The Global Market for MicroLED Displays 2025-2035
The MicroLED display market is poised for significant growth as this cutting-edge technology promises to revolutionize the display industry. As a cutting-edge display technology, MicroLEDs are gaining traction due to their superior brightness, energy efficiency, and potential for high-resolution displays with exceptional color accuracy. In the consumer electronics sector, major players like Samsung and LG are expanding their MicroLED TV offerings, targeting the high-end market with large-format displays. These products, while still premium-priced, are becoming more accessible to affluent consumers. Simultaneously, there's increasing interest in MicroLED technology for smaller devices such as smartwatches and AR/VR headsets, with companies like Apple rumored to be developing MicroLED displays for wearables. The automotive industry is another key driver of MicroLED adoption in 2024. Luxury car manufacturers are incorporating MicroLED displays in dashboard systems and heads-up displays (HUDs), leveraging the technology's high brightness and contrast ratios for improved visibility in various lighting conditions.
In the commercial display market, MicroLED video walls are gaining popularity for high-end retail, corporate, and public spaces due to their seamless appearance and impressive visual quality. However, challenges remain in mass production and cost reduction. While progress has been made in mass transfer techniques and yield improvements, MicroLED displays are still significantly more expensive than competing technologies like OLED and quantum dot-enhanced LCD. Research and development efforts are intensifying, focusing on improving manufacturing processes, enhancing colour conversion techniques, and developing more efficient red MicroLEDs to complement the well-established blue and green variants. The market is also seeing increased collaboration between display manufacturers, semiconductor companies, and equipment suppliers to overcome technical hurdles and establish robust supply chains.
This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the global MicroLED market, covering key technological developments, applications, and market forecasts from 2024 to 2035. Report contents include:
In the commercial display market, MicroLED video walls are gaining popularity for high-end retail, corporate, and public spaces due to their seamless appearance and impressive visual quality. However, challenges remain in mass production and cost reduction. While progress has been made in mass transfer techniques and yield improvements, MicroLED displays are still significantly more expensive than competing technologies like OLED and quantum dot-enhanced LCD. Research and development efforts are intensifying, focusing on improving manufacturing processes, enhancing colour conversion techniques, and developing more efficient red MicroLEDs to complement the well-established blue and green variants. The market is also seeing increased collaboration between display manufacturers, semiconductor companies, and equipment suppliers to overcome technical hurdles and establish robust supply chains.
This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the global MicroLED market, covering key technological developments, applications, and market forecasts from 2024 to 2035. Report contents include:
- Display market landscape, including OLEDs and quantum dots, to contextualize MicroLED's position and potential.
- Key benefits of MicroLED technology
- Emerging role of additive manufacturing in MicroLED micro-display production.
- Market Overview and Forecasts: market analysis i detailing the various applications of MicroLED technology across consumer electronics, automotive, healthcare, and augmented reality sectors.
- Key market drivers and trends, as well as challenges and bottlenecks that may impact market growth.
- Recent industry developments from 2020 to 2024.
- Recent product innovations, with a particular focus on announcements made at major industry events such as CES and Display Week.
- Global shipment forecasts for MicroLEDs, covering both unit sales and revenue projections up to 2035.
- MicroLED configurations, types, and production methods, including integration techniques and transfer technologies.
- Manufacturing processes, covering epitaxy, chip processing, and assembly technologies.
- Colour conversion technologies, including phosphors, quantum dots, and novel approaches like perovskite quantum dots and graphene quantum dots.
- Market segments and applications for MicroLED technology:
- Consumer Electronics: Covering large flat panel displays, TVs, smartwatches, smartphones, and emerging applications in foldable and stretchable displays.
- Automotive: MicroLEDs in cabin displays, head-up displays (HUDs), and exterior lighting and signaling.
- Virtual and Augmented Reality: MicroLEDs in next-generation VR/AR headsets and smart glasses.
- Medical and Biotechnology: Applications in surgical displays, implantable devices, and biosensing technologies.
- Transparent Displays: Transparent MicroLED displays in smart windows and retail applications.
- Competitive Landscape profiling 84 major companies in the MicroLED ecosystem, including:
- Established display manufacturers
- Tech giants entering the space
- Specialized MicroLED startups
- Materials and component suppliers
- Each profile includes information on the company's MicroLED strategy, key products and innovations, and recent market activities. Companies profiled include JBD, Kubos Semiconductor, LG Display, MICLEDI Microdisplays, Porotech, Q-Pixel, QubeDot, Samsung Display, Smartkem, Seoul Semiconductor, TCL and VueReal.
- Key technical challenges facing the MicroLED industry.
- Emerging opportunities, such as the potential for MicroLEDs in flexible and stretchable display applications.
- Regional Analysis
- Comprehensive overview of the MicroLED supply chain.
- Future Outlook and Emerging Trends
- Potential disruptive technologies that could impact MicroLED adoption
- Emerging applications in IoT and smart cities
- The role of artificial intelligence in optimizing MicroLED production and performance
- Sustainability considerations and the circular economy for MicroLED displays
- Display manufacturers looking to enter or expand in the MicroLED market
- Component and materials suppliers serving the display industry
- Consumer electronics and automotive OEMs evaluating next-generation display technologies
- Investors and financial analysts tracking the display and advanced materials sectors
- Researchers and R&D professionals working on display innovations
- Policy makers and industry associations shaping the future of display technologies
1 REPORT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 The MiniLED market
2.2 The MicroLED market
2.3 The global display market
2.3.1 OLEDs
2.3.2 Quantum dots
2.3.3 Display technologies assessment
2.4 Benefits of MicroLEDs
2.5 Additive manufacturing for microLED micro-displays
2.6 MicroLEDs applications
2.7 Market and technology challenges
2.8 Industry developments 2020-2024
2.9 Recent microLED display innovations
2.10 Market activity in China
2.11 Global shipment forecasts for MicroLEDs to 2035
2.11.1 Units by market
2.11.2 Revenues
2.12 Cost evolution roadmap
2.13 Competitive Landscape
2.14 Technology Trends
2.14.1 MicroLED Efficiency and Display Power Consumption
2.14.2 MicroLED Die Architecture
2.14.3 Driving
2.14.4 Colour
2.14.5 MiP
2.14.6 Tiling
2.14.7 Transparent, Flexible and Stretchable Displays
2.14.8 Microdisplays
2.14.9 Sensors
3 TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
3.1 What are MicroLEDs?
3.2 MiniLED (mLED) vs MicroLED ( LED)
3.2.1 Display configurations
3.2.2 Development
3.2.2.1 Sony
3.2.3 Types
3.2.4 Production
3.2.4.1 Integration
3.2.4.2 Transfer technologies
3.2.5 Comparison to LCD, OLED AND QD
3.2.6 MicroLED display specifications
3.2.7 Advantages
3.2.7.1 Transparency
3.2.7.2 Borderless
3.2.7.3 Flexibility
3.2.8 Tiled microLED displays
3.2.9 Costs
3.2.9.1 Relationship between microLED cost and die size
4 MANUFACTURING
4.1 Epitaxy and Chip Processing
4.1.1 Materials
4.1.2 Substrates
4.1.2.1 Green gap
4.1.3 Wafer patterning
4.1.4 Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)
4.1.5 Epitaxial growth requirement
4.1.6 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
4.1.7 Uniformity
4.2 Chip manufacturing
4.2.1 RGB microLED designs
4.2.2 Epi-film transfer
4.3 MicroLED Performances
4.3.1 Relationship between external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current density
4.3.2 Stability and thermal management
4.3.3 Size dependency
4.3.4 Surface recombination of carriers
4.3.5 Developing efficient high-performance RGB microLEDs
4.4 Transfer, Assembly and Integration Technologies
4.4.1 Monolithic integration
4.4.1.1 Overview
4.4.1.2 Companies
4.4.2 Heterogeneous Wafers
4.4.2.1 Array integration
4.4.2.2 Wafer bonding
4.4.2.3 Hybridization integration
4.4.2.4 Companies
4.4.3 Monolithic microLED arrays
4.4.4 GaN on Silicon
4.4.4.1 Overview
4.4.4.2 Types
4.4.4.2.1 GaN on sapphire
4.4.4.3 Challenges
4.4.4.4 Companies
4.4.5 Mass transfer
4.4.5.1 Chiplet Mass Transfer
4.4.5.2 Elastomer Stamp Transfer (Fine pick and place)
4.4.5.2.1 Overview
4.4.5.2.2 Controlling kinetic adhesion forces
4.4.5.2.3 Pixel pitch
4.4.5.2.4 Micro-transfer printing
4.4.5.2.5 Capillary-assisted transfer printing
4.4.5.2.6 Electrostatic array
4.4.5.2.7 Companies
4.4.5.3 Roll-to-Roll or Roll-to-Panel Imprinting
4.4.5.4 Laser enabled transfer
4.4.5.4.1 Overview
4.4.5.4.1.1 Selective transfer by selective bonding-debonding
4.4.5.4.2 Companies
4.4.5.5 Electrostatic Transfer
4.4.5.6 Micro-transfer
4.4.5.6.1 Overview
4.4.5.6.2 Micro-Pick-and-Place Transfer
4.4.5.6.3 Photo-Polymer Mass Transfer
4.4.5.6.4 Companies
4.4.5.7 Micro vacuum-based transfer
4.4.5.8 Adhesive Stamp
4.4.5.9 Self-Assembly
4.4.5.9.1 Overview
4.4.5.9.2 Fluidically Self-Assembled (FSA) technology
4.4.5.9.3 Magnetically-assisted assembly
4.4.5.9.4 Photoelectrochemically driven fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.5 Electrophoretic fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.6 Surface energy fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.7 Shape-based self-assembly
4.4.5.9.8 Companies
4.4.5.10 All-In-One Transfer
4.4.5.10.1 Overview
4.4.5.10.2 Heterogeneous Wafers in All-in-One Integration
4.4.5.10.2.1 Optoelectronic Array Integration
4.4.5.10.2.2 Wafer Bonding Process and Hybridization
4.4.5.10.3 Companies
4.4.6 Nanowires
4.4.6.1 Overview
4.4.6.1.1 Nanowire Growth on Silicon
4.4.6.1.2 Native EL RGB nanowires
4.4.6.1.3 3D Integration
4.4.7 Bonding and interconnection
4.4.7.1 Overview
4.4.7.2 Types of bonding
4.4.7.3 Microtube Interconnections
5 DEFECT MANAGEMENT
5.1 Overview
5.2 Defect types
5.3 Redundancy techniques
5.4 Repair
5.4.1 Techniques
5.4.2 Laser micro trimming
6 COLOUR CONVERSION
6.1 Comparison of technologies
6.2 Full colour conversion
6.3 UV LED
6.4 Colour filters
6.5 Stacked RGB MicroLEDs
6.5.1 Companies
6.6 Three panel microLED projectors
6.7 Phosphor Colour Conversion
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.1.1 Red-emitting phosphor materials
6.7.1.2 Thermal stability
6.7.1.3 Narrow-band green phosphors
6.7.1.4 High performance organic phosphors
6.7.2 Challenges
6.7.3 Companies
6.8 Quantum dots colour conversion
6.8.1 Mode of operation
6.8.2 Cadmium QDs
6.8.3 Cadmium-free QDs
6.8.4 Perovskite quantum dots
6.8.5 Graphene quantum dots
6.8.6 Phosphors and quantum dots
6.8.7 Quantum dots in microLED displays
6.8.7.1 Technology overview
6.8.7.2 QD-based display types
6.8.7.3 Quantum dot colour conversion (QDCC) technology for microLEDs
6.8.7.4 Efficiency drop and red shift in quantum dot emission for displays
6.8.7.5 High blue absorptive quantum dot materials for display
6.8.7.6 QD display pixel patterning techniques
6.8.7.6.1 Inkjet printing
6.8.7.6.2 Photoresists
6.8.7.6.3 Aerosol Jet Printing
6.8.8 Challenges
6.8.9 Companies
6.9 Quantum wells
6.10 Improving image quality
7 LIGHT MANAGEMENT
7.1 Overview
7.2 Light capture methods
7.3 Micro-catadioptric optical array
7.4 Additive manufacturing (AM) for engineered directional emission profiles
8 BACKPLANES AND DRIVING
8.1 Overview
8.2 Technologies and materials
8.2.1 TFT materials
8.2.2 OLED Pixel Driving
8.2.3 TFT Backplane
8.2.4 Passive and active matrix addressing
8.2.4.1 Passive Matrix Addressing
8.2.4.2 Passive Driving Structure
8.2.4.3 Active Matrix Addressing
8.2.4.4 Pulse width modulation (PWM)
8.2.4.5 Driving voltage considerations for microLEDs
8.2.5 RGB Driving Schemes for MicroLED Displays
8.2.6 Active Matrix MicroLED Displays with LTPS Backplanes
9 MARKETS FOR MICROLEDS
9.1 CONSUMER ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS
9.1.1 Market map
9.1.2 Market adoption roadmap
9.1.3 Large flat panel displays and TVs
9.1.3.1 Samsung
9.1.3.1.1 Wall display
9.1.3.1.2 Neo QLED TV range
9.1.3.1.3 MicroLED CX TV line-up
9.1.3.2 LG
9.1.3.2.1 MAGNIT MicroLED TV
9.1.3.3 TCL CSOT
9.1.4 Smartwatches and wearables
9.1.4.1 Apple s planned microLED smartwatch
9.1.4.2 Samsung
9.1.5 Smartphones
9.1.6 Laptops, monitors and tablets
9.1.7 Foldable and stretchable displays
9.1.7.1 The global foldable display market
9.1.7.2 Applications
9.1.7.2.1 Foldable TVs
9.1.7.2.2 Stretchable 12 microLED touch displays 9.1.7.2.3 Product developers
9.1.8 SWOT analysis
9.2 BIOTECH AND MEDICAL
9.2.1 The global medical display market
9.2.2 Applications
9.2.2.1 Implantable Devices
9.2.2.2 Lab-on-a-Chip
9.2.2.3 Endoscopy
9.2.2.4 Surgical Displays
9.2.2.5 Phototherapy
9.2.2.6 Biosensing
9.2.2.7 Brain Machine Interfaces
9.2.3 Product developers
9.2.4 SWOT analysis
9.3 AUTOMOTIVE
9.3.1 Global automotive displays market
9.3.2 Applications
9.3.2.1 Cabin Displays
9.3.2.2 Head-up displays (HUD)
9.3.2.3 Exterior Signaling and Lighting
9.3.3 Product developers
9.3.4 SWOT analysis
9.4 VIRTUAL REALITY (VR), AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) AND MIXED REALITY (MR)
9.4.1 Global market for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)
9.4.2 Applications
9.4.2.1 AR/VR Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (HMDs)
9.4.2.2 MicroLED contact lenses
9.4.3 Products developers
9.4.4 SWOT analysis
9.5 TRANSPARENT DISPLAYS
9.5.1 Global transparent displays market
9.5.2 Applications
9.5.2.1 Smart Windows
9.5.2.2 Display Glass Overlays
9.5.3 Product developers
9.5.4 SWOT analysis
10 SUPPLY CHAIN
11 COMPANY PROFILES 245 (84 COMPANY PROFILES)
12 REFERENCES
List of Tables
Table 1. Announced MicroLED fabs.
Table 2. Summary of display technologies.
Table 3. Advantages of AM microLED micro-displays.
Table 4. MicroLED applications.
Table 5. Market and technology challenges for microLEDs.
Table 6. MicroLED industry developments 2020-2024.
Table 7. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2021.
Table 8. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2022 and Display Week 2022.
Table 9. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2023 and Display Week 2023.
Table 10. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2024 and Display Week 2024.
Table 11. MicroLED activity in China.
Table 12. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035, by market.
Table 13. LED size definitions.
Table 14. Comparison between miniLED and microLED.
Table 15. Comparison to conventional LEDs.
Table 16. Types of MicroLED.
Table 17. Summary of monolithic integration, monolithic hybrid integration (flip-chip/wafer bonding), and mass transfer technologies.
Table 18. Summary of different mass transfer technologies.
Table 19. MicroLED Comparison to LCD, OLED and QD.
Table 20. Schematic comparison to LCD and OLED.
Table 21. Commercially available MicroLED products and specifications.
Table 22. Comparison of MicroLED with other display technologies.
Table 23. MicroLED-based display advantages and disadvantages.
Table 24. Materials for commercial LED chips.
Table 25. Bandgap vs lattice constant for common III-V semiconductors used in LEDs.
Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of MOCVD.
Table 27. Typical RGB microLED designs.
Table 28. Size dependence of key parameters in microLEDs
Table 29. Transfer, assembly and integration technologies.
Table 30. Companies utilizing monolithic integration for MicroLEDs.
Table 31. Advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous wafers.
Table 32. Key players in heterogeneous wafers.
Table 33. Fabricating monolithic micro-displays.
Table 34. GaN-on-Si applications.
Table 35. Different epitaxial growth methods for GaN-on-Silicon.
Table 36. Comparison of GaN growth on sapphire vs silicon substrates.
Table 37. Cost comparison of sapphire versus silicon substrates for GaN epitaxy
Table 38. Challenges of GaN-on-Silicon epitaxy and mitigation strategies.
Table 39. Companies utilizing GaN microLEDs on silicon.
Table 40. Mass transfer methods, by company.
Table 41. Comparison of various mass transfer technologies.
Table 42. Factors affecting transfer yield for microLED mass assembly.
Table 43. Advantages and disadvantages of Elastomeric stamp for microLED mass transfer.
Table 44. Companies utilizing elastomeric stamp transfer.
Table 45. Laser beam requirement.
Table 46. Companies utilizing laser-enabled transfer technology.
Table 47. Companies developing micro-transfer printing technologies.
Table 48. Types of self-assembly technologies.
Table 49. Companies utilizing self-assembly.
Table 50. Advantages and disadvantages of all-in-one CMOS driving technique.
Table 51. Companies utilizing All-in-one transfer.
Table 52. Comparison between 2D and 3D microLEDs.
Table 53. Classification of key microLED bonding and interconnection techniques.
Table 54. Types of bonding.
Table 55. Strategies for full colour realization.
Table 56. Comparison of colour conversion technologies for microLED displays.
Table 57. Companies developing stacked RGB microLEDs.
Table 58. Phosphor materials used for LED colour conversion.
Table 59. Requirements for phosphors in LEDs.
Table 60. Standard and emerging red-emitting phosphors.
Table 61. Challenges with phosphor colour conversion.
Table 62. Companies developing phosphors for MicroLEDs.
Table 63. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs.
Table 64. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED.
Table 65. Perovskite-based QD producers.
Table 66. Comparison between carbon quantum dots and graphene quantum dots.
Table 67. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.
Table 68. Graphene quantum dots producers.
Table 69. QDs vs phosphors.
Table 70. QD-based display types.
Table 71. Quantum dot (QD) patterning techniques.
Table 72. Pros and cons of ink-jet printing for manufacturing displays.
Table 73. Challenges with QD colour conversion.
Table 74. Companies utilizing quantum dots in MicroLEDs.
Table 75. Methods to capture light output.
Table 76. Backplane and driving options for MicroLED displays.
Table 77. Comparison between PM and AM addressing.
Table 78. PAM vs PWM.
Table 79. . Driving vs. EQE.
Table 80. Comparison of LED TV technologies.
Table 81. Samsung Neo QLED TV range.
Table 82. LG mini QNED range
Table 83. Flexible, stretchable and foldable MicroLED products.
Table 84. Medical display MicroLED products.
Table 85. Automotive display & backlight architectures
Table 86. Applications of MicroLED in automotive.
Table 87. Automotive display MicroLED products.
Table 88. Comparison of AR Display Light Engines.
Table 89. MicroLED based smart glass products.
Table 90. MicroLED transparent displays.
Table 91. Companies developing MicroLED transparent displays.
Table 92. MicroLED supply chain.
Table 93. LG mini QNED range
Table 94. Samsung Neo QLED TV range.
Table 95. San an Mini and MicroLED Production annual target.
Table 96. NPQDTM vs Traditional QD based MicroLEDs.
Table 97. TCL MiniLED product range.
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 The MiniLED market
2.2 The MicroLED market
2.3 The global display market
2.3.1 OLEDs
2.3.2 Quantum dots
2.3.3 Display technologies assessment
2.4 Benefits of MicroLEDs
2.5 Additive manufacturing for microLED micro-displays
2.6 MicroLEDs applications
2.7 Market and technology challenges
2.8 Industry developments 2020-2024
2.9 Recent microLED display innovations
2.10 Market activity in China
2.11 Global shipment forecasts for MicroLEDs to 2035
2.11.1 Units by market
2.11.2 Revenues
2.12 Cost evolution roadmap
2.13 Competitive Landscape
2.14 Technology Trends
2.14.1 MicroLED Efficiency and Display Power Consumption
2.14.2 MicroLED Die Architecture
2.14.3 Driving
2.14.4 Colour
2.14.5 MiP
2.14.6 Tiling
2.14.7 Transparent, Flexible and Stretchable Displays
2.14.8 Microdisplays
2.14.9 Sensors
3 TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
3.1 What are MicroLEDs?
3.2 MiniLED (mLED) vs MicroLED ( LED)
3.2.1 Display configurations
3.2.2 Development
3.2.2.1 Sony
3.2.3 Types
3.2.4 Production
3.2.4.1 Integration
3.2.4.2 Transfer technologies
3.2.5 Comparison to LCD, OLED AND QD
3.2.6 MicroLED display specifications
3.2.7 Advantages
3.2.7.1 Transparency
3.2.7.2 Borderless
3.2.7.3 Flexibility
3.2.8 Tiled microLED displays
3.2.9 Costs
3.2.9.1 Relationship between microLED cost and die size
4 MANUFACTURING
4.1 Epitaxy and Chip Processing
4.1.1 Materials
4.1.2 Substrates
4.1.2.1 Green gap
4.1.3 Wafer patterning
4.1.4 Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)
4.1.5 Epitaxial growth requirement
4.1.6 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
4.1.7 Uniformity
4.2 Chip manufacturing
4.2.1 RGB microLED designs
4.2.2 Epi-film transfer
4.3 MicroLED Performances
4.3.1 Relationship between external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current density
4.3.2 Stability and thermal management
4.3.3 Size dependency
4.3.4 Surface recombination of carriers
4.3.5 Developing efficient high-performance RGB microLEDs
4.4 Transfer, Assembly and Integration Technologies
4.4.1 Monolithic integration
4.4.1.1 Overview
4.4.1.2 Companies
4.4.2 Heterogeneous Wafers
4.4.2.1 Array integration
4.4.2.2 Wafer bonding
4.4.2.3 Hybridization integration
4.4.2.4 Companies
4.4.3 Monolithic microLED arrays
4.4.4 GaN on Silicon
4.4.4.1 Overview
4.4.4.2 Types
4.4.4.2.1 GaN on sapphire
4.4.4.3 Challenges
4.4.4.4 Companies
4.4.5 Mass transfer
4.4.5.1 Chiplet Mass Transfer
4.4.5.2 Elastomer Stamp Transfer (Fine pick and place)
4.4.5.2.1 Overview
4.4.5.2.2 Controlling kinetic adhesion forces
4.4.5.2.3 Pixel pitch
4.4.5.2.4 Micro-transfer printing
4.4.5.2.5 Capillary-assisted transfer printing
4.4.5.2.6 Electrostatic array
4.4.5.2.7 Companies
4.4.5.3 Roll-to-Roll or Roll-to-Panel Imprinting
4.4.5.4 Laser enabled transfer
4.4.5.4.1 Overview
4.4.5.4.1.1 Selective transfer by selective bonding-debonding
4.4.5.4.2 Companies
4.4.5.5 Electrostatic Transfer
4.4.5.6 Micro-transfer
4.4.5.6.1 Overview
4.4.5.6.2 Micro-Pick-and-Place Transfer
4.4.5.6.3 Photo-Polymer Mass Transfer
4.4.5.6.4 Companies
4.4.5.7 Micro vacuum-based transfer
4.4.5.8 Adhesive Stamp
4.4.5.9 Self-Assembly
4.4.5.9.1 Overview
4.4.5.9.2 Fluidically Self-Assembled (FSA) technology
4.4.5.9.3 Magnetically-assisted assembly
4.4.5.9.4 Photoelectrochemically driven fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.5 Electrophoretic fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.6 Surface energy fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.7 Shape-based self-assembly
4.4.5.9.8 Companies
4.4.5.10 All-In-One Transfer
4.4.5.10.1 Overview
4.4.5.10.2 Heterogeneous Wafers in All-in-One Integration
4.4.5.10.2.1 Optoelectronic Array Integration
4.4.5.10.2.2 Wafer Bonding Process and Hybridization
4.4.5.10.3 Companies
4.4.6 Nanowires
4.4.6.1 Overview
4.4.6.1.1 Nanowire Growth on Silicon
4.4.6.1.2 Native EL RGB nanowires
4.4.6.1.3 3D Integration
4.4.7 Bonding and interconnection
4.4.7.1 Overview
4.4.7.2 Types of bonding
4.4.7.3 Microtube Interconnections
5 DEFECT MANAGEMENT
5.1 Overview
5.2 Defect types
5.3 Redundancy techniques
5.4 Repair
5.4.1 Techniques
5.4.2 Laser micro trimming
6 COLOUR CONVERSION
6.1 Comparison of technologies
6.2 Full colour conversion
6.3 UV LED
6.4 Colour filters
6.5 Stacked RGB MicroLEDs
6.5.1 Companies
6.6 Three panel microLED projectors
6.7 Phosphor Colour Conversion
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.1.1 Red-emitting phosphor materials
6.7.1.2 Thermal stability
6.7.1.3 Narrow-band green phosphors
6.7.1.4 High performance organic phosphors
6.7.2 Challenges
6.7.3 Companies
6.8 Quantum dots colour conversion
6.8.1 Mode of operation
6.8.2 Cadmium QDs
6.8.3 Cadmium-free QDs
6.8.4 Perovskite quantum dots
6.8.5 Graphene quantum dots
6.8.6 Phosphors and quantum dots
6.8.7 Quantum dots in microLED displays
6.8.7.1 Technology overview
6.8.7.2 QD-based display types
6.8.7.3 Quantum dot colour conversion (QDCC) technology for microLEDs
6.8.7.4 Efficiency drop and red shift in quantum dot emission for displays
6.8.7.5 High blue absorptive quantum dot materials for display
6.8.7.6 QD display pixel patterning techniques
6.8.7.6.1 Inkjet printing
6.8.7.6.2 Photoresists
6.8.7.6.3 Aerosol Jet Printing
6.8.8 Challenges
6.8.9 Companies
6.9 Quantum wells
6.10 Improving image quality
7 LIGHT MANAGEMENT
7.1 Overview
7.2 Light capture methods
7.3 Micro-catadioptric optical array
7.4 Additive manufacturing (AM) for engineered directional emission profiles
8 BACKPLANES AND DRIVING
8.1 Overview
8.2 Technologies and materials
8.2.1 TFT materials
8.2.2 OLED Pixel Driving
8.2.3 TFT Backplane
8.2.4 Passive and active matrix addressing
8.2.4.1 Passive Matrix Addressing
8.2.4.2 Passive Driving Structure
8.2.4.3 Active Matrix Addressing
8.2.4.4 Pulse width modulation (PWM)
8.2.4.5 Driving voltage considerations for microLEDs
8.2.5 RGB Driving Schemes for MicroLED Displays
8.2.6 Active Matrix MicroLED Displays with LTPS Backplanes
9 MARKETS FOR MICROLEDS
9.1 CONSUMER ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS
9.1.1 Market map
9.1.2 Market adoption roadmap
9.1.3 Large flat panel displays and TVs
9.1.3.1 Samsung
9.1.3.1.1 Wall display
9.1.3.1.2 Neo QLED TV range
9.1.3.1.3 MicroLED CX TV line-up
9.1.3.2 LG
9.1.3.2.1 MAGNIT MicroLED TV
9.1.3.3 TCL CSOT
9.1.4 Smartwatches and wearables
9.1.4.1 Apple s planned microLED smartwatch
9.1.4.2 Samsung
9.1.5 Smartphones
9.1.6 Laptops, monitors and tablets
9.1.7 Foldable and stretchable displays
9.1.7.1 The global foldable display market
9.1.7.2 Applications
9.1.7.2.1 Foldable TVs
9.1.7.2.2 Stretchable 12 microLED touch displays 9.1.7.2.3 Product developers
9.1.8 SWOT analysis
9.2 BIOTECH AND MEDICAL
9.2.1 The global medical display market
9.2.2 Applications
9.2.2.1 Implantable Devices
9.2.2.2 Lab-on-a-Chip
9.2.2.3 Endoscopy
9.2.2.4 Surgical Displays
9.2.2.5 Phototherapy
9.2.2.6 Biosensing
9.2.2.7 Brain Machine Interfaces
9.2.3 Product developers
9.2.4 SWOT analysis
9.3 AUTOMOTIVE
9.3.1 Global automotive displays market
9.3.2 Applications
9.3.2.1 Cabin Displays
9.3.2.2 Head-up displays (HUD)
9.3.2.3 Exterior Signaling and Lighting
9.3.3 Product developers
9.3.4 SWOT analysis
9.4 VIRTUAL REALITY (VR), AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) AND MIXED REALITY (MR)
9.4.1 Global market for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)
9.4.2 Applications
9.4.2.1 AR/VR Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (HMDs)
9.4.2.2 MicroLED contact lenses
9.4.3 Products developers
9.4.4 SWOT analysis
9.5 TRANSPARENT DISPLAYS
9.5.1 Global transparent displays market
9.5.2 Applications
9.5.2.1 Smart Windows
9.5.2.2 Display Glass Overlays
9.5.3 Product developers
9.5.4 SWOT analysis
10 SUPPLY CHAIN
11 COMPANY PROFILES 245 (84 COMPANY PROFILES)
12 REFERENCES
List of Tables
Table 1. Announced MicroLED fabs.
Table 2. Summary of display technologies.
Table 3. Advantages of AM microLED micro-displays.
Table 4. MicroLED applications.
Table 5. Market and technology challenges for microLEDs.
Table 6. MicroLED industry developments 2020-2024.
Table 7. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2021.
Table 8. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2022 and Display Week 2022.
Table 9. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2023 and Display Week 2023.
Table 10. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2024 and Display Week 2024.
Table 11. MicroLED activity in China.
Table 12. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035, by market.
Table 13. LED size definitions.
Table 14. Comparison between miniLED and microLED.
Table 15. Comparison to conventional LEDs.
Table 16. Types of MicroLED.
Table 17. Summary of monolithic integration, monolithic hybrid integration (flip-chip/wafer bonding), and mass transfer technologies.
Table 18. Summary of different mass transfer technologies.
Table 19. MicroLED Comparison to LCD, OLED and QD.
Table 20. Schematic comparison to LCD and OLED.
Table 21. Commercially available MicroLED products and specifications.
Table 22. Comparison of MicroLED with other display technologies.
Table 23. MicroLED-based display advantages and disadvantages.
Table 24. Materials for commercial LED chips.
Table 25. Bandgap vs lattice constant for common III-V semiconductors used in LEDs.
Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of MOCVD.
Table 27. Typical RGB microLED designs.
Table 28. Size dependence of key parameters in microLEDs
Table 29. Transfer, assembly and integration technologies.
Table 30. Companies utilizing monolithic integration for MicroLEDs.
Table 31. Advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous wafers.
Table 32. Key players in heterogeneous wafers.
Table 33. Fabricating monolithic micro-displays.
Table 34. GaN-on-Si applications.
Table 35. Different epitaxial growth methods for GaN-on-Silicon.
Table 36. Comparison of GaN growth on sapphire vs silicon substrates.
Table 37. Cost comparison of sapphire versus silicon substrates for GaN epitaxy
Table 38. Challenges of GaN-on-Silicon epitaxy and mitigation strategies.
Table 39. Companies utilizing GaN microLEDs on silicon.
Table 40. Mass transfer methods, by company.
Table 41. Comparison of various mass transfer technologies.
Table 42. Factors affecting transfer yield for microLED mass assembly.
Table 43. Advantages and disadvantages of Elastomeric stamp for microLED mass transfer.
Table 44. Companies utilizing elastomeric stamp transfer.
Table 45. Laser beam requirement.
Table 46. Companies utilizing laser-enabled transfer technology.
Table 47. Companies developing micro-transfer printing technologies.
Table 48. Types of self-assembly technologies.
Table 49. Companies utilizing self-assembly.
Table 50. Advantages and disadvantages of all-in-one CMOS driving technique.
Table 51. Companies utilizing All-in-one transfer.
Table 52. Comparison between 2D and 3D microLEDs.
Table 53. Classification of key microLED bonding and interconnection techniques.
Table 54. Types of bonding.
Table 55. Strategies for full colour realization.
Table 56. Comparison of colour conversion technologies for microLED displays.
Table 57. Companies developing stacked RGB microLEDs.
Table 58. Phosphor materials used for LED colour conversion.
Table 59. Requirements for phosphors in LEDs.
Table 60. Standard and emerging red-emitting phosphors.
Table 61. Challenges with phosphor colour conversion.
Table 62. Companies developing phosphors for MicroLEDs.
Table 63. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs.
Table 64. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED.
Table 65. Perovskite-based QD producers.
Table 66. Comparison between carbon quantum dots and graphene quantum dots.
Table 67. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.
Table 68. Graphene quantum dots producers.
Table 69. QDs vs phosphors.
Table 70. QD-based display types.
Table 71. Quantum dot (QD) patterning techniques.
Table 72. Pros and cons of ink-jet printing for manufacturing displays.
Table 73. Challenges with QD colour conversion.
Table 74. Companies utilizing quantum dots in MicroLEDs.
Table 75. Methods to capture light output.
Table 76. Backplane and driving options for MicroLED displays.
Table 77. Comparison between PM and AM addressing.
Table 78. PAM vs PWM.
Table 79. . Driving vs. EQE.
Table 80. Comparison of LED TV technologies.
Table 81. Samsung Neo QLED TV range.
Table 82. LG mini QNED range
Table 83. Flexible, stretchable and foldable MicroLED products.
Table 84. Medical display MicroLED products.
Table 85. Automotive display & backlight architectures
Table 86. Applications of MicroLED in automotive.
Table 87. Automotive display MicroLED products.
Table 88. Comparison of AR Display Light Engines.
Table 89. MicroLED based smart glass products.
Table 90. MicroLED transparent displays.
Table 91. Companies developing MicroLED transparent displays.
Table 92. MicroLED supply chain.
Table 93. LG mini QNED range
Table 94. Samsung Neo QLED TV range.
Table 95. San an Mini and MicroLED Production annual target.
Table 96. NPQDTM vs Traditional QD based MicroLEDs.
Table 97. TCL MiniLED product range.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Blue GaN MicroLED arrays with 3um pixel pitch use polychromatic quantum dot integration to achieve full colour AR displays.
Figure 2: QLED TV from Samsung.
Figure 3. QD display products.
Figure 4. The progress of display technology, from LCD to MicroLED.
Figure 5. Head-up displays (HUD).
Figure 6. Public advertising displays.
Figure 7. Wearable biomedical devices.
Figure 8. Pico-projectors.
Figure 9. Mojo Vision's 300-mm GaN-on-silicon blue LED wafer for microLED displays.
Figure 10. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035.
Figure 11. Global MicroLED display market 2020-2035, by market (Million USD).
Figure 12. Cost evolution roadmap 2024-2035.
Figure 13. MicroLED display panel structure.
Figure 14. Display system configurations.
Figure 15. MicroLED schematic.
Figure 16. Pixels per inch roadmap of -LED displays from 2007 to 2019.
Figure 17. Mass transfer for LED chips.
Figure 18. Schematic diagram of mass transfer technologies.
Figure 19. Lextar 10.6 inch transparent MicroLED display.
Figure 20. Transition to borderless design.
Figure 21. Process for LED Manufacturing.
Figure 22. Main application scenarios of microLED display and their characteristic display area and pixel density.
Figure 23. Conventional process used to fabricate microLED microdisplay devices.
Figure 24. Process flow of Silicon Display of Sharp.
Figure 25. JDB monolithic hybrid integration microLED chip fabrication process.
Figure 26. Monolithic microLED array.
Figure 27. Schematics of a elastomer stamping, b electrostatic/electromagnetic transfer, c laser-assisted transfer and d fluid self-assembly.
Figure 28. Transfer process flow.
Figure 29. XCeleprint Automated micro-transfer printing machinery.
Figure 30. Schematics of Roll-based mass transfer.
Figure 31. Schematic of laser-induced forward transfer technology.
Figure 32. Schematic of fluid self-assembly technology.
Figure 33. Fabrication of microLED chip array.
Figure 34. Schematic of colour conversion technology.
Figure 35. Process flow of a full-colour micro display.
Figure 36. GE inkjet-printed red phosphors.
Figure 37. Toray's organic colour conversion film.
Figure 38. Quantum dot schematic.
Figure 39. Quantum dot size and colour.
Figure 40. (a) Emission colour and wavelength of QDs corresponding to their sizes (b) InP QDs; (c) InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell QDs.
Figure 41. A pQLED device structure.
Figure 42. Perovskite quantum dots under UV light.
Figure 43. Market map for MicroLED displays.
Figure 44. Market adoption roadmap for microLED displays.
Figure 45. Samsung Wall display system.
Figure 46. Samsung Neo QLED 8K.
Figure 47. Samsung Electronics 89-inch microLED TV.
Figure 48. MAGNIT MicroLED TV.
Figure 49. MicroLED wearable display prototype.
Figure 50. APHAEA Watch.
Figure 51. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.
Figure 52. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.
Figure 53. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level MicroLED transferring.
Figure 54. 55 flexible AM panel.
Figure 55. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.
Figure 56. Stretchable 12" microLED touch displays.
Figure 57. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in consumer electronics displays.
Figure 58. MicroLEDs for medical applications
Figure 59. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in biotech and medical.
Figure 60. 2023 Cadillac Lyriq EV incorporating miniLED display.
Figure 61. MicroLED automotive display.
Figure 62. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.
Figure 63. Rear lamp utilizing flexible MicroLEDs.
Figure 64. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in automotive.
Figure 65. LAWK ONE.
Figure 66. JioGlass.
Figure 67. Mojo Vision smart contact lens with an embedded MicroLED display.
Figure 68. Cellid AR glasses, Exploded version.
Figure 69. Air Glass.
Figure 70. Panasonic MeganeX.
Figure 71. Thunderbird Smart Glasses Pioneer Edition.
Figure 72. RayNeo X2.
Figure 73. tooz technologies smart glasses.
Figure 74. Vuzix MicroLED micro display Smart Glasses.
Figure 75. Leopard demo glasses by WaveOptics.
Figure 76. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR).
Figure 77. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations.
Figure 78. 7.56" high transparency & frameless MicroLED display.
Figure 79. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry.
Figure 80. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in transparent displays.
Figure 81. WireLED in 12 Silicon Wafer.
Figure 82. Typical GaN-on-Si LED structure.
Figure 83. 300 mm GaN-on-silicon epiwafer.
Figure 84. MicroLED chiplet architecture.
Figure 85. Concept Apple Vr Ar Mixed Reality Headset.
Figure 86. 1.39-inch full-circle MicroLED display
Figure 87. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 88. BOE MiniLED display TV.
Figure 89. BOE MiniLED automotive display.
Figure 90. Image obtained on a blue active-matrix WVGA (wide video graphics array) micro display.
Figure 91. Fabrication of the 10- m pixel pitch LED array on sapphire.
Figure 92. A 200-mm wafer with CMOS active matrices for GaN 873 ? 500-pixel micro display at 10- m pitch.
Figure 93. IntelliPix design for 0.26" 1080p MicroLED display.
Figure 94. C Seed 165-inch M1 MicroLED TV.
Figure 95. N1 folding MicroLED TV.
Figure 96. C Seed outdoor TV.
Figure 97. Focally Universe AR glasses.
Figure 98. Flexible MicroLED.
Figure 99. Jade Bird Display micro displays.
Figure 100. JBD's 0.13-inch panel.
Figure 101. 0.22 Monolithic full colour MicroLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide.
Figure 102. Prototype MicroLED display.
Figure 103. APHAEA MicroLED watch.
Figure 104. KONKA 59" tiled microLED TV prototype screen.
Figure 105. Lextar 2021 microLED and mini LED products.
Figure 106. LSAB009 MicroLED display.
Figure 107. LG MAGNIT 4K 136-inch TV.
Figure 108. 12" 100 PPI full-colour stretchable microLED display.
Figure 109. Schematic of Micro Nitride chip architecture.
Figure 110. Mojo Lens.
Figure 111. Nationstar Mini LED IMD Package P0.5mm.
Figure 112. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 113. 7.56-inch transparent MicroLED display.
Figure 114. PixeLED Matrix Modular MicroLED Display in 132-inch.
Figure 115. Dashboard - 11.6-inch 24:9 Automotive MicroLED Display.
Figure 116. Center Console - 9.38-inch Transparent MicroLED Display.
Figure 117. 48 x 36 Passive Matrix MicroLED display.
Figure 118. MicroLED micro display based on a native red InGaN LED.
Figure 119. MicroLED stretchable display.
Figure 120. The Wall.
Figure 121. Samsung Neo QLED 8K.
Figure 122. NPQD Technology for MicroLEDs.
Figure 123. Wicop technology.
Figure 124. B-Series and C-Series displays.
Figure 125. A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked MicroLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display/
Figure 126. TCL MiniLED TV schematic.
Figure 127. TCL 8K MiniLED TV.
Figure 128. The Cinema Wall MicroLED display.
Figure 129. Photo-polymer mass transfer process.
Figure 130. 7.56 Transparent Display.
Figure 131. 7.56" Flexible MicroLED.
Figure 132. 5.04" seamless splicing MicroLED.
Figure 133. 7.56" Transparent MicroLED.
Figure 134. VueReal Flipchip MicroLED (30x15 um2).
Figure 135. Vuzix uLED display engine.
Figure 1. Blue GaN MicroLED arrays with 3um pixel pitch use polychromatic quantum dot integration to achieve full colour AR displays.
Figure 2: QLED TV from Samsung.
Figure 3. QD display products.
Figure 4. The progress of display technology, from LCD to MicroLED.
Figure 5. Head-up displays (HUD).
Figure 6. Public advertising displays.
Figure 7. Wearable biomedical devices.
Figure 8. Pico-projectors.
Figure 9. Mojo Vision's 300-mm GaN-on-silicon blue LED wafer for microLED displays.
Figure 10. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035.
Figure 11. Global MicroLED display market 2020-2035, by market (Million USD).
Figure 12. Cost evolution roadmap 2024-2035.
Figure 13. MicroLED display panel structure.
Figure 14. Display system configurations.
Figure 15. MicroLED schematic.
Figure 16. Pixels per inch roadmap of -LED displays from 2007 to 2019.
Figure 17. Mass transfer for LED chips.
Figure 18. Schematic diagram of mass transfer technologies.
Figure 19. Lextar 10.6 inch transparent MicroLED display.
Figure 20. Transition to borderless design.
Figure 21. Process for LED Manufacturing.
Figure 22. Main application scenarios of microLED display and their characteristic display area and pixel density.
Figure 23. Conventional process used to fabricate microLED microdisplay devices.
Figure 24. Process flow of Silicon Display of Sharp.
Figure 25. JDB monolithic hybrid integration microLED chip fabrication process.
Figure 26. Monolithic microLED array.
Figure 27. Schematics of a elastomer stamping, b electrostatic/electromagnetic transfer, c laser-assisted transfer and d fluid self-assembly.
Figure 28. Transfer process flow.
Figure 29. XCeleprint Automated micro-transfer printing machinery.
Figure 30. Schematics of Roll-based mass transfer.
Figure 31. Schematic of laser-induced forward transfer technology.
Figure 32. Schematic of fluid self-assembly technology.
Figure 33. Fabrication of microLED chip array.
Figure 34. Schematic of colour conversion technology.
Figure 35. Process flow of a full-colour micro display.
Figure 36. GE inkjet-printed red phosphors.
Figure 37. Toray's organic colour conversion film.
Figure 38. Quantum dot schematic.
Figure 39. Quantum dot size and colour.
Figure 40. (a) Emission colour and wavelength of QDs corresponding to their sizes (b) InP QDs; (c) InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell QDs.
Figure 41. A pQLED device structure.
Figure 42. Perovskite quantum dots under UV light.
Figure 43. Market map for MicroLED displays.
Figure 44. Market adoption roadmap for microLED displays.
Figure 45. Samsung Wall display system.
Figure 46. Samsung Neo QLED 8K.
Figure 47. Samsung Electronics 89-inch microLED TV.
Figure 48. MAGNIT MicroLED TV.
Figure 49. MicroLED wearable display prototype.
Figure 50. APHAEA Watch.
Figure 51. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.
Figure 52. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.
Figure 53. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level MicroLED transferring.
Figure 54. 55 flexible AM panel.
Figure 55. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.
Figure 56. Stretchable 12" microLED touch displays.
Figure 57. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in consumer electronics displays.
Figure 58. MicroLEDs for medical applications
Figure 59. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in biotech and medical.
Figure 60. 2023 Cadillac Lyriq EV incorporating miniLED display.
Figure 61. MicroLED automotive display.
Figure 62. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.
Figure 63. Rear lamp utilizing flexible MicroLEDs.
Figure 64. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in automotive.
Figure 65. LAWK ONE.
Figure 66. JioGlass.
Figure 67. Mojo Vision smart contact lens with an embedded MicroLED display.
Figure 68. Cellid AR glasses, Exploded version.
Figure 69. Air Glass.
Figure 70. Panasonic MeganeX.
Figure 71. Thunderbird Smart Glasses Pioneer Edition.
Figure 72. RayNeo X2.
Figure 73. tooz technologies smart glasses.
Figure 74. Vuzix MicroLED micro display Smart Glasses.
Figure 75. Leopard demo glasses by WaveOptics.
Figure 76. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR).
Figure 77. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations.
Figure 78. 7.56" high transparency & frameless MicroLED display.
Figure 79. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry.
Figure 80. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in transparent displays.
Figure 81. WireLED in 12 Silicon Wafer.
Figure 82. Typical GaN-on-Si LED structure.
Figure 83. 300 mm GaN-on-silicon epiwafer.
Figure 84. MicroLED chiplet architecture.
Figure 85. Concept Apple Vr Ar Mixed Reality Headset.
Figure 86. 1.39-inch full-circle MicroLED display
Figure 87. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 88. BOE MiniLED display TV.
Figure 89. BOE MiniLED automotive display.
Figure 90. Image obtained on a blue active-matrix WVGA (wide video graphics array) micro display.
Figure 91. Fabrication of the 10- m pixel pitch LED array on sapphire.
Figure 92. A 200-mm wafer with CMOS active matrices for GaN 873 ? 500-pixel micro display at 10- m pitch.
Figure 93. IntelliPix design for 0.26" 1080p MicroLED display.
Figure 94. C Seed 165-inch M1 MicroLED TV.
Figure 95. N1 folding MicroLED TV.
Figure 96. C Seed outdoor TV.
Figure 97. Focally Universe AR glasses.
Figure 98. Flexible MicroLED.
Figure 99. Jade Bird Display micro displays.
Figure 100. JBD's 0.13-inch panel.
Figure 101. 0.22 Monolithic full colour MicroLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide.
Figure 102. Prototype MicroLED display.
Figure 103. APHAEA MicroLED watch.
Figure 104. KONKA 59" tiled microLED TV prototype screen.
Figure 105. Lextar 2021 microLED and mini LED products.
Figure 106. LSAB009 MicroLED display.
Figure 107. LG MAGNIT 4K 136-inch TV.
Figure 108. 12" 100 PPI full-colour stretchable microLED display.
Figure 109. Schematic of Micro Nitride chip architecture.
Figure 110. Mojo Lens.
Figure 111. Nationstar Mini LED IMD Package P0.5mm.
Figure 112. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 113. 7.56-inch transparent MicroLED display.
Figure 114. PixeLED Matrix Modular MicroLED Display in 132-inch.
Figure 115. Dashboard - 11.6-inch 24:9 Automotive MicroLED Display.
Figure 116. Center Console - 9.38-inch Transparent MicroLED Display.
Figure 117. 48 x 36 Passive Matrix MicroLED display.
Figure 118. MicroLED micro display based on a native red InGaN LED.
Figure 119. MicroLED stretchable display.
Figure 120. The Wall.
Figure 121. Samsung Neo QLED 8K.
Figure 122. NPQD Technology for MicroLEDs.
Figure 123. Wicop technology.
Figure 124. B-Series and C-Series displays.
Figure 125. A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked MicroLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display/
Figure 126. TCL MiniLED TV schematic.
Figure 127. TCL 8K MiniLED TV.
Figure 128. The Cinema Wall MicroLED display.
Figure 129. Photo-polymer mass transfer process.
Figure 130. 7.56 Transparent Display.
Figure 131. 7.56" Flexible MicroLED.
Figure 132. 5.04" seamless splicing MicroLED.
Figure 133. 7.56" Transparent MicroLED.
Figure 134. VueReal Flipchip MicroLED (30x15 um2).
Figure 135. Vuzix uLED display engine.
