Green Energy-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Green Energy-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Green Energy industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Green Energy 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Green Energy worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Green Energy market
Market status and development trend of Green Energy by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Green Energy, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Green Energy market as:
Global Green Energy Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Green Energy Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
Bio-fuels
Others
Global Green Energy Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Global Green Energy Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Green Energy Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
GE Energy
ABB
Nordex
Suzlon Energy
Enercon
Kyocera Solar
US Geothermal
Calpine Corporation
JA Solar Holdings
Altera Power Corporation
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Green Energy-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Green Energy industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Green Energy 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Green Energy worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Green Energy market
Market status and development trend of Green Energy by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Green Energy, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Green Energy market as:
Global Green Energy Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Green Energy Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
Bio-fuels
Others
Global Green Energy Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Global Green Energy Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Green Energy Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
GE Energy
ABB
Nordex
Suzlon Energy
Enercon
Kyocera Solar
US Geothermal
Calpine Corporation
JA Solar Holdings
Altera Power Corporation
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF GREEN ENERGY
1.1 Definition of Green Energy in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Green Energy
1.2.1 Solar Energy
1.2.2 Wind Energy
1.2.3 Hydroelectric Energy
1.2.4 Bio-fuels
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Green Energy
1.3.1 Residential
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Industrial
1.4 Development History of Green Energy
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Green Energy 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Green Energy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Green Energy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Green Energy 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Green Energy by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Green Energy by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Green Energy by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Green Energy by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Green Energy 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Green Energy 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Green Energy by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Green Energy by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Green Energy by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Green Energy by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Green Energy by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Green Energy by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Green Energy Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF GREEN ENERGY
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Green Energy Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 GREEN ENERGY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Green Energy by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Green Energy by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Green Energy by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Green Energy Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Green Energy Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 GREEN ENERGY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 GE Energy
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.1.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GE Energy
12.2 ABB
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.2.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB
12.3 Nordex
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.3.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nordex
12.4 Suzlon Energy
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.4.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Suzlon Energy
12.5 Enercon
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.5.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Enercon
12.6 Kyocera Solar
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.6.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kyocera Solar
12.7 US Geothermal
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.7.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of US Geothermal
12.8 Calpine Corporation
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.8.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Calpine Corporation
12.9 JA Solar Holdings
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.9.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of JA Solar Holdings
12.10 Altera Power Corporation
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.10.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Altera Power Corporation
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF GREEN ENERGY
13.1 Industry Chain of Green Energy
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF GREEN ENERGY
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Green Energy
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Green Energy
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Green Energy
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Green Energy
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Green Energy in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Green Energy
1.2.1 Solar Energy
1.2.2 Wind Energy
1.2.3 Hydroelectric Energy
1.2.4 Bio-fuels
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Green Energy
1.3.1 Residential
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Industrial
1.4 Development History of Green Energy
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Green Energy 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Green Energy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Green Energy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Green Energy 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Green Energy by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Green Energy by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Green Energy by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Green Energy by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Green Energy 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Green Energy 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Green Energy by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Green Energy by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Green Energy by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Green Energy by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Green Energy by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Green Energy by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Green Energy Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Green Energy Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Green Energy Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF GREEN ENERGY
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Green Energy Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 GREEN ENERGY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Green Energy by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Green Energy by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Green Energy by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Green Energy Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Green Energy Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 GREEN ENERGY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 GE Energy
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.1.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GE Energy
12.2 ABB
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.2.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB
12.3 Nordex
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.3.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nordex
12.4 Suzlon Energy
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.4.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Suzlon Energy
12.5 Enercon
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.5.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Enercon
12.6 Kyocera Solar
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.6.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kyocera Solar
12.7 US Geothermal
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.7.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of US Geothermal
12.8 Calpine Corporation
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.8.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Calpine Corporation
12.9 JA Solar Holdings
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.9.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of JA Solar Holdings
12.10 Altera Power Corporation
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Green Energy Product
12.10.3 Green Energy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Altera Power Corporation
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF GREEN ENERGY
13.1 Industry Chain of Green Energy
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF GREEN ENERGY
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Green Energy
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Green Energy
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Green Energy
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Green Energy
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference