Fire axe-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Fire axe-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Fire axe industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Fire axe 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Fire axe worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Fire axe market
Market status and development trend of Fire axe by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Fire axe, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Fire axe market as:
Global Fire axe Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Fire axe Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Fire flat axe
Fire sharp axe
Global Fire axe Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Fire emergency alarm
Hotel emergency alarm
Others
Global Fire axe Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Fire axe Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
FORESTRY SUPPLIERS
Fire Safety USA
Fire Supply Depot
Jingang Industry
Fire Axe
HI-SEA
Council Tool
RMSCO
Safequip
ESSA MARINE EQUIPMENT
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Fire axe-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Fire axe industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Fire axe 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Fire axe worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Fire axe market
Market status and development trend of Fire axe by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Fire axe, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Fire axe market as:
Global Fire axe Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Fire axe Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Fire flat axe
Fire sharp axe
Global Fire axe Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Fire emergency alarm
Hotel emergency alarm
Others
Global Fire axe Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Fire axe Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
FORESTRY SUPPLIERS
Fire Safety USA
Fire Supply Depot
Jingang Industry
Fire Axe
HI-SEA
Council Tool
RMSCO
Safequip
ESSA MARINE EQUIPMENT
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF FIRE AXE
1.1 Definition of Fire axe in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Fire axe
1.2.1 Fire flat axe
1.2.2 Fire sharp axe
1.3 Downstream Application of Fire axe
1.3.1 Fire emergency alarm
1.3.2 Hotel emergency alarm
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Fire axe
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Fire axe 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Fire axe Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Fire axe Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Fire axe 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Fire axe by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Fire axe by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Fire axe by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Fire axe by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Fire axe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Fire axe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Fire axe by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Fire axe by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Fire axe by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Fire axe by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Fire axe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Fire axe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Fire axe Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF FIRE AXE
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Fire axe Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 FIRE AXE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Fire axe by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Fire axe by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Fire axe by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Fire axe Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Fire axe Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 FIRE AXE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 FORESTRY SUPPLIERS
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.1.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FORESTRY SUPPLIERS
12.2 Fire Safety USA
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.2.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fire Safety USA
12.3 Fire Supply Depot
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.3.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fire Supply Depot
12.4 Jingang Industry
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.4.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jingang Industry
12.5 Fire Axe
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.5.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fire Axe
12.6 HI-SEA
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.6.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HI-SEA
12.7 Council Tool
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.7.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Council Tool
12.8 RMSCO
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.8.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RMSCO
12.9 Safequip
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.9.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Safequip
12.10 ESSA MARINE EQUIPMENT
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.10.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ESSA MARINE EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF FIRE AXE
13.1 Industry Chain of Fire axe
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF FIRE AXE
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Fire axe
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Fire axe
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Fire axe
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Fire axe
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Fire axe in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Fire axe
1.2.1 Fire flat axe
1.2.2 Fire sharp axe
1.3 Downstream Application of Fire axe
1.3.1 Fire emergency alarm
1.3.2 Hotel emergency alarm
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Fire axe
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Fire axe 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Fire axe Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Fire axe Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Fire axe 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Fire axe by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Fire axe by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Fire axe by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Fire axe by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Fire axe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Fire axe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Fire axe by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Fire axe by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Fire axe by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Fire axe by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Fire axe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Fire axe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Fire axe Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Fire axe Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Fire axe Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF FIRE AXE
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Fire axe Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 FIRE AXE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Fire axe by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Fire axe by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Fire axe by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Fire axe Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Fire axe Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 FIRE AXE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 FORESTRY SUPPLIERS
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.1.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FORESTRY SUPPLIERS
12.2 Fire Safety USA
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.2.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fire Safety USA
12.3 Fire Supply Depot
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.3.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fire Supply Depot
12.4 Jingang Industry
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.4.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jingang Industry
12.5 Fire Axe
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.5.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fire Axe
12.6 HI-SEA
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.6.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HI-SEA
12.7 Council Tool
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.7.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Council Tool
12.8 RMSCO
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.8.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RMSCO
12.9 Safequip
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.9.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Safequip
12.10 ESSA MARINE EQUIPMENT
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Fire axe Product
12.10.3 Fire axe Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ESSA MARINE EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF FIRE AXE
13.1 Industry Chain of Fire axe
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF FIRE AXE
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Fire axe
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Fire axe
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Fire axe
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Fire axe
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference