8.11.1 Nanomaterials for electrodes
7.8.11.2 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices
7.9 Printed batteries
7.9.1 Technical specifications
7.9.1.1 Components
7.9.1.1.1 Design
7.9.1.2 Key features
7.9.1.3 Printable current collectors
7.9.1.4 Printable electrodes
7.9.1.5 Materials
7.9.1.6 Applications
7.9.1.7 Printing techniques
7.9.1.8 Applications
7.9.2 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries
7.9.3 Zinc-based printed batteries
7.9.4 3D Printed batteries
7.9.4.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
7.9.4.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries
7.9.4.2.1 Electrode materials
7.9.4.2.2 Electrolyte Materials
7.9.5 Printed supercapacitors
7.9.5.1 Electrode materials
7.9.5.2 Electrolytes
7.10 Photovoltaics
7.10.1 Conductive pastes
7.10.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)
7.10.3 Perovskite PV
7.10.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics
7.10.4.1 Companies
7.10.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles
7.10.6 Solar tape
7.10.7 Origami-like solar cells
7.10.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics
7.10.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles
7.11 Stretchable heaters
7.12 Spray-on thermoelectric energy harvesting
7.13 Paper based fuel cells
7.14 Global market revenues
7.15 Market challenges
8 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS
8.1 Macro-trends
8.2 Market drivers
8.3 SWOT analysis
8.4 Printed and flexible display prototypes and products
8.5 Organic LCDs (OLCDs)
8.6 Flexible AMOLEDs
8.7 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED)
8.7.1 Printed OLEDs
8.7.1.1 Performance
8.7.1.2 Challenges
8.7.1.3 Commercial inkjet-printed OLED displays
8.8 Flexible and foldable microLED
8.8.1 Foldable microLED displays
8.8.2 Product developers
8.9 Flexible QD displays
8.10 Smartphones
8.11 Laptops, tablets and other displays
8.12 Products and prototypes
8.13 Flexible lighting
8.13.1 OLED lighting
8.13.2 Automotive applications
8.13.2.1 Commercial activity
8.14 FHE for large area lighting
8.15 Directly printed LED lighting
8.16 Flexible electrophoretic displays
8.16.1 Commercial activity
8.17 Electrowetting displays
8.18 Electrochromic displays
8.19 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs)
8.19.1 Types
8.19.2 Challenges
8.19.3 White PeLEDs
8.19.4 Printable and flexible electronics
8.20 Metamaterials
8.20.1 Metasurfaces
8.20.1.1 Flexible metasurfaces
8.20.1.2 Meta-Lens
8.20.1.3 Metasurface holograms
8.20.1.4 Stretchable displays
8.20.1.5 Soft materials
8.21 Transparent displays
8.21.1 Product developers
8.22 Global market revenues
8.23 Market challenges
9 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS
9.1 Macro-trends
9.2 Market drivers
9.3 SWOT analysis
9.4 Applications
9.4.1 Electric vehicles
9.4.1.1 Applications
9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating
9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters
9.4.2 HMI
9.4.3 Automotive displays and lighting
9.4.3.1 Interiors
9.4.3.1.1 OLED and flexible displays
9.4.3.1.2 Passive-matrix OLEDs
9.4.3.1.3 Active matrix OLED
9.4.3.1.4 Transparent OLED for heads-up displays
9.4.3.1.5 LCD displays
9.4.3.1.6 Micro-LEDs in automotive displays
9.4.3.1.6.1 Head-up display (HUD)
9.4.3.1.6.2 Headlamps
9.4.3.1.6.3 Product developers
9.4.3.2 Exteriors
9.4.4 In-Mold Electronics
9.4.5 Printed and flexible sensors
9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors
9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors
9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors
9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors
9.4.5.5 Image sensors
9.4.5.5.1 Materials and technologies
9.4.6 Printed heaters
9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters
9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters
9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater
9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors
9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors
9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters
9.4.6.7 Direct heating
9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters
9.4.7 Transparent antennas
9.4.8 Global market revenues
9.4.9 Market challenges
10 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS
10.1 Macro-trends
10.2 Market drivers
10.3 SWOT analysis
10.4 Applications
10.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics
10.4.2 Customizable interiors
10.4.3 Sensors
10.4.3.1 Capacitive sensors
10.4.3.2 Temperature and humidity sensors
10.4.3.3 Sensors for air quality
10.4.3.4 Magnetostrictive sensors
10.4.3.5 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids
10.4.3.6 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings
10.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas
10.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)
10.4.6 Industrial monitoring
10.5 Global market revenues
11 SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS
11.1 What is Smart Packaging?
11.1.1 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
11.1.2 Printed batteries and antennas
11.1.3 Flexible silicon integrated circuits
11.1.4 Natural materials in packaging
11.1.5 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing
11.1.6 OLEDs for smart and interactive packaging
11.1.7 Active packaging
11.1.8 Intelligent packaging
11.1.8.1 Smart Cards
11.1.8.2 RFID tags
11.1.8.2.1 Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz
11.1.8.2.2 High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz
11.1.8.2.3 Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz
11.1.8.2.4 Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags
11.1.8.3 Temperature Indicators
11.1.8.4 Freshness Indicators
11.1.8.5 Gas Indicators
11.2 SWOT analysis
11.3 Supply chain management
11.4 Improving product freshness and extending shelf life
11.5 Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting
11.6 Printed and flexible electronics in packaging
11.6.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging
11.6.2 Printed codes and markings
11.6.3 Barcodes (D)
11.6.4 D data matrix codes
11.6.5 Quick response (QR) codes
11.6.6 Augmented reality (AR) codes
11.6.7 Sensors and indicators
11.6.7.1 Freshness Indicators
11.6.7.2 Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs)
11.6.7.3 Natural colour formulation indicator
11.6.7.4 Thermochromic inks
11.6.7.5 Gas indicators
11.6.7.6 Chemical Sensors
11.6.7.7 Electrochemical-Based Sensors
11.6.7.8 Optical-Based Sensors
11.6.7.9 Biosensors
11.6.7.9.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
11.6.7.9.2 Optical-Based Biosensors
11.6.7.10 Edible Sensors
11.6.8 Antennas
11.6.8.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID)
11.6.8.1.1 RFID technologies
11.6.8.1.1.1 Biosensors on RFID tags
11.6.8.1.1.2 Powerless RFID sensor tags
11.6.8.1.1.3 RFID ICs with Large Area Printed Sensors
11.6.8.1.1.4 RFID for anti-counterfeiting
11.6.8.1.2 Passive RFID
11.6.8.1.3 Active RFID
11.6.8.1.3.1 Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)
11.6.8.1.3.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
11.6.8.1.4 Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags
11.6.8.1.5 RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging
11.6.8.2 Near-field communications (NFC)
11.6.9 Smart blister packs
11.7 Global market revenues
12 COMPANY PROFILES 712 (689 COMPANY PROFILES)
13 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
14 REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Macro-trends driving printed/flexible electronics.
Table 2. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness.
Table 3. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
Table 4. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction.
Table 5. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting.
Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles.
Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics.
Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics.
Table 9. Types of wearable devices and applications.
Table 10. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.
Table 11. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units).
Table 12. New wearable tech products 2022-2024.
Table 13. Wearable market leaders by market segment.
Table 14. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables.
Table 15. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors.
Table 16. Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics
Table 17. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse.
Table 18. Advanced materials for Printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 19. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).
Table 20. Applications of printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the entertainment industry.
Table 21. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2021-2024.
Table 22. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024.
Table 23. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.
Table 25. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE
Table 26. Research and commercial activity in FHE.
Table 27. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.
Table 28. Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.
Table 29. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.
Table 30. Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.
Table 31. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps
Table 32. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing.
Table 33. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.
Table 34. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing
Table 35. Innovations in high resolution printing.
Table 36. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.
Table 37. IME manufacturing techniques.
Table 38. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.
Table 39. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.
Table 40. Materials for printed and flexible electronics.
Table 41. Comparison of component attachment materials.
Table 42. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
Table 43. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.
Table 44. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.
Table 45. Low temperature solder alloys.
Table 46. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.
Table 47. Typical conductive ink formulation.
Table 48. Comparative properties of conductive inks.
Table 49. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.
Table 50. Conductive ink producers.
Table 51. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.
Table 52. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 53. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.
Table 54. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types.
Table 55. Properties of typical flexible substrates.
Table 56. Comparison of stretchable substrates.
Table 57. Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.
Table 58. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.
Table 59. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 60. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.
Table 61. PCB manufacturing process.
Table 62. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.
Table 63. 3D PCB manufacturing.
Table 64. Macro-trends in consumer electronics.
Table 65. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.
Table 66. Types of wearable sensors.
Table 67. Trends in wearable technology.
Table 68. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.
Table 69. Overview of actuating at the wrist
Table 70. Wearable health monitors.
Table 71. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products.
Table 72. Wearable sensors for sports performance.
Table 73. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.
Table 74. Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.
Table 75. Sensing options in the ear.
Table 76. Companies and products in hearables.
Table 77. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices.
Table 78. Smart ring products.
Table 79. Sleep headband products.
Table 80. Sleep monitoring products.
Table 81. Pet wearable companies and products.
Table 82. Wearable electronics applications in the military.
Table 83. Wearable workplace products.
Table 84. Global market revenues for printed and flexible in consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).
Table 85. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics.
Table 86. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness.
Table 87. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.
Table 88. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics.
Table 89. Examples of wearable medical device products.
Table 90. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis.
Table 91. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain.
Table 92. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor.
Table 93. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches.
Table 94. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.
Table 95. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.
Table 96. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.
Table 97. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.
Table 98. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products.
Table 99. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.
Table 100. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.
Table 101. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.
Table 102. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.
Table 103. Companies and products in smart footwear.
Table 104. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.
Table 105. Companies and products in smart wound care.
Table 106. Companies developing smart diaper products.
Table 107. Companies developing wearable robotics.
Table 108. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 109. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.
Table 110. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.
Table 111. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.
Table 112. Examples of smart textile products.
Table 113. Performance requirements for E-textiles.
Table 114. Commercially available smart clothing products.
Table 115. Types of smart textiles.
Table 116. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods.
Table 117. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.
Table 118. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.
Table 119. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.
Table 120. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.
Table 121. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.
Table 122. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.
Table 123. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.
Table 124. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.
Table 125. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.
Table 126. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
Table 127. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.
Table 128. Typical conductive ink formulation.
Table 129. Comparative properties of conductive inks.
Table 130. Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions.
Table 131. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.
Table 132. Properties of graphene.
Table 133. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene.
Table 134. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.
Table 135. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.
Table 136. 3D printed shoes.
Table 137. Sensors used in electronic textiles.
Table 138. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures.
Table 139. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.
Table 140. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.
Table 141. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products.
Table 142. Example heated jacket products.
Table 143. Heated jacket and clothing products.
Table 144. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.
Table 145. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.
Table 146. Example earable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.
Table 147.Companies and products in smart footwear.
Table 148. Wearable electronics applications in the military.
Table 149. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.
Table 150. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance.
Table 151. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.
Table 152. Teslasuit.
Table 153. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 154. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.
Table 155. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy.
Table 156. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.
Table 157. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.
Table 158. Battery market megatrends.
Table 159. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.
Table 160. Shortcoming of solid-state thin film batteries.
Table 161. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.
Table 162. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.
Table 163. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.
Table 164. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.
Table 165. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.
Table 166. Components of transparent batteries.
Table 167. Components of degradable batteries.
Table 168. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.
Table 169. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.
Table 170, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.
Table 171. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.
Table 172. 2D and 3D printing techniques.
Table 173. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.
Table 174. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.
Table 175. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn MnO2 and other battery types.
Table 176. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.
Table 177. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.
Table 178. Methods for printing supercapacitors.
Table 179. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.
Table 180. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.
Table 181. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.
Table 182. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.
Table 183. companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics
Table 184. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.
Table 185. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 186. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.
Table 187. Macro-trends in displays.
Table 188. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components.
Table 189. Printed and flexible displays products.
Table 190. Flexible miniLED and MicroLED products.
Table 191. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies.
Table 192. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets and other display products, on or near market.
Table 193. Companies developing OLED lighting products.
Table 194. Types of electrochromic materials and applications.
Table 195. Applications of Mini-LED and Micro-LED transparent displays.
Table 196. Companies developing Micro-LED transparent displays.
Table 197. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 198. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays.
Table 199. Macro-trends in automotive.
Table 200. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
Table 201. Printed and flexible electronics in the automotive market.
Table 202. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting.
Table 203. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors.
Table 204. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive.
Table 205. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products.
Table 206. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors.
Table 207. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors.
Table 208. Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications.
Table 209. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications.
Table 210. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS.
Table 211. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications
Table 212. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies
Table 213. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications.
Table 214. Printed car seat heaters.
Table 215. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters.
Table 216. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.
Table 217. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.
Table 218. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS.
Table 219. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 220. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
Table 221. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction.
Table 222. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings.
Table 223. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications.
Table 224. Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors.
Table 225. Types of smart building sensors.
Table 226. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings.
Table 227. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings.
Table 228. Types of flexible humidity sensors.
Table 229. MOF sensor applications.
Table 230. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 231. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics.
Table 232. Types of Active packaging.
Table 233. Commercially available food active packaging.
Table 234. Types of intelligent packaging.
Table 235. Types of RFID tags.
Table 236. Commercially available time-temperature indicators (TTI) indicators.
Table 237. Commercially available freshness indicators.
Table 238. Commercially available gas indicators.
Table 239. Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers.
Table 240. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes.
Table 241. Commercially available freshness indicators.
Table 242. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators
Table 243. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs).
Table 244. Types of ripeness indicators.
Table 245. Commercially available gas indicators.
Table 246. Chemical sensors in smart packaging.
Table 247. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging.
Table 248. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications.
Table 249. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging:
Table 250. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging.
Table 251. Types of edible sensors for food packaging.
Table 252. Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology.
Table 253. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency.
Table 254. Examples of NFC in packaging.
Table 255. Companies in smart blister packs.
Table 256. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 257. 3DOM separator.
Table 258. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.
Table 259. TCL Mini-LED product range.
Table 1. Macro-trends driving printed/flexible electronics.
Table 2. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness.
Table 3. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
Table 4. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction.
Table 5. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting.
Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles.
Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics.
Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics.
Table 9. Types of wearable devices and applications.
Table 10. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.
Table 11. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units).
Table 12. New wearable tech products 2022-2024.
Table 13. Wearable market leaders by market segment.
Table 14. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables.
Table 15. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors.
Table 16. Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics
Table 17. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse.
Table 18. Advanced materials for Printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 19. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).
Table 20. Applications of printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the entertainment industry.
Table 21. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2021-2024.
Table 22. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024.
Table 23. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.
Table 25. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE
Table 26. Research and commercial activity in FHE.
Table 27. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.
Table 28. Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.
Table 29. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.
Table 30. Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.
Table 31. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps
Table 32. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing.
Table 33. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.
Table 34. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing
Table 35. Innovations in high resolution printing.
Table 36. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.
Table 37. IME manufacturing techniques.
Table 38. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.
Table 39. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.
Table 40. Materials for printed and flexible electronics.
Table 41. Comparison of component attachment materials.
Table 42. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
Table 43. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.
Table 44. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.
Table 45. Low temperature solder alloys.
Table 46. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.
Table 47. Typical conductive ink formulation.
Table 48. Comparative properties of conductive inks.
Table 49. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.
Table 50. Conductive ink producers.
Table 51. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.
Table 52. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 53. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.
Table 54. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types.
Table 55. Properties of typical flexible substrates.
Table 56. Comparison of stretchable substrates.
Table 57. Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.
Table 58. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.
Table 59. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 60. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.
Table 61. PCB manufacturing process.
Table 62. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.
Table 63. 3D PCB manufacturing.
Table 64. Macro-trends in consumer electronics.
Table 65. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.
Table 66. Types of wearable sensors.
Table 67. Trends in wearable technology.
Table 68. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.
Table 69. Overview of actuating at the wrist
Table 70. Wearable health monitors.
Table 71. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products.
Table 72. Wearable sensors for sports performance.
Table 73. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.
Table 74. Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.
Table 75. Sensing options in the ear.
Table 76. Companies and products in hearables.
Table 77. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices.
Table 78. Smart ring products.
Table 79. Sleep headband products.
Table 80. Sleep monitoring products.
Table 81. Pet wearable companies and products.
Table 82. Wearable electronics applications in the military.
Table 83. Wearable workplace products.
Table 84. Global market revenues for printed and flexible in consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).
Table 85. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics.
Table 86. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness.
Table 87. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.
Table 88. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics.
Table 89. Examples of wearable medical device products.
Table 90. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis.
Table 91. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain.
Table 92. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor.
Table 93. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches.
Table 94. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.
Table 95. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.
Table 96. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.
Table 97. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.
Table 98. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products.
Table 99. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.
Table 100. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.
Table 101. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.
Table 102. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.
Table 103. Companies and products in smart footwear.
Table 104. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.
Table 105. Companies and products in smart wound care.
Table 106. Companies developing smart diaper products.
Table 107. Companies developing wearable robotics.
Table 108. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 109. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.
Table 110. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.
Table 111. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.
Table 112. Examples of smart textile products.
Table 113. Performance requirements for E-textiles.
Table 114. Commercially available smart clothing products.
Table 115. Types of smart textiles.
Table 116. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods.
Table 117. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.
Table 118. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.
Table 119. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.
Table 120. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.
Table 121. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.
Table 122. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.
Table 123. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.
Table 124. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.
Table 125. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.
Table 126. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
Table 127. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.
Table 128. Typical conductive ink formulation.
Table 129. Comparative properties of conductive inks.
Table 130. Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions.
Table 131. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.
Table 132. Properties of graphene.
Table 133. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene.
Table 134. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.
Table 135. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.
Table 136. 3D printed shoes.
Table 137. Sensors used in electronic textiles.
Table 138. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures.
Table 139. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.
Table 140. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.
Table 141. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products.
Table 142. Example heated jacket products.
Table 143. Heated jacket and clothing products.
Table 144. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.
Table 145. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.
Table 146. Example earable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.
Table 147.Companies and products in smart footwear.
Table 148. Wearable electronics applications in the military.
Table 149. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.
Table 150. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance.
Table 151. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.
Table 152. Teslasuit.
Table 153. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 154. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.
Table 155. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy.
Table 156. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.
Table 157. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.
Table 158. Battery market megatrends.
Table 159. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.
Table 160. Shortcoming of solid-state thin film batteries.
Table 161. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.
Table 162. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.
Table 163. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.
Table 164. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.
Table 165. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.
Table 166. Components of transparent batteries.
Table 167. Components of degradable batteries.
Table 168. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.
Table 169. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.
Table 170, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.
Table 171. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.
Table 172. 2D and 3D printing techniques.
Table 173. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.
Table 174. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.
Table 175. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn MnO2 and other battery types.
Table 176. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.
Table 177. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.
Table 178. Methods for printing supercapacitors.
Table 179. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.
Table 180. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.
Table 181. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.
Table 182. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.
Table 183. companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics
Table 184. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.
Table 185. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 186. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.
Table 187. Macro-trends in displays.
Table 188. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components.
Table 189. Printed and flexible displays products.
Table 190. Flexible miniLED and MicroLED products.
Table 191. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies.
Table 192. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets and other display products, on or near market.
Table 193. Companies developing OLED lighting products.
Table 194. Types of electrochromic materials and applications.
Table 195. Applications of Mini-LED and Micro-LED transparent displays.
Table 196. Companies developing Micro-LED transparent displays.
Table 197. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 198. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays.
Table 199. Macro-trends in automotive.
Table 200. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
Table 201. Printed and flexible electronics in the automotive market.
Table 202. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting.
Table 203. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors.
Table 204. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive.
Table 205. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products.
Table 206. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors.
Table 207. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors.
Table 208. Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications.
Table 209. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications.
Table 210. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS.
Table 211. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications
Table 212. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies
Table 213. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications.
Table 214. Printed car seat heaters.
Table 215. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters.
Table 216. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.
Table 217. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.
Table 218. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS.
Table 219. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 220. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
Table 221. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction.
Table 222. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings.
Table 223. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications.
Table 224. Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors.
Table 225. Types of smart building sensors.
Table 226. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings.
Table 227. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings.
Table 228. Types of flexible humidity sensors.
Table 229. MOF sensor applications.
Table 230. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 231. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics.
Table 232. Types of Active packaging.
Table 233. Commercially available food active packaging.
Table 234. Types of intelligent packaging.
Table 235. Types of RFID tags.
Table 236. Commercially available time-temperature indicators (TTI) indicators.
Table 237. Commercially available freshness indicators.
Table 238. Commercially available gas indicators.
Table 239. Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers.
Table 240. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes.
Table 241. Commercially available freshness indicators.
Table 242. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators
Table 243. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs).
Table 244. Types of ripeness indicators.
Table 245. Commercially available gas indicators.
Table 246. Chemical sensors in smart packaging.
Table 247. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging.
Table 248. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications.
Table 249. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging:
Table 250. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging.
Table 251. Types of edible sensors for food packaging.
Table 252. Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology.
Table 253. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency.
Table 254. Examples of NFC in packaging.
Table 255. Companies in smart blister packs.
Table 256. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Table 257. 3DOM separator.
Table 258. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.
Table 259. TCL Mini-LED product range.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices.
Figure 2. Evolution of electronics.
Figure 3. Applications for printed and flexible electronics.
Figure 4. Wearable technology inventions.
Figure 5. Market map for printed and flexible electronics.
Figure 6. Wove Band.
Figure 7. Wearable graphene medical sensor.
Figure 8. 3D printed stretchable electronics.
Figure 9. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition.
Figure 10. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.
Figure 11. Systemization of wearable electronic systems.
Figure 12. Baby Monitor.
Figure 13. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.
Figure 14. LG 77 transparent 4K OLED TV.
Figure 15. Flex In & Out Flip.
Figure 16. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry.
Figure 17. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).
Figure 18. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 19. Global market for Printed & Flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 20. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 21. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 22. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 23. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars
Figure 24. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.
Figure 25. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.
Figure 26. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.
Figure 27. SWOT analysis for digital printing.
Figure 28. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products.
Figure 29. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics.
Figure 30. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing.
Figure 31. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.
Figure 32. Supercooled Soldering Technology.
Figure 33. Reflow soldering schematic.
Figure 34. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.
Figure 35. Types of conductive inks and applications.
Figure 36. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.
Figure 37. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors.
Figure 38. SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.
Figure 39. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper.
Figure 40. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.
Figure 41. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.
Figure 42. Flexible PCB.
Figure 43. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.
Figure 44. SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting.
Figure 45. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics.
Figure 46. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable.
Figure 47. Embr Wave for cooling and warming.
Figure 48. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.
Figure 49. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.
Figure 50. FitBit Sense Watch.
Figure 51. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.
Figure 52. Nuheara IQbuds? Max.
Figure 53. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid.
Figure 54. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).
Figure 55. Beddr SleepTuner.
Figure 56. Global market revenues for printed and flexible in consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).
Figure 57. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness.
Figure 58. Connected human body and product examples.
Figure 59. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.
Figure 60. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.
Figure 61. Graphene medical patch.
Figure 62. Graphene-based E-skin patch.
Figure 63. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches.
Figure 64. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.
Figure 65. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.
Figure 66. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection.
Figure 67. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.
Figure 68. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.
Figure 69. VitalPatch.
Figure 70. Wearable ECG-textile.
Figure 71. Wearable ECG recorder.
Figure 72. Nexkin .
Figure 73. Bloomlife.
Figure 74. Nanowire skin hydration patch.
Figure 75. NIX sensors.
Figure 76. Wearable sweat sensor.
Figure 77. Wearable graphene sweat sensor.
Figure 78. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.
Figure 79. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.
Figure 80. D-mine Pump.
Figure 81. Lab-on-Skin .
Figure 82. My UV Patch.
Figure 83. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch.
Figure 84. Brilliantly Warm.
Figure 85. Ava Fertility tracker.
Figure 86. S9 Pro breast pump.
Figure 87. Tempdrop.
Figure 88. Digitsole Smartshoe.
Figure 89. Schematic of smart wound dressing.
Figure 90. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Figure 91. ABENA Nova smart diaper.
Figure 92. Honda Walking Assist.
Figure 93. ABLE Exoskeleton.
Figure 94. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.
Figure 95. AGADEXO Shoulder.
Figure 96. Enyware.
Figure 97. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.
Figure 98. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.
Figure 99. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.
Figure 100. FreeGait.
Figure 101. InMotion Arm.
Figure 102. Biomotum SPARK.
Figure 103. PowerWalk energy.
Figure 104. Keeogo .
Figure 105. MATE-XT.
Figure 106. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton.
Figure 107. ALDAK.
Figure 108. HAL Lower Limb.
Figure 109. DARWING PA.
Figure 110. Dephy ExoBoot.
Figure 111. EksoNR.
Figure 112. Emovo Assist.
Figure 113. HAPO.
Figure 114. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.
Figure 115. ExoAtlet II.
Figure 116. ExoHeaver.
Figure 117. Exy ONE.
Figure 118. ExoArm.
Figure 119. ExoMotus.
Figure 120. Gloreha Sinfonia.
Figure 121. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.
Figure 122. Apex exosuit.
Figure 123. Honda Walking Assist.
Figure 124. BionicBack.
Figure 125. Muscle Suit.
Figure 126.Japet.W powered exoskeleton.
Figure 127.Ski~Mojo.
Figure 128. AIRFRAME passive shoulder.
Figure 129.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.
Figure 130. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE ).
Figure 131.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.
Figure 132.HandTutor.
Figure 133.MyoPro .
Figure 134.Myosuit.
Figure 135. archelis wearable chair.
Figure 136.Chairless Chair.
Figure 137.Indego.
Figure 138. Polyspine.
Figure 139. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.
Figure 140. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.
Figure 141. Hand of Hope.
Figure 142. REX powered exoskeleton.
Figure 143. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.
Figure 144. UGO210 exoskeleton.
Figure 145. EsoGLOVE Pro.
Figure 146. Roki.
Figure 147. Powered Clothing.
Figure 148. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.
Figure 149. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker.
Figure 150. Skel-Ex.
Figure 151. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.
Figure 152. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2
Figure 153. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.
Figure 154.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.
Figure 155. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 156. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.
Figure 157. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.
Figure 158. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.
Figure 159. Conductive yarns.
Figure 160. H-Tee by H-Cube.
Figure 161. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.
Figure 162. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.
Figure 163. Conductive yarns.
Figure 164. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.
Figure 165. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.
Figure 166. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.
Figure 167. BN nanosheet textiles application.
Figure 168. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.
Figure 169. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.
Figure 170: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components.
Figure 171. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.
Figure 172. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.
Figure 173: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.
Figure 174. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.
Figure 175. Graphene layer structure schematic.
Figure 176. BGT Materials graphene ink product.
Figure 177. PCM cooling vest.
Figure 178. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics.
Figure 179. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.
Figure 180. SMP energy storage textiles.
Figure 181. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.
Figure 182. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.
Figure 183. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.
Figure 184. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed.
Figure 185. Radiate sports vest.
Figure 186. Adidas smart insole.
Figure 187. Applications of E-textiles.
Figure 188. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.
Figure 189. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.
Figure 190. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.
Figure 191. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.
Figure 192. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.
Figure 193. iStimUweaR .
Figure 194. Digitsole Smartshoe.
Figure 195. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.
Figure 196. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.
Figure 197. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.
Figure 198. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.
Figure 199. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.
Figure 200. 3D printed piezoelectric material.
Figure 201. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.
Figure 202. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 203. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.
Figure 204. Flexible batteries on the market.
Figure 205. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.
Figure 206. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.
Figure 207. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.
Figure 208. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).
Figure 209. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.
Figure 210. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.
Figure 211. Flexible, rechargeable battery.
Figure 212. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.
Figure 213. Types of flexible batteries.
Figure 214. Flexible label and printed paper battery.
Figure 215. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.
Figure 216. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.
Figure 217. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.
Figure 218. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.
Figure 219. a c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.
Figure 220. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d f)
Figure 221. Origami disposable battery.
Figure 222. Zn MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.
Figure 223. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries.
Figure 224. Zn MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark.
Figure 225. Ag Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy.
Figure 226. Transparent batteries.
Figure 227. Degradable batteries.
Figure 228. Schematic of supercapacitors in wearables.
Figure 229. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor.
Figure 230. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor.
Figure 231. Wearable self-powered devices.
Figure 232. Various applications of printed paper batteries.
Figure 233.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.
Figure 234. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.
Figure 235. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).
Figure 236. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.
Figure 237. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.
Figure 238. Origami-like silicon solar cells.
Figure 239. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.
Figure 240. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 241. LG Signature OLED TV R.
Figure 242. Flexible display.
Figure 243. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible displays.
Figure 244. DELL Ori.
Figure 245. LG Media Chair.
Figure 246. LG Virtual Ride.
Figure 247. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.
Figure 248. AMOLED schematic.
Figure 249. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display.
Figure 250. LG rollable OLED TV.
Figure 251. OLED structure.
Figure 252. TCL printed OLED panel.
Figure 253. OLEDIO 32-inch printed display by JOLED.
Figure 254. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.
Figure 255. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring.
Figure 256. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.
Figure 257. Stamp-based transfer-printing techniques.
Figure 258: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots.
Figure 259. Samsung S-foldable display.
Figure 260. Samsung slideable display.
Figure 261. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic.
Figure 262. Rollable 65RX OLED TV.
Figure 263. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold.
Figure 264. LG Chem foldable display.
Figure 265. Samsung Display Flex G folding smartphones.
Figure 266. Asus Foldable Phone.
Figure 267. Asus Zenbook 17 Fold.
Figure 268. Dell Concept Ori.
Figure 269. Intel Foldable phone.
Figure 270. ThinkPad X1 Fold.
Figure 271. Motorola Razr.
Figure 272. Oppo Find N folding phone.
Figure 273. Royole FlexPai 2.
Figure 274. Galaxy Fold 3.
Figure 275. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3
Figure 276. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone
Figure 277. TCL rollable phone.
Figure 278. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex.
Figure 279. LG OLED flexible lighting panel.
Figure 280. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.
Figure 281. Audi 2022 A8 .
Figure 282. Electrophoretic display applications.
Figure 283. Passive reflective displays with flexibility.
Figure 284. Plastic Logic 5.4 Iridis display.
Figure 285. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses.
Figure 286. Transparent and flexible metamaterial film developed by Sekishi Chemical.
Figure 287. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of several metalens antenna forms.
Figure 288. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves.
Figure 289. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations.
Figure 290. 7.56" high transparency & frameless Micro-LED display.
Figure 291. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.
Figure 292. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry.
Figure 293. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 294. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive.
Figure 295. Automotive display concept.
Figure 296. Mercedes MBUX Hyperscreen.
Figure 297. AUO automotive display.
Figure 298. Micro-LED automotive display.
Figure 299. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.
Figure 300. Rear lamp utilizing flexible Micro-LEDs.
Figure 301. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive.
Figure 302. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 303. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets.
Figure 304. Use of sensors in smart buildings.
Figure 305. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 306. Active and Intelligent packaging classification.
Figure 307. Smart packaging for detecting bacteria growth in milk containers.
Figure 308. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates.
Figure 309. Smart card incorporating an ultra-thin battery.
Figure 310. RFID ultra micro battery.
Figure 311. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging.
Figure 312. Active packaging film.
Figure 313. Anti-counterfeiting smart label.
Figure 314. Security tag developed by Nanotech Security.
Figure 315. Fundamental principle of a gas sensor for detecting CO2 (gas) after food spoilage
Figure 316. A standard RFID system.
Figure 317. RFID functions and applications of silver nanoparticle inks.
Figure 318. OHMEGA Conductive Ink + Touchcode box.
Figure 319. Wiliot RFID.
Figure 320. Smart blister pack.
Figure 321. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 322. 24M battery.
Figure 323. 3DOM battery.
Figure 324. Libre 3.
Figure 325. Abbott Lingo wearable.
Figure 326. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.
Figure 327. AC biode prototype.
Figure 328. AcuPebble SA100.
Figure 329. Vitalgram .
Figure 330. BioMan+.
Figure 331. EXO Glove.
Figure 332. e-Tint cell in the (a) OFF and in the (b) ON states.
Figure 333. Alertgy NICGM wristband.
Figure 334. ALLEVX.
Figure 335. Gastric Alimetry.
Figure 336. Alva Health stroke monitor.
Figure 337. amofit S.
Figure 338. Ampcera s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).
Figure 339. Amprius battery products.
Figure 340. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.
Figure 341. All-polymer battery schematic.
Figure 342. All Polymer Battery Module.
Figure 343. Resin current collector.
Figure 344. Sigi Insulin Management System.
Figure 345. The Apollo wearable device.
Figure 346. Apos3.
Figure 347. Piezotech FC.
Figure 348. PowerCoat paper.
Figure 349. Artemis is smart clothing system.
Figure 350. KneeStim.
Figure 351. LED hooded jacket.
Figure 352. Heated element module.
Figure 353. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.
Figure 354. 1.39-inch full-circle Micro-LED display
Figure 355. 9.4" flexible Micro-LED display.
Figure 356. Cyclops HMD.
Figure 357. PaciBreath.
Figure 358. Avery Dennison smart labels.
Figure 359. AD Pure Line [Sustainable UHF RFID tags and inlays].
Figure 360. Structure of Azalea Vision s smart contact lens.
Figure 361. BeFC biofuel cell and digital platform.
Figure 362. Belun Ring.
Figure 363. Evo Patch.
Figure 364. Neuronaute wearable.
Figure 365. biped.ai device.
Figure 366. 3D printed lithium-ion battery.
Figure 367. Blue Solution module.
Figure 368. TempTraq wearable patch.
Figure 369. BOE Mini-LED display TV.
Figure 370. BOE Mini-LED automotive display.
Figure 371. circul+ smart ring.
Figure 372. Brewer Science printed water sensor.
Figure 373. C2Sense sensors.
Figure 374. Cala Trio.
Figure 375. Transparent 3D touch control with LED lights and LED matrix.
Figure 376. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.
Figure 377. Cionic Neural Sleeve.
Figure 378. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.
Figure 379. Coachwhisperer device.
Figure 380. Cognito's gamma stimulation device.
Figure 381. Cogwear headgear.
Figure 382. CardioWatch 287.
Figure 383. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer s breathing.
Figure 384. Cymbet EnerChip
Figure 385. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.
Figure 386. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.
Figure 387. Diabeloop wearable.
Figure 388. Inkjet printed OPV module.
Figure 389. First Relief.
Figure 390. FRENZ Brainband.
Figure 391. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.
Figure 392. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator .
Figure 393. P-Flex Flexible Circuit.
Figure 394. enFuse.
Figure 395. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.
Figure 396. EOPatch.
Figure 397. Epilog.
Figure 398. eQ02+LIfeMontor.
Figure 399. noDiffusion OLED encapsulation film.
Figure 400. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.
Figure 401. FDK Corp battery.
Figure 402. Cove wearable device.
Figure 403. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.
Figure 404. FloPatch.
Figure 405. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.
Figure 406. 2D paper batteries.
Figure 407. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.
Figure 408. Fuji carbon nanotube products.
Figure 409. German bionic exoskeleton.
Figure 410. UnlimitedHand.
Figure 411. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.
Figure 412. Helio materials incorporated into flexible displays.
Figure 413. Apex Exosuit.
Figure 414. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.
Figure 415. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'.
Figure 416. Humanox Shin Guard.
Figure 417. Airvida E1.
Figure 418. Sensor surface.
Figure 419. ZincPoly technology.
Figure 420. In2tec s fully recyclable flexible circuit board assembly.
Figure 421. Footrax.
Figure 422. Flexible microLED.
Figure 423. eMacula .
Figure 424. Printed moisture sensors.
Figure 425. G2 Pro.
Figure 426. Atusa system.
Figure 427. ITEN micro batteries.
Figure 428. Soluboard immersed in water.
Figure 429. Infineon PCB before and after immersion.
Figure 430. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.
Figure 431. The Kernel Flow headset.
Figure 432. REFLEX.
Figure 433. KnowU .
Figure 434. Hyperfluorescence OLED display.
Figure 435. LiBEST flexible battery.
Figure 436. LifeSpan patch.
Figure 437. Ring ZERO.
Figure 438. LumeoLoop device.
Figure 439. Lyten batteries.
Figure 440. Mawi Heart Patch.
Figure 441. WalkAid.
Figure 442. Monarch Wireless Wearable Biosensor
Figure 443. MetaSCOPE.
Figure 444. HICARDI system.
Figure 445. Modoo device
Figure 446. Movesense ECG monitor.
Figure 447. Munevo Drive.
Figure 448. Electroskin integration schematic.
Figure 449. Modius Sleep wearable device.
Figure 450. Neuphony Headband.
Figure 451. Nextiles compression garments.
Figure 452. Nextiles e-fabric
Figure 453. Nix Biosensors patch.
Figure 454. Ayo wearable light therapy.
Figure 455. Nowatch.
Figure 456 .Nuada.
Figure 457. ONA DM.
Figure 458. ORII smart ring.
Figure 459. Otolith wearable device.
Figure 460. Oxitone 1000M.
Figure 461. Palarum PUP smart socks.
Figure 462. BEYOLEX film.
Figure 463. 55 flexible AM panel.
Figure 464. Peerbridge Cor.
Figure 465. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 466. 7.56-inch transparent Micro LED display.
Figure 467. Point Fit Technology skin patch.
Figure 468. Printed battery.
Figure 469. Printed Energy flexible battery.
Figure 470. Proxxi Voltage.
Figure 471. ProLogium solid-state battery.
Figure 472. Sylvee 1.0.
Figure 473. RealWear HMT-1.
Figure 474. RootiRx
Figure 475. Micro-LED stretchable display
Figure 476. Sylvee 1.0.
Figure 477. SES Apollo batteries.
Figure 478. Silvertree Reach.
Figure 479. Smardii smart diaper.
Figure 480. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc.
Figure 481. SnowCookie device.
Figure 482. Softmatter compression garment.
Figure 483. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.
Figure 484. Soter device.
Figure 485. Femsense patch.
Figure 486. MoCap Pro Glove.
Figure 487. Subcuject.
Figure 488. 3D printed electronics.
Figure 489. Tactotek IME device.
Figure 490. TactoTek IMSE SiP - System In Package.
Figure 491. TCL Mini-LED TV schematic.
Figure 492. TCL 8K Mini-LED TV.
Figure 493. The Cinema Wall Micro-LED display.
Figure 494. Teslasuit.
Figure 495. Nerivio.
Figure 496. Feelzing Energy Patch.
Figure 497. 7.56 Transparent Display.
Figure 498. 7.56" Flexible Micro-LED.
Figure 499. 5.04" seamless splicing Micro LED.
Figure 500. 7.56" Transparent Micro LED.
Figure 501. A sample of TracXon s printed lighting circuitry.
Figure 502. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.
Figure 503. Vaxxas patch.
Figure 504. S-Patch Ex.
Figure 505. Wiliot tags.
Figure 506. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.
Figure 507. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.
Figure 508. YouCare smart shirt.
Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices.
Figure 2. Evolution of electronics.
Figure 3. Applications for printed and flexible electronics.
Figure 4. Wearable technology inventions.
Figure 5. Market map for printed and flexible electronics.
Figure 6. Wove Band.
Figure 7. Wearable graphene medical sensor.
Figure 8. 3D printed stretchable electronics.
Figure 9. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition.
Figure 10. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.
Figure 11. Systemization of wearable electronic systems.
Figure 12. Baby Monitor.
Figure 13. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.
Figure 14. LG 77 transparent 4K OLED TV.
Figure 15. Flex In & Out Flip.
Figure 16. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry.
Figure 17. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).
Figure 18. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 19. Global market for Printed & Flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 20. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 21. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 22. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 23. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars
Figure 24. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.
Figure 25. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.
Figure 26. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.
Figure 27. SWOT analysis for digital printing.
Figure 28. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products.
Figure 29. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics.
Figure 30. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing.
Figure 31. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.
Figure 32. Supercooled Soldering Technology.
Figure 33. Reflow soldering schematic.
Figure 34. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.
Figure 35. Types of conductive inks and applications.
Figure 36. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.
Figure 37. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors.
Figure 38. SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.
Figure 39. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper.
Figure 40. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.
Figure 41. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.
Figure 42. Flexible PCB.
Figure 43. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.
Figure 44. SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting.
Figure 45. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics.
Figure 46. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable.
Figure 47. Embr Wave for cooling and warming.
Figure 48. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.
Figure 49. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.
Figure 50. FitBit Sense Watch.
Figure 51. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.
Figure 52. Nuheara IQbuds? Max.
Figure 53. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid.
Figure 54. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).
Figure 55. Beddr SleepTuner.
Figure 56. Global market revenues for printed and flexible in consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).
Figure 57. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness.
Figure 58. Connected human body and product examples.
Figure 59. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.
Figure 60. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.
Figure 61. Graphene medical patch.
Figure 62. Graphene-based E-skin patch.
Figure 63. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches.
Figure 64. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.
Figure 65. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.
Figure 66. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection.
Figure 67. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.
Figure 68. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.
Figure 69. VitalPatch.
Figure 70. Wearable ECG-textile.
Figure 71. Wearable ECG recorder.
Figure 72. Nexkin .
Figure 73. Bloomlife.
Figure 74. Nanowire skin hydration patch.
Figure 75. NIX sensors.
Figure 76. Wearable sweat sensor.
Figure 77. Wearable graphene sweat sensor.
Figure 78. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.
Figure 79. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.
Figure 80. D-mine Pump.
Figure 81. Lab-on-Skin .
Figure 82. My UV Patch.
Figure 83. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch.
Figure 84. Brilliantly Warm.
Figure 85. Ava Fertility tracker.
Figure 86. S9 Pro breast pump.
Figure 87. Tempdrop.
Figure 88. Digitsole Smartshoe.
Figure 89. Schematic of smart wound dressing.
Figure 90. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Figure 91. ABENA Nova smart diaper.
Figure 92. Honda Walking Assist.
Figure 93. ABLE Exoskeleton.
Figure 94. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.
Figure 95. AGADEXO Shoulder.
Figure 96. Enyware.
Figure 97. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.
Figure 98. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.
Figure 99. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.
Figure 100. FreeGait.
Figure 101. InMotion Arm.
Figure 102. Biomotum SPARK.
Figure 103. PowerWalk energy.
Figure 104. Keeogo .
Figure 105. MATE-XT.
Figure 106. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton.
Figure 107. ALDAK.
Figure 108. HAL Lower Limb.
Figure 109. DARWING PA.
Figure 110. Dephy ExoBoot.
Figure 111. EksoNR.
Figure 112. Emovo Assist.
Figure 113. HAPO.
Figure 114. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.
Figure 115. ExoAtlet II.
Figure 116. ExoHeaver.
Figure 117. Exy ONE.
Figure 118. ExoArm.
Figure 119. ExoMotus.
Figure 120. Gloreha Sinfonia.
Figure 121. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.
Figure 122. Apex exosuit.
Figure 123. Honda Walking Assist.
Figure 124. BionicBack.
Figure 125. Muscle Suit.
Figure 126.Japet.W powered exoskeleton.
Figure 127.Ski~Mojo.
Figure 128. AIRFRAME passive shoulder.
Figure 129.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.
Figure 130. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE ).
Figure 131.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.
Figure 132.HandTutor.
Figure 133.MyoPro .
Figure 134.Myosuit.
Figure 135. archelis wearable chair.
Figure 136.Chairless Chair.
Figure 137.Indego.
Figure 138. Polyspine.
Figure 139. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.
Figure 140. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.
Figure 141. Hand of Hope.
Figure 142. REX powered exoskeleton.
Figure 143. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.
Figure 144. UGO210 exoskeleton.
Figure 145. EsoGLOVE Pro.
Figure 146. Roki.
Figure 147. Powered Clothing.
Figure 148. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.
Figure 149. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker.
Figure 150. Skel-Ex.
Figure 151. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.
Figure 152. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2
Figure 153. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.
Figure 154.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.
Figure 155. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 156. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.
Figure 157. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.
Figure 158. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.
Figure 159. Conductive yarns.
Figure 160. H-Tee by H-Cube.
Figure 161. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.
Figure 162. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.
Figure 163. Conductive yarns.
Figure 164. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.
Figure 165. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.
Figure 166. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.
Figure 167. BN nanosheet textiles application.
Figure 168. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.
Figure 169. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.
Figure 170: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components.
Figure 171. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.
Figure 172. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.
Figure 173: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.
Figure 174. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.
Figure 175. Graphene layer structure schematic.
Figure 176. BGT Materials graphene ink product.
Figure 177. PCM cooling vest.
Figure 178. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics.
Figure 179. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.
Figure 180. SMP energy storage textiles.
Figure 181. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.
Figure 182. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.
Figure 183. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.
Figure 184. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed.
Figure 185. Radiate sports vest.
Figure 186. Adidas smart insole.
Figure 187. Applications of E-textiles.
Figure 188. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.
Figure 189. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.
Figure 190. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.
Figure 191. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.
Figure 192. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.
Figure 193. iStimUweaR .
Figure 194. Digitsole Smartshoe.
Figure 195. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.
Figure 196. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.
Figure 197. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.
Figure 198. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.
Figure 199. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.
Figure 200. 3D printed piezoelectric material.
Figure 201. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.
Figure 202. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 203. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.
Figure 204. Flexible batteries on the market.
Figure 205. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.
Figure 206. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.
Figure 207. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.
Figure 208. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).
Figure 209. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.
Figure 210. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.
Figure 211. Flexible, rechargeable battery.
Figure 212. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.
Figure 213. Types of flexible batteries.
Figure 214. Flexible label and printed paper battery.
Figure 215. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.
Figure 216. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.
Figure 217. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.
Figure 218. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.
Figure 219. a c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.
Figure 220. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d f)
Figure 221. Origami disposable battery.
Figure 222. Zn MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.
Figure 223. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries.
Figure 224. Zn MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark.
Figure 225. Ag Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy.
Figure 226. Transparent batteries.
Figure 227. Degradable batteries.
Figure 228. Schematic of supercapacitors in wearables.
Figure 229. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor.
Figure 230. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor.
Figure 231. Wearable self-powered devices.
Figure 232. Various applications of printed paper batteries.
Figure 233.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.
Figure 234. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.
Figure 235. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).
Figure 236. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.
Figure 237. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.
Figure 238. Origami-like silicon solar cells.
Figure 239. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.
Figure 240. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 241. LG Signature OLED TV R.
Figure 242. Flexible display.
Figure 243. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible displays.
Figure 244. DELL Ori.
Figure 245. LG Media Chair.
Figure 246. LG Virtual Ride.
Figure 247. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.
Figure 248. AMOLED schematic.
Figure 249. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display.
Figure 250. LG rollable OLED TV.
Figure 251. OLED structure.
Figure 252. TCL printed OLED panel.
Figure 253. OLEDIO 32-inch printed display by JOLED.
Figure 254. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.
Figure 255. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring.
Figure 256. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.
Figure 257. Stamp-based transfer-printing techniques.
Figure 258: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots.
Figure 259. Samsung S-foldable display.
Figure 260. Samsung slideable display.
Figure 261. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic.
Figure 262. Rollable 65RX OLED TV.
Figure 263. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold.
Figure 264. LG Chem foldable display.
Figure 265. Samsung Display Flex G folding smartphones.
Figure 266. Asus Foldable Phone.
Figure 267. Asus Zenbook 17 Fold.
Figure 268. Dell Concept Ori.
Figure 269. Intel Foldable phone.
Figure 270. ThinkPad X1 Fold.
Figure 271. Motorola Razr.
Figure 272. Oppo Find N folding phone.
Figure 273. Royole FlexPai 2.
Figure 274. Galaxy Fold 3.
Figure 275. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3
Figure 276. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone
Figure 277. TCL rollable phone.
Figure 278. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex.
Figure 279. LG OLED flexible lighting panel.
Figure 280. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.
Figure 281. Audi 2022 A8 .
Figure 282. Electrophoretic display applications.
Figure 283. Passive reflective displays with flexibility.
Figure 284. Plastic Logic 5.4 Iridis display.
Figure 285. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses.
Figure 286. Transparent and flexible metamaterial film developed by Sekishi Chemical.
Figure 287. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of several metalens antenna forms.
Figure 288. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves.
Figure 289. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations.
Figure 290. 7.56" high transparency & frameless Micro-LED display.
Figure 291. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.
Figure 292. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry.
Figure 293. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 294. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive.
Figure 295. Automotive display concept.
Figure 296. Mercedes MBUX Hyperscreen.
Figure 297. AUO automotive display.
Figure 298. Micro-LED automotive display.
Figure 299. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.
Figure 300. Rear lamp utilizing flexible Micro-LEDs.
Figure 301. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive.
Figure 302. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 303. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets.
Figure 304. Use of sensors in smart buildings.
Figure 305. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 306. Active and Intelligent packaging classification.
Figure 307. Smart packaging for detecting bacteria growth in milk containers.
Figure 308. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates.
Figure 309. Smart card incorporating an ultra-thin battery.
Figure 310. RFID ultra micro battery.
Figure 311. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging.
Figure 312. Active packaging film.
Figure 313. Anti-counterfeiting smart label.
Figure 314. Security tag developed by Nanotech Security.
Figure 315. Fundamental principle of a gas sensor for detecting CO2 (gas) after food spoilage
Figure 316. A standard RFID system.
Figure 317. RFID functions and applications of silver nanoparticle inks.
Figure 318. OHMEGA Conductive Ink + Touchcode box.
Figure 319. Wiliot RFID.
Figure 320. Smart blister pack.
Figure 321. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.
Figure 322. 24M battery.
Figure 323. 3DOM battery.
Figure 324. Libre 3.
Figure 325. Abbott Lingo wearable.
Figure 326. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.
Figure 327. AC biode prototype.
Figure 328. AcuPebble SA100.
Figure 329. Vitalgram .
Figure 330. BioMan+.
Figure 331. EXO Glove.
Figure 332. e-Tint cell in the (a) OFF and in the (b) ON states.
Figure 333. Alertgy NICGM wristband.
Figure 334. ALLEVX.
Figure 335. Gastric Alimetry.
Figure 336. Alva Health stroke monitor.
Figure 337. amofit S.
Figure 338. Ampcera s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).
Figure 339. Amprius battery products.
Figure 340. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.
Figure 341. All-polymer battery schematic.
Figure 342. All Polymer Battery Module.
Figure 343. Resin current collector.
Figure 344. Sigi Insulin Management System.
Figure 345. The Apollo wearable device.
Figure 346. Apos3.
Figure 347. Piezotech FC.
Figure 348. PowerCoat paper.
Figure 349. Artemis is smart clothing system.
Figure 350. KneeStim.
Figure 351. LED hooded jacket.
Figure 352. Heated element module.
Figure 353. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.
Figure 354. 1.39-inch full-circle Micro-LED display
Figure 355. 9.4" flexible Micro-LED display.
Figure 356. Cyclops HMD.
Figure 357. PaciBreath.
Figure 358. Avery Dennison smart labels.
Figure 359. AD Pure Line [Sustainable UHF RFID tags and inlays].
Figure 360. Structure of Azalea Vision s smart contact lens.
Figure 361. BeFC biofuel cell and digital platform.
Figure 362. Belun Ring.
Figure 363. Evo Patch.
Figure 364. Neuronaute wearable.
Figure 365. biped.ai device.
Figure 366. 3D printed lithium-ion battery.
Figure 367. Blue Solution module.
Figure 368. TempTraq wearable patch.
Figure 369. BOE Mini-LED display TV.
Figure 370. BOE Mini-LED automotive display.
Figure 371. circul+ smart ring.
Figure 372. Brewer Science printed water sensor.
Figure 373. C2Sense sensors.
Figure 374. Cala Trio.
Figure 375. Transparent 3D touch control with LED lights and LED matrix.
Figure 376. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.
Figure 377. Cionic Neural Sleeve.
Figure 378. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.
Figure 379. Coachwhisperer device.
Figure 380. Cognito's gamma stimulation device.
Figure 381. Cogwear headgear.
Figure 382. CardioWatch 287.
Figure 383. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer s breathing.
Figure 384. Cymbet EnerChip
Figure 385. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.
Figure 386. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.
Figure 387. Diabeloop wearable.
Figure 388. Inkjet printed OPV module.
Figure 389. First Relief.
Figure 390. FRENZ Brainband.
Figure 391. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.
Figure 392. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator .
Figure 393. P-Flex Flexible Circuit.
Figure 394. enFuse.
Figure 395. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.
Figure 396. EOPatch.
Figure 397. Epilog.
Figure 398. eQ02+LIfeMontor.
Figure 399. noDiffusion OLED encapsulation film.
Figure 400. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.
Figure 401. FDK Corp battery.
Figure 402. Cove wearable device.
Figure 403. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.
Figure 404. FloPatch.
Figure 405. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.
Figure 406. 2D paper batteries.
Figure 407. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.
Figure 408. Fuji carbon nanotube products.
Figure 409. German bionic exoskeleton.
Figure 410. UnlimitedHand.
Figure 411. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.
Figure 412. Helio materials incorporated into flexible displays.
Figure 413. Apex Exosuit.
Figure 414. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.
Figure 415. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'.
Figure 416. Humanox Shin Guard.
Figure 417. Airvida E1.
Figure 418. Sensor surface.
Figure 419. ZincPoly technology.
Figure 420. In2tec s fully recyclable flexible circuit board assembly.
Figure 421. Footrax.
Figure 422. Flexible microLED.
Figure 423. eMacula .
Figure 424. Printed moisture sensors.
Figure 425. G2 Pro.
Figure 426. Atusa system.
Figure 427. ITEN micro batteries.
Figure 428. Soluboard immersed in water.
Figure 429. Infineon PCB before and after immersion.
Figure 430. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.
Figure 431. The Kernel Flow headset.
Figure 432. REFLEX.
Figure 433. KnowU .
Figure 434. Hyperfluorescence OLED display.
Figure 435. LiBEST flexible battery.
Figure 436. LifeSpan patch.
Figure 437. Ring ZERO.
Figure 438. LumeoLoop device.
Figure 439. Lyten batteries.
Figure 440. Mawi Heart Patch.
Figure 441. WalkAid.
Figure 442. Monarch Wireless Wearable Biosensor
Figure 443. MetaSCOPE.
Figure 444. HICARDI system.
Figure 445. Modoo device
Figure 446. Movesense ECG monitor.
Figure 447. Munevo Drive.
Figure 448. Electroskin integration schematic.
Figure 449. Modius Sleep wearable device.
Figure 450. Neuphony Headband.
Figure 451. Nextiles compression garments.
Figure 452. Nextiles e-fabric
Figure 453. Nix Biosensors patch.
Figure 454. Ayo wearable light therapy.
Figure 455. Nowatch.
Figure 456 .Nuada.
Figure 457. ONA DM.
Figure 458. ORII smart ring.
Figure 459. Otolith wearable device.
Figure 460. Oxitone 1000M.
Figure 461. Palarum PUP smart socks.
Figure 462. BEYOLEX film.
Figure 463. 55 flexible AM panel.
Figure 464. Peerbridge Cor.
Figure 465. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 466. 7.56-inch transparent Micro LED display.
Figure 467. Point Fit Technology skin patch.
Figure 468. Printed battery.
Figure 469. Printed Energy flexible battery.
Figure 470. Proxxi Voltage.
Figure 471. ProLogium solid-state battery.
Figure 472. Sylvee 1.0.
Figure 473. RealWear HMT-1.
Figure 474. RootiRx
Figure 475. Micro-LED stretchable display
Figure 476. Sylvee 1.0.
Figure 477. SES Apollo batteries.
Figure 478. Silvertree Reach.
Figure 479. Smardii smart diaper.
Figure 480. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc.
Figure 481. SnowCookie device.
Figure 482. Softmatter compression garment.
Figure 483. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.
Figure 484. Soter device.
Figure 485. Femsense patch.
Figure 486. MoCap Pro Glove.
Figure 487. Subcuject.
Figure 488. 3D printed electronics.
Figure 489. Tactotek IME device.
Figure 490. TactoTek IMSE SiP - System In Package.
Figure 491. TCL Mini-LED TV schematic.
Figure 492. TCL 8K Mini-LED TV.
Figure 493. The Cinema Wall Micro-LED display.
Figure 494. Teslasuit.
Figure 495. Nerivio.
Figure 496. Feelzing Energy Patch.
Figure 497. 7.56 Transparent Display.
Figure 498. 7.56" Flexible Micro-LED.
Figure 499. 5.04" seamless splicing Micro LED.
Figure 500. 7.56" Transparent Micro LED.
Figure 501. A sample of TracXon s printed lighting circuitry.
Figure 502. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.
Figure 503. Vaxxas patch.
Figure 504. S-Patch Ex.
Figure 505. Wiliot tags.
Figure 506. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.
Figure 507. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.
Figure 508. YouCare smart shirt.
