Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
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Report Summary
Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems market
Market status and development trend of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems market as:
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hardware Systems
Software Systems
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Commercial
Military
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Moog
Ultra Electronics Holdings PLC
Lord Corporation
Bosch General Aviation Technology GmbH
Wolfe Aviation
Creo Dynamics AB
Terma A/S
Hutchinson SA
Ois Aerospace
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems market
Market status and development trend of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems market as:
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hardware Systems
Software Systems
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Commercial
Military
Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Moog
Ultra Electronics Holdings PLC
Lord Corporation
Bosch General Aviation Technology GmbH
Wolfe Aviation
Creo Dynamics AB
Terma A/S
Hutchinson SA
Ois Aerospace
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
1.1 Definition of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
1.2.1 Hardware Systems
1.2.2 Software Systems
1.3 Downstream Application of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
1.3.1 Commercial
1.3.2 Military
1.4 Development History of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Moog
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.1.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Moog
7.2 Ultra Electronics Holdings PLC
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.2.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ultra Electronics Holdings PLC
7.3 Lord Corporation
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.3.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lord Corporation
7.4 Bosch General Aviation Technology GmbH
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.4.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bosch General Aviation Technology GmbH
7.5 Wolfe Aviation
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.5.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wolfe Aviation
7.6 Creo Dynamics AB
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.6.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Creo Dynamics AB
7.7 Terma A/S
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.7.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Terma A/S
7.8 Hutchinson SA
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.8.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hutchinson SA
7.9 Ois Aerospace
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.9.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ois Aerospace
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
8.1 Industry Chain of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
1.2.1 Hardware Systems
1.2.2 Software Systems
1.3 Downstream Application of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
1.3.1 Commercial
1.3.2 Military
1.4 Development History of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Moog
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.1.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Moog
7.2 Ultra Electronics Holdings PLC
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.2.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ultra Electronics Holdings PLC
7.3 Lord Corporation
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.3.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lord Corporation
7.4 Bosch General Aviation Technology GmbH
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.4.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bosch General Aviation Technology GmbH
7.5 Wolfe Aviation
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.5.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wolfe Aviation
7.6 Creo Dynamics AB
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.6.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Creo Dynamics AB
7.7 Terma A/S
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.7.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Terma A/S
7.8 Hutchinson SA
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.8.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hutchinson SA
7.9 Ois Aerospace
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Product
7.9.3 Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ois Aerospace
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
8.1 Industry Chain of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC) Systems
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL (ANVC) SYSTEMS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference