Hadoop-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Hadoop-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Hadoop industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Hadoop 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Hadoop worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Hadoop market
Market status and development trend of Hadoop by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Hadoop, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Hadoop market as:
Global Hadoop Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Hadoop Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Software
Hardware
Global Hadoop Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Banking, Financial services and Insurance (BFSI)
Manufacturing
Retail
Telecommunications
Healthcare and Life Sciences
Media and Entertainment
Other
Global Hadoop Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Hadoop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Cloudera
Horton Works
IBM
Pentaho
MapR Technologies
Karmasphere
EMC-Greenplum
HStreaming
Cisco Systems
Teradata
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Hadoop-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Hadoop industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Hadoop 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Hadoop worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Hadoop market
Market status and development trend of Hadoop by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Hadoop, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Hadoop market as:
Global Hadoop Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Hadoop Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Software
Hardware
Global Hadoop Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Banking, Financial services and Insurance (BFSI)
Manufacturing
Retail
Telecommunications
Healthcare and Life Sciences
Media and Entertainment
Other
Global Hadoop Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Hadoop Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Cloudera
Horton Works
IBM
Pentaho
MapR Technologies
Karmasphere
EMC-Greenplum
HStreaming
Cisco Systems
Teradata
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF HADOOP
1.1 Definition of Hadoop in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Hadoop
1.2.1 Software
1.2.2 Hardware
1.3 Downstream Application of Hadoop
1.3.1 Banking, Financial services and Insurance (BFSI)
1.3.2 Manufacturing
1.3.3 Retail
1.3.4 Telecommunications
1.3.5 Healthcare and Life Sciences
1.3.6 Media and Entertainment
1.3.7 Other
1.4 Development History of Hadoop
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Hadoop 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Hadoop Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Hadoop Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Hadoop 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Hadoop by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Hadoop by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Hadoop by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Hadoop by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Hadoop 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Hadoop 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Hadoop by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Hadoop by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Hadoop by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Hadoop by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Hadoop by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Hadoop by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Hadoop Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HADOOP
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Hadoop Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 HADOOP MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Hadoop by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Hadoop by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Hadoop by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Hadoop Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Hadoop Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 HADOOP MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Cloudera
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.1.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cloudera
12.2 Horton Works
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.2.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Horton Works
12.3 IBM
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.3.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IBM
12.4 Pentaho
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.4.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pentaho
12.5 MapR Technologies
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.5.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MapR Technologies
12.6 Karmasphere
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.6.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Karmasphere
12.7 EMC-Greenplum
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.7.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EMC-Greenplum
12.8 HStreaming
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.8.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HStreaming
12.9 Cisco Systems
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.9.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cisco Systems
12.10 Teradata
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.10.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Teradata
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HADOOP
13.1 Industry Chain of Hadoop
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HADOOP
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Hadoop
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Hadoop
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Hadoop
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Hadoop
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Hadoop in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Hadoop
1.2.1 Software
1.2.2 Hardware
1.3 Downstream Application of Hadoop
1.3.1 Banking, Financial services and Insurance (BFSI)
1.3.2 Manufacturing
1.3.3 Retail
1.3.4 Telecommunications
1.3.5 Healthcare and Life Sciences
1.3.6 Media and Entertainment
1.3.7 Other
1.4 Development History of Hadoop
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Hadoop 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Hadoop Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Hadoop Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Hadoop 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Hadoop by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Hadoop by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Hadoop by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Hadoop by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Hadoop 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Hadoop 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Hadoop by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Hadoop by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Hadoop by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Hadoop by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Hadoop by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Hadoop by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Hadoop Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Hadoop Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Hadoop Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HADOOP
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Hadoop Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 HADOOP MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Hadoop by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Hadoop by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Hadoop by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Hadoop Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Hadoop Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 HADOOP MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Cloudera
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.1.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cloudera
12.2 Horton Works
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.2.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Horton Works
12.3 IBM
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.3.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IBM
12.4 Pentaho
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.4.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Pentaho
12.5 MapR Technologies
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.5.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MapR Technologies
12.6 Karmasphere
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.6.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Karmasphere
12.7 EMC-Greenplum
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.7.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EMC-Greenplum
12.8 HStreaming
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.8.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HStreaming
12.9 Cisco Systems
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.9.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cisco Systems
12.10 Teradata
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Hadoop Product
12.10.3 Hadoop Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Teradata
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HADOOP
13.1 Industry Chain of Hadoop
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HADOOP
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Hadoop
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Hadoop
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Hadoop
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Hadoop
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
