The Global Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) Market 2024-2045
Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) is an emerging carbon dioxide removal strategy that uses advanced, mainly proprietary technology to capture and store or utilize carbon dioxide directly from the ambient air. As DACCS technologies continue to advance and scale up, they offer substantial opportunities for businesses, investors, and policymakers. Captured CO2 can be permanently stored in deep geological formations and depleted aquifers. Novel technologies can trap CO2 in rocks, via mineralization. Captured CO2 can also be used in a range of applications. The ability to sell or convert CO2 into useful products provides a commercialization pathway for DACCS, with products including:
CO2 Capture Mechanisms and Technologies The report delves into the various CO2 capture and separation mechanisms employed in DACCS, including sorbent-based and solvent-based systems. It also examines the different technologies used in DACCS, such as solid sorbents, liquid sorbents, and passive direct air capture (PDAC). The report provides a detailed comparison of these technologies, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for future development. While the market is in its infancy, with a relatively small amount of DACCS plants in operation (mainly in Europe, USA, Canada and Japan), the potential of these technologies will play a growing role in the carbon capture market. Companies are being incentivized to develop the technology with the US government offering >$3.5 billion in grants.
Report contents include:
- Fuels
- Chemicals, plastics, and polymers
- Construction materials
- Biological yield-boosting
- Food and feed production
- Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
CO2 Capture Mechanisms and Technologies The report delves into the various CO2 capture and separation mechanisms employed in DACCS, including sorbent-based and solvent-based systems. It also examines the different technologies used in DACCS, such as solid sorbents, liquid sorbents, and passive direct air capture (PDAC). The report provides a detailed comparison of these technologies, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for future development. While the market is in its infancy, with a relatively small amount of DACCS plants in operation (mainly in Europe, USA, Canada and Japan), the potential of these technologies will play a growing role in the carbon capture market. Companies are being incentivized to develop the technology with the US government offering >$3.5 billion in grants.
Report contents include:
- Analysis of the overall market for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS).
- Costs for DACCS, current and targeted.
- Pros and cons of DACCS.
- In-depth DACCS technology analysis.
- Comparative analysis of DAC to other carbon capture tech.
- Commercialization and plants including production capacities.
- Markets for CO2 captured by DACCS. For each sector, the report identifies key market drivers, trends, and opportunities. It also provides market size estimates and forecasts from 2024 to 2045, segmented by technology and application. Markets covered include:
- Fuels
- Chemicals, plastics, and polymers
- Construction materials
- Biological yield-boosting
- Food and feed production
- Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
- Market challenges. The report analyzes the costs associated with DACCS, including capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX). It breaks down the cost contributions of various components in DACCS systems and provides a comparison of cost estimates for different technologies. The report also identifies the main challenges facing the DACCS industry, such as high energy requirements, the need for cost reductions, and the development of supportive policies and infrastructure.
- Profiles of 66 companies involved in DACCS. Companies profiled include Airhive, AspiraDAC, Carbofex Oy, CarbonCapture Inc., Charm Industrial, Climeworks, Holocene, 44.01, Mission Zero Technologies, Noya, Occidental Petroleum Corp., and Removr. Company profiles cover technology offerings, key projects, partnerships, and competitive strengths.
1 ABBREVIATIONS
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Definition
2.2 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
2.3 Key market barriers for CCUS
3 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Purpose of carbon dioxide removal
3.2 What is CCUS?
3.2.1 Carbon Capture
3.2.1.1 Source Characterization
3.2.1.2 Purification
3.2.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
3.2.2 Carbon Utilization
3.2.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
3.2.3 Carbon storage
3.2.3.1 Passive storage
3.2.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
3.3 Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS) Market
3.4 What is Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)?
3.4.1 Nature-based CDR Solutions
3.4.2 Technological CDR Solutions
3.4.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
3.4.4 Carbon Credits
3.4.4.1 Market Demand and Prices
3.4.5 DACCS advantages
3.5 Market map
3.6 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
3.6.1 Facilities
3.6.1.1 Operational
3.6.1.2 Under development/construction
3.7 CCUS Value Chain
3.8 Transporting CO2
3.8.1 Methods of CO2 transport
3.8.1.1 Pipeline
3.8.1.2 Ship
3.8.1.3 Road
3.8.1.4 Rail
3.8.2 Safety
3.9 Costs
3.9.1 Cost of CO2 transport
3.10 Carbon credits
4 CARBON CAPTURE
4.1 CO2 capture from point sources
4.1.1 Transportation
4.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
4.1.3 By source
4.1.4 By endpoint
4.2 Main carbon capture processes
4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Post-combustion
4.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
4.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
4.2.5 Pre-combustion
5 DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND STORAGE (DACCS)
5.1 Technology description
5.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
5.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
5.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
5.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
5.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
5.2 Advantages of DAC
5.3 Deployment
5.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
5.5 Technologies
5.5.1 Solid sorbents
5.5.2 Liquid sorbents
5.5.3 Liquid solvents
5.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
5.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
5.5.6 Direct conversion
5.5.7 Co-product generation
5.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
5.5.9 Regeneration methods
5.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
5.7 Commercialization and plants
5.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
5.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
5.10 Capacity forecasts
5.11 Costs
5.12 Market challenges for DAC
5.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
5.14 Players and production
5.15 Co2 utilization pathways
5.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
5.16.1 Fuels
5.16.1.1 Overview
5.16.1.2 Production routes
5.16.1.3 Methanol
5.16.1.4 Algae based biofuels
5.16.1.5 CO?-fuels from solar
5.16.1.6 Companies
5.16.1.7 Challenges
5.16.2 Chemicals, plastics and polymers
5.16.2.1 Overview
5.16.2.2 Scalability
5.16.2.3 Plastics and polymers
5.16.2.4 Urea production
5.16.2.5 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.16.2.6 Carbon nanotubes
5.16.2.7 Companies
5.16.3 Construction materials
5.16.3.1 Overview
5.16.3.2 CCUS technologies
5.16.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
5.16.3.4 Additives during mixing
5.16.3.5 Concrete curing
5.16.3.6 Costs
5.16.3.7 Companies
5.16.3.8 Challenges
5.16.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.16.4.1 Overview
5.16.4.2 Applications
5.16.4.3 Companies
5.16.5 Food and feed production
5.16.6 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.16.6.1 Overview
5.16.6.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
5.17 Storage
5.17.1 CO2 storage sites
5.17.1.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
5.17.1.2 Oil and gas fields
5.17.1.3 Saline formations
5.17.2 Global CO2 storage capacity
5.17.3 Costs
6 COMPANY PROFILES 156 (66 COMPANY PROFILES)
7 REFERENCES
12. LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Abbreviations.
Table 2. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples.
Table 3. Key market barriers for CCUS.
Table 4. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 5. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources.
Table 6. CO2 capture technologies.
Table 7. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies.
Table 8. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture.
Table 9. Benchmarking comparison of various CDR technologies based on key parameters.
Table 10. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation.
Table 11. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction.
Table 12. Methods of CO2 transport.
Table 13. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 14. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.
Table 15. DACCS carbon credit revenue forecast (million US$), 2024-2045.
Table 16. Point source examples.
Table 17. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 18. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.
Table 19. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.
Table 20. DAC technologies.
Table 21. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 22. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy.
Table 23. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
Table 24. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
Table 25. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
Table 26. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 27. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 28. DAC projects in development.
Table 29. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2024-2045, base case.
Table 30. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2030-2045, optimistic case.
Table 31. Costs summary for DAC.
Table 32. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system.
Table 33. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 34. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 35. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 36. Example CO2 utilization pathways.
Table 37. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS).
Table 38. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 39. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 40. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 41. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 42. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.
Table 43. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
Table 44. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.
Table 45. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 46. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.
Table 47. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 48. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.
Table 49. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food.
Table 50. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.
Table 51. Storage and utilization of CO2.
Table 52. Global depleted reservoir storage projects.
Table 53. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects.
Table 54. CO2 EOR/storage projects.
Table 55. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects.
Table 56. Global storage capacity estimates, by region.
12. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Schematic of CCUS process.
Figure 2. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal.
Figure 3. A pre-combustion capture system.
Figure 4. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.
Figure 5. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.
Figure 6. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map.
Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035.
Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects.
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain.
Figure 11. Transport of CCS technologies.
Figure 12. Railroad car for liquid CO? transport
Figure 13. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.
Figure 14. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 15. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport.
Figure 16. CO2 capture and separation technology.
Figure 17. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.
Figure 18. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021.
Figure 19. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.
Figure 20. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030.
Figure 21. Post-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 22. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.
Figure 23. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 24. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.
Figure 25. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 26. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.
Figure 27. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.
Figure 28. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods.
Figure 29. DAC technologies.
Figure 30. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 31. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Figure 32. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.
Figure 33. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.
Figure 34. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 35. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.
Figure 36. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.
Figure 37. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.
Figure 38. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.
Figure 39. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 40. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 41. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 42. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 43. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 44. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 45. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 46. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 47. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 48. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 49. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.
Figure 50. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.
Figure 51. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 52. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 53. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 54. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 55. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 56. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use.
Figure 57. Subsurface storage cost estimation.
Figure 58. Schematic of carbon capture solar project.
Figure 59. Carbonminer DAC technology.
Figure 60. Carbon Blade system.
Figure 61. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 62. Orca facility.
Figure 63. Holy Grail DAC system.
Figure 64. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 65. Audi/Krajete DAC unit.
Figure 66. Neustark modular plant.
Figure 67. 3D model of 100,000 tpa DAC plant
Figure 68. RepAir technology.
Figure 69. Skytree pilot DAC unit.
Figure 70. Soletair Power unit.
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Definition
2.2 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
2.3 Key market barriers for CCUS
3 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Purpose of carbon dioxide removal
3.2 What is CCUS?
3.2.1 Carbon Capture
3.2.1.1 Source Characterization
3.2.1.2 Purification
3.2.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
3.2.2 Carbon Utilization
3.2.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
3.2.3 Carbon storage
3.2.3.1 Passive storage
3.2.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
3.3 Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS) Market
3.4 What is Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)?
3.4.1 Nature-based CDR Solutions
3.4.2 Technological CDR Solutions
3.4.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
3.4.4 Carbon Credits
3.4.4.1 Market Demand and Prices
3.4.5 DACCS advantages
3.5 Market map
3.6 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
3.6.1 Facilities
3.6.1.1 Operational
3.6.1.2 Under development/construction
3.7 CCUS Value Chain
3.8 Transporting CO2
3.8.1 Methods of CO2 transport
3.8.1.1 Pipeline
3.8.1.2 Ship
3.8.1.3 Road
3.8.1.4 Rail
3.8.2 Safety
3.9 Costs
3.9.1 Cost of CO2 transport
3.10 Carbon credits
4 CARBON CAPTURE
4.1 CO2 capture from point sources
4.1.1 Transportation
4.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
4.1.3 By source
4.1.4 By endpoint
4.2 Main carbon capture processes
4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Post-combustion
4.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
4.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
4.2.5 Pre-combustion
5 DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND STORAGE (DACCS)
5.1 Technology description
5.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
5.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
5.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
5.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
5.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
5.2 Advantages of DAC
5.3 Deployment
5.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
5.5 Technologies
5.5.1 Solid sorbents
5.5.2 Liquid sorbents
5.5.3 Liquid solvents
5.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
5.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
5.5.6 Direct conversion
5.5.7 Co-product generation
5.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
5.5.9 Regeneration methods
5.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
5.7 Commercialization and plants
5.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
5.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
5.10 Capacity forecasts
5.11 Costs
5.12 Market challenges for DAC
5.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
5.14 Players and production
5.15 Co2 utilization pathways
5.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
5.16.1 Fuels
5.16.1.1 Overview
5.16.1.2 Production routes
5.16.1.3 Methanol
5.16.1.4 Algae based biofuels
5.16.1.5 CO?-fuels from solar
5.16.1.6 Companies
5.16.1.7 Challenges
5.16.2 Chemicals, plastics and polymers
5.16.2.1 Overview
5.16.2.2 Scalability
5.16.2.3 Plastics and polymers
5.16.2.4 Urea production
5.16.2.5 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.16.2.6 Carbon nanotubes
5.16.2.7 Companies
5.16.3 Construction materials
5.16.3.1 Overview
5.16.3.2 CCUS technologies
5.16.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
5.16.3.4 Additives during mixing
5.16.3.5 Concrete curing
5.16.3.6 Costs
5.16.3.7 Companies
5.16.3.8 Challenges
5.16.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.16.4.1 Overview
5.16.4.2 Applications
5.16.4.3 Companies
5.16.5 Food and feed production
5.16.6 CO? Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.16.6.1 Overview
5.16.6.2 CO?-EOR facilities and projects
5.17 Storage
5.17.1 CO2 storage sites
5.17.1.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
5.17.1.2 Oil and gas fields
5.17.1.3 Saline formations
5.17.2 Global CO2 storage capacity
5.17.3 Costs
6 COMPANY PROFILES 156 (66 COMPANY PROFILES)
7 REFERENCES
12. LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Abbreviations.
Table 2. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples.
Table 3. Key market barriers for CCUS.
Table 4. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 5. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources.
Table 6. CO2 capture technologies.
Table 7. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies.
Table 8. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture.
Table 9. Benchmarking comparison of various CDR technologies based on key parameters.
Table 10. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation.
Table 11. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction.
Table 12. Methods of CO2 transport.
Table 13. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 14. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.
Table 15. DACCS carbon credit revenue forecast (million US$), 2024-2045.
Table 16. Point source examples.
Table 17. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 18. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.
Table 19. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.
Table 20. DAC technologies.
Table 21. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 22. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy.
Table 23. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
Table 24. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
Table 25. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
Table 26. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 27. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 28. DAC projects in development.
Table 29. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2024-2045, base case.
Table 30. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO? per year), 2030-2045, optimistic case.
Table 31. Costs summary for DAC.
Table 32. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system.
Table 33. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 34. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 35. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 36. Example CO2 utilization pathways.
Table 37. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS).
Table 38. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 39. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 40. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 41. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 42. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.
Table 43. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
Table 44. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.
Table 45. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 46. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.
Table 47. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 48. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.
Table 49. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food.
Table 50. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.
Table 51. Storage and utilization of CO2.
Table 52. Global depleted reservoir storage projects.
Table 53. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects.
Table 54. CO2 EOR/storage projects.
Table 55. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects.
Table 56. Global storage capacity estimates, by region.
12. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Schematic of CCUS process.
Figure 2. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal.
Figure 3. A pre-combustion capture system.
Figure 4. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.
Figure 5. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.
Figure 6. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map.
Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035.
Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects.
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain.
Figure 11. Transport of CCS technologies.
Figure 12. Railroad car for liquid CO? transport
Figure 13. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.
Figure 14. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 15. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport.
Figure 16. CO2 capture and separation technology.
Figure 17. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.
Figure 18. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021.
Figure 19. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.
Figure 20. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030.
Figure 21. Post-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 22. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.
Figure 23. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 24. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.
Figure 25. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.
Figure 26. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.
Figure 27. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.
Figure 28. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods.
Figure 29. DAC technologies.
Figure 30. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 31. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Figure 32. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.
Figure 33. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.
Figure 34. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 35. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.
Figure 36. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.
Figure 37. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.
Figure 38. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.
Figure 39. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 40. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 41. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 42. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 43. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 44. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 45. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 46. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 47. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 48. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 49. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.
Figure 50. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.
Figure 51. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 52. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 53. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 54. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 55. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 56. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use.
Figure 57. Subsurface storage cost estimation.
Figure 58. Schematic of carbon capture solar project.
Figure 59. Carbonminer DAC technology.
Figure 60. Carbon Blade system.
Figure 61. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 62. Orca facility.
Figure 63. Holy Grail DAC system.
Figure 64. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 65. Audi/Krajete DAC unit.
Figure 66. Neustark modular plant.
Figure 67. 3D model of 100,000 tpa DAC plant
Figure 68. RepAir technology.
Figure 69. Skytree pilot DAC unit.
Figure 70. Soletair Power unit.
