Anti-decubitusDynamic Mattresses-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses market
Market status and development trend of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses market as:
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Foam Mattresses
Air Cushion Mattresses
Other
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Nursing Home
Home Use
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Linet
Talley
Apex Medical
Getting Group
Hill-Rom
Sidhil
Malvestio
Stryker
Ardo
ROHO
Carilex
Rober
EHOB
Benmor Medical
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses market
Market status and development trend of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses market as:
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Foam Mattresses
Air Cushion Mattresses
Other
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Nursing Home
Home Use
China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Linet
Talley
Apex Medical
Getting Group
Hill-Rom
Sidhil
Malvestio
Stryker
Ardo
ROHO
Carilex
Rober
EHOB
Benmor Medical
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
1.1 Definition of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
1.2.1 Foam Mattresses
1.2.2 Air Cushion Mattresses
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Nursing Home
1.3.3 Home Use
1.4 Development History of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Linet
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.1.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Linet
7.2 Talley
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.2.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Talley
7.3 Apex Medical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.3.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Apex Medical
7.4 Getting Group
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.4.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Getting Group
7.5 Hill-Rom
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.5.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hill-Rom
7.6 Sidhil
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.6.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sidhil
7.7 Malvestio
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.7.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Malvestio
7.8 Stryker
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.8.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Stryker
7.9 Ardo
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.9.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ardo
7.10 ROHO
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.10.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ROHO
7.11 Carilex
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.11.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Carilex
7.12 Rober
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.12.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rober
7.13 EHOB
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.13.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EHOB
7.14 Benmor Medical
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.14.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Benmor Medical
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
8.1 Industry Chain of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
1.2.1 Foam Mattresses
1.2.2 Air Cushion Mattresses
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Nursing Home
1.3.3 Home Use
1.4 Development History of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Linet
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.1.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Linet
7.2 Talley
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.2.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Talley
7.3 Apex Medical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.3.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Apex Medical
7.4 Getting Group
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.4.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Getting Group
7.5 Hill-Rom
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.5.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hill-Rom
7.6 Sidhil
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.6.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sidhil
7.7 Malvestio
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.7.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Malvestio
7.8 Stryker
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.8.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Stryker
7.9 Ardo
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.9.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ardo
7.10 ROHO
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.10.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ROHO
7.11 Carilex
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.11.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Carilex
7.12 Rober
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.12.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rober
7.13 EHOB
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.13.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EHOB
7.14 Benmor Medical
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Product
7.14.3 Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Benmor Medical
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
8.1 Industry Chain of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Anti-decubitus Dynamic Mattresses
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DECUBITUS DYNAMIC MATTRESSES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
