Looking at Small Hydropower in Europe 2018
The role of water as a multi-faceted necessity for humans cannot be more stressed upon since as many adaptive uses that were demanded of it by civilizations; water has met most of them or in some cases - all. Nature’s most wonderful resource never ceases to amaze imaginations as it proves to be a resource with the capacity to generate power in many forms whether be it hydropower or steam power to produce electricity to power communities and their needs.
The historical nature of water as a resource to civilizations can be gauged by the early uses of Hydropower which was used for irrigation, milling of grain, textile manufacture, and the operation of sawmills. Imperial Rome was one of the first nations to pioneer the organized usage of exploiting energy from moving water wherein water powered mills produced flour from grain, and in China and the rest of the Far East, hydraulically operated "pot wheel" pumps raised water into irrigation canals.
There is no international consensus on the definition of small hydropower (SHP). In China, it can refer to capacities of up to 25 MW, in India up to 15 MW and in Sweden small means up to 1.5 MW. However, a capacity of up to 10 MW total is becoming the generally accepted norm by ESHA, the European Commission and UNIPEDE (International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electricity).
The trend towards SHP in Europe has been enhanced by the European Commission’s White Paper on renewable energy and by the EU Renewable Electricity Directive (RES-e Directive).
Aruvian Research now brings to you a new research report focusing on Small Hydropower in Europe. The report – Looking at Small Hydropower in Europe 2018 – looks at the basics of SHP and follows the development throughout Europe. Analyzing the status of SHP in the various EU countries, this report provides a comprehensive coverage of Small Hydropower in Europe.
The historical nature of water as a resource to civilizations can be gauged by the early uses of Hydropower which was used for irrigation, milling of grain, textile manufacture, and the operation of sawmills. Imperial Rome was one of the first nations to pioneer the organized usage of exploiting energy from moving water wherein water powered mills produced flour from grain, and in China and the rest of the Far East, hydraulically operated "pot wheel" pumps raised water into irrigation canals.
There is no international consensus on the definition of small hydropower (SHP). In China, it can refer to capacities of up to 25 MW, in India up to 15 MW and in Sweden small means up to 1.5 MW. However, a capacity of up to 10 MW total is becoming the generally accepted norm by ESHA, the European Commission and UNIPEDE (International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electricity).
The trend towards SHP in Europe has been enhanced by the European Commission’s White Paper on renewable energy and by the EU Renewable Electricity Directive (RES-e Directive).
Aruvian Research now brings to you a new research report focusing on Small Hydropower in Europe. The report – Looking at Small Hydropower in Europe 2018 – looks at the basics of SHP and follows the development throughout Europe. Analyzing the status of SHP in the various EU countries, this report provides a comprehensive coverage of Small Hydropower in Europe.
A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B. SMALL HYDROPOWER IN EUROPE
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Decline in SHP Development
B.3 Boosting Development
B.4 Market Overview
B.5 The SHP Industry & Technologies
B.6 Market Prospects
B.7 SHP Plants in Operation
B.8 SHP - Contribution to the Gross Electricity Generation
B.7 SHP Manufacturing Industry
B.7.1 SHP Support Mechanisms
B.7.2 Environmental Issues in SHP Development
B.7.3 Outlook of Installed Capacity & Electricity Generation
B.8 SHP Economics & Costs
C. ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATION OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS
C.1 Environmental Impact
C.2 Environmental Solutions
C.3 Looking at Multipurpose Plants
C.4 Problems with Noise Emissions
C.5 Case Studies – Environmental Integration of SHP
C.5.1 Backbarrow Plant in UK
C.5.2 Kavarskas Site in Lithuania
C.5.3 Troistorrents in Switzerland
D. SMALL HYDROPOWER IN THE EU
D.1 Austria
D.2 Belgium
D.3 Bulgaria
D.4 Czech Republic
D.5 Denmark
D.6 Estonia
D.7 France
D.8 Greece
D.9 Hungary
D.10 Ireland
D.11 Italy
D.12 Latvia
D.13 Lithuania
D.14 Poland
D.15 Portugal
D.16 Romania
D.17 Slovakia
D.18 Slovenia
D.19 Spain
D.20 Sweden
D.21 The Netherlands
D.22 Turkey
D.23 United Kingdom
D.24 The Water Framework Directive
E. APPENDIX
F. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
B. SMALL HYDROPOWER IN EUROPE
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Decline in SHP Development
B.3 Boosting Development
B.4 Market Overview
B.5 The SHP Industry & Technologies
B.6 Market Prospects
B.7 SHP Plants in Operation
B.8 SHP - Contribution to the Gross Electricity Generation
B.7 SHP Manufacturing Industry
B.7.1 SHP Support Mechanisms
B.7.2 Environmental Issues in SHP Development
B.7.3 Outlook of Installed Capacity & Electricity Generation
B.8 SHP Economics & Costs
C. ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATION OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS
C.1 Environmental Impact
C.2 Environmental Solutions
C.3 Looking at Multipurpose Plants
C.4 Problems with Noise Emissions
C.5 Case Studies – Environmental Integration of SHP
C.5.1 Backbarrow Plant in UK
C.5.2 Kavarskas Site in Lithuania
C.5.3 Troistorrents in Switzerland
D. SMALL HYDROPOWER IN THE EU
D.1 Austria
D.2 Belgium
D.3 Bulgaria
D.4 Czech Republic
D.5 Denmark
D.6 Estonia
D.7 France
D.8 Greece
D.9 Hungary
D.10 Ireland
D.11 Italy
D.12 Latvia
D.13 Lithuania
D.14 Poland
D.15 Portugal
D.16 Romania
D.17 Slovakia
D.18 Slovenia
D.19 Spain
D.20 Sweden
D.21 The Netherlands
D.22 Turkey
D.23 United Kingdom
D.24 The Water Framework Directive
E. APPENDIX
F. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Total Number of Operating SHP Plants
Figure 2: Number of SHP and Installed Capacity
Figure 3: Percentage of Small Hydropower Plants by Head (Low Head 5m, Medium Head 5 -15m, High Head15m)
Figure 4: SHP Age Distribution
Figure 5: SHP Plants Age Distribution
Figure 6: Installed Capacity (MW)
Figure 7: Electricity Generation (GWh/Year)
Figure 8: SHP Contribution to Gross Electricity Generation
Figure 9: SHP Contribution to Gross Electricity Generation – Country-wise Breakup
Figure 10: SHP Contribution to Hydropower Production (Only Pure Hydro)
Figure 11: Share of Large & Small Hydro, & Other Renewable Energy Sources in the Total Renewable Electricity Generation
Figure 12: SHP Turbine Manufacturing Industry Capabilities
Figure 13: Average Buy Back Rate
Figure 14: Buy-Back Rates in Select Countries
Figure 15: Resistances to SHP Development
Figure 16: Forecast of SHP Installed Capacity (MW) by 2017 & 2022
Figure 17: Forecast of SHP Electricity Generation (GWh/year) by 2017 & 2022
Figure 18: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) & Electricity Generation (GWh) in Bulgaria
Figure 19: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in the Czech Republic
Figure 20: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Hungary
Figure 21: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Latvia
Figure 22: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Poland
Figure 23: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Romania
Figure 24: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Slovenia
Figure 25: Evolution of Small Hydropower in Spain compared with its National Targets (2017)
Figure 26: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Turkey
Figure 27: Projected Change in 2040s Hydropower Demand and Supply
Figure 28: Total Net Electricity Production, 2017
Figure 29: Hydropower Plant
Figure 30: The Hydrologic Cycle
Figure 31: Top Hydroelectric Generating Countries
Figure 1: Total Number of Operating SHP Plants
Figure 2: Number of SHP and Installed Capacity
Figure 3: Percentage of Small Hydropower Plants by Head (Low Head 5m, Medium Head 5 -15m, High Head15m)
Figure 4: SHP Age Distribution
Figure 5: SHP Plants Age Distribution
Figure 6: Installed Capacity (MW)
Figure 7: Electricity Generation (GWh/Year)
Figure 8: SHP Contribution to Gross Electricity Generation
Figure 9: SHP Contribution to Gross Electricity Generation – Country-wise Breakup
Figure 10: SHP Contribution to Hydropower Production (Only Pure Hydro)
Figure 11: Share of Large & Small Hydro, & Other Renewable Energy Sources in the Total Renewable Electricity Generation
Figure 12: SHP Turbine Manufacturing Industry Capabilities
Figure 13: Average Buy Back Rate
Figure 14: Buy-Back Rates in Select Countries
Figure 15: Resistances to SHP Development
Figure 16: Forecast of SHP Installed Capacity (MW) by 2017 & 2022
Figure 17: Forecast of SHP Electricity Generation (GWh/year) by 2017 & 2022
Figure 18: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) & Electricity Generation (GWh) in Bulgaria
Figure 19: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in the Czech Republic
Figure 20: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Hungary
Figure 21: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Latvia
Figure 22: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Poland
Figure 23: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Romania
Figure 24: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Slovenia
Figure 25: Evolution of Small Hydropower in Spain compared with its National Targets (2017)
Figure 26: Trends in the SHP Plants Number, Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Generation (GWh) in Turkey
Figure 27: Projected Change in 2040s Hydropower Demand and Supply
Figure 28: Total Net Electricity Production, 2017
Figure 29: Hydropower Plant
Figure 30: The Hydrologic Cycle
Figure 31: Top Hydroelectric Generating Countries
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Installed Capacity & Production of SHP Plants (up to 10 MW) in 30 European Countries
Table 2: Estimated Hydropower Potential and Exploitation in Europe
Table 3: Economic Hydropower Potential by Continent and % Exploitation
Table 4: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Bulgaria
Table 5: Age Structure of SHP Plants in Bulgaria
Table 6: Small Hydropower Potential in Bulgaria
Table 7: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 8: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive & Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 9: Investment & Electricity Production Costs
Table 10: Buy-Back Rates & Support Mechanisms
Table 11: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 12: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 13: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in the Czech Republic
Table 14: Age Structure of SHP Plants
Table 15: Small Hydropower Potential in Czech Republic
Table 16: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 17: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 18: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 19: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 20: Water and Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 21: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 22: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Estonia
Table 23: Age Structure of SHP Plants
Table 24: Small Hydropower Potential in Estonia
Table 25: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 26: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 27: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 28: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 29: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 30: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 31: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Hungary
Table 32: Age Structure of SHP Plants in Hungary
Table 33: Small Hydropower Potential in Hungary
Table 34: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 35: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 36: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 37: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 38: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 39: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications in Hungary
Table 40: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Latvia
Table 41: Age Structure of SHP Plants in Latvia
Table 42: Small Hydropower Potential in Latvia
Table 43: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 44: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and other specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 45: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 46: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 47: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 48: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 49: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Poland
Table 50: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Romania
Table 51: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Slovenia
Table 52: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Turkey
Table 53: Age Structure of SHP Plants
Table 54: Small Hydropower Potential in Turkey
Table 55: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 56: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive & Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 57: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 58: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 59: Water/Sites Rights & Administrative Procedures
Table 60: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 61: Support Schemes in Force in the EU-15 – SHP
Table 62: Additional Support to SHP in the EU-15
Table 63: Investment & Production Costs of Small Hydropower Plants in the EU
Table 64: Technical SHP Development in the EU
Table 1: Installed Capacity & Production of SHP Plants (up to 10 MW) in 30 European Countries
Table 2: Estimated Hydropower Potential and Exploitation in Europe
Table 3: Economic Hydropower Potential by Continent and % Exploitation
Table 4: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Bulgaria
Table 5: Age Structure of SHP Plants in Bulgaria
Table 6: Small Hydropower Potential in Bulgaria
Table 7: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 8: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive & Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 9: Investment & Electricity Production Costs
Table 10: Buy-Back Rates & Support Mechanisms
Table 11: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 12: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 13: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in the Czech Republic
Table 14: Age Structure of SHP Plants
Table 15: Small Hydropower Potential in Czech Republic
Table 16: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 17: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 18: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 19: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 20: Water and Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 21: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 22: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Estonia
Table 23: Age Structure of SHP Plants
Table 24: Small Hydropower Potential in Estonia
Table 25: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 26: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 27: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 28: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 29: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 30: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 31: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Hungary
Table 32: Age Structure of SHP Plants in Hungary
Table 33: Small Hydropower Potential in Hungary
Table 34: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 35: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 36: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 37: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 38: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 39: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications in Hungary
Table 40: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Latvia
Table 41: Age Structure of SHP Plants in Latvia
Table 42: Small Hydropower Potential in Latvia
Table 43: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 44: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive and other specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 45: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 46: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 47: Water/Sites Rights and Administrative Procedures
Table 48: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 49: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Poland
Table 50: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Romania
Table 51: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Slovenia
Table 52: Small Hydro Power (10 MW) Evolution and Forecast in Turkey
Table 53: Age Structure of SHP Plants
Table 54: Small Hydropower Potential in Turkey
Table 55: Resistances to SHP Development
Table 56: Effect on SHP Development & Operation of the Forbidden Rivers, EIA, Compensation Flow, EU Water Framework Directive & Other Specific EU Environmental Regulations
Table 57: Investment and Electricity Production Costs
Table 58: Buy-Back Rates and Support Mechanisms
Table 59: Water/Sites Rights & Administrative Procedures
Table 60: SHP Planning, Process to get New License, Technical Specifications
Table 61: Support Schemes in Force in the EU-15 – SHP
Table 62: Additional Support to SHP in the EU-15
Table 63: Investment & Production Costs of Small Hydropower Plants in the EU
Table 64: Technical SHP Development in the EU
