Global Directional Luminaires Market Research Report 2021-2025
In the context of China-US trade war and COVID-19 epidemic, it will have a big influence on this market. Directional Luminaires Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2025 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Directional Luminaires market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Directional Luminaires basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Holm
ERCO
Liton Lighting
Lighting Technologies
Getron Lichttechnologie
LIGMAN Lighting
kreon
UCOME LIGHTING
Luminii
JESCO LIGHTING
Dextra Lighting
Emium Lighting
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Directional Luminaires for each application, including-
Residential Lighting
Public Lighting
Industrial Lighting
In this report, the global Directional Luminaires market is valued at USD XX million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2021 to 2025.
The report firstly introduced the Directional Luminaires basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Holm
ERCO
Liton Lighting
Lighting Technologies
Getron Lichttechnologie
LIGMAN Lighting
kreon
UCOME LIGHTING
Luminii
JESCO LIGHTING
Dextra Lighting
Emium Lighting
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Directional Luminaires for each application, including-
Residential Lighting
Public Lighting
Industrial Lighting
PART I DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Directional Luminaires Definition
1.2 Directional Luminaires Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Directional Luminaires Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Directional Luminaires Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Directional Luminaires Application Analysis
1.3.1 Directional Luminaires Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Directional Luminaires Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Directional Luminaires Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Directional Luminaires Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Directional Luminaires Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Directional Luminaires Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Directional Luminaires Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Directional Luminaires Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Directional Luminaires Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Directional Luminaires Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Directional Luminaires Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Directional Luminaires Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Directional Luminaires Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Directional Luminaires Product Development History
3.2 Asia Directional Luminaires Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Directional Luminaires Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Directional Luminaires Product Development History
7.2 North American Directional Luminaires Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Directional Luminaires Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Directional Luminaires Product Development History
11.2 Europe Directional Luminaires Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Directional Luminaires Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Directional Luminaires Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Directional Luminaires Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Directional Luminaires Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Directional Luminaires Market Analysis
17.2 Directional Luminaires Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Directional Luminaires New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Directional Luminaires Definition
1.2 Directional Luminaires Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Directional Luminaires Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Directional Luminaires Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Directional Luminaires Application Analysis
1.3.1 Directional Luminaires Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Directional Luminaires Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Directional Luminaires Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Directional Luminaires Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Directional Luminaires Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Directional Luminaires Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Directional Luminaires Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Directional Luminaires Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Directional Luminaires Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Directional Luminaires Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Directional Luminaires Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Directional Luminaires Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Directional Luminaires Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Directional Luminaires Product Development History
3.2 Asia Directional Luminaires Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Directional Luminaires Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2016-2021 ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
4.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
4.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
4.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
6.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
6.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
6.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Directional Luminaires Product Development History
7.2 North American Directional Luminaires Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Directional Luminaires Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2016-2021 NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
8.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
8.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
8.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
10.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
10.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
10.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Directional Luminaires Product Development History
11.2 Europe Directional Luminaires Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Directional Luminaires Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2016-2021 EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
12.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
12.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
12.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
14.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
14.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
14.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Directional Luminaires Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Directional Luminaires Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Directional Luminaires Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Directional Luminaires Market Analysis
17.2 Directional Luminaires Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Directional Luminaires New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2016-2021 GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
18.2 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
18.4 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
18.6 2016-2021 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Overview
19.2 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Demand Overview
19.4 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Import Export Consumption
19.6 2021-2025 Directional Luminaires Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL DIRECTIONAL LUMINAIRES INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
