Analyzing the Potential of Offshore Wind Energy
In many parts of the world, wind energy has already grown to be a mainstream energy source. This growth has long been driven by concerns about global climate change, mainly in the developed world and especially in Europe.
Wind energy has emerged as the most attractive solution to the world’s energy challenges. It is clean and fuel-free. Moreover, wind is indigenous and enough wind blows across the globe to cope with the ever increasing electricity demand. Moreover, wind power generation is increasingly competitive with conventional fossil fuel sources and already today is on a par with new coal or gas fired power stations.
The possibility of locating wind turbines in the sea bed has opened up a new frontier for wind power, especially in the countries of northern Europe, where the availability of relatively shallow coastal waters has combined with the need to find space for much larger projects than are possible on land.
The pioneer in offshore wind farming has been Denmark, which has installed the two largest wind parks in the sea – 160 MW at Horns Rev in the North Sea and 158 MW at Nysted in the Baltic. Two further large developments at the same sites are now progressing.
The UK has also taken on a leading role, with 214 MW already built in four locations, a further 1,000 MW+ with agreement to proceed across eight sites, and even larger individual projects (of up to 1,000 MW each) planned within three strategic offshore areas identified by the UK government.
Installing wind turbines in the sea has proved more expensive than anticipated, however, and a number of projects are currently on hold whilst their economics are re-assessed. One factor which is expected to improve the viability of offshore wind farms is the commercial deployment of the new generation of larger capacity turbines (over 5 MW). Another issue to be resolved is how the costs of building new grid connection cables out to sea will be shared between the developers and the electricity supply industry.
Aruvian's R'search brings you a complete in-depth focus on the global offshore wind energy industry in its report – Analyzing the Potential of Offshore Wind Energy. The report begins with an exploration of the importance of wind power in today’s energy-hungry world. The report looks at the basics of the offshore wind power industry, that is, how a wind turbine works, analyzing and understanding the technologies involved in harvesting offshore wind power, economical analysis of offshore wind power, and much more. Economics, issues and barriers, regulatory incentives, tax incentives, and other such factors related to offshore wind energy is also explored in-depth in this report. The report contains in-depth analysis of the US offshore wind energy industry in two parts – one looking at overall developments, while the other focuses specifically on the developments in offshore wind energy in the Outer Continental Shelf. Developments in offshore wind energy in various states such as Texas, Wisconsin, Michigan, etc., is also explored within the report.
A major section in the report is devoted to an analysis of the international and European regulations which are affecting the development of the offshore wind energy industry. A section on floating offshore wind energy developments is also looked at.
Aruvian’s offering includes a complete analysis of the major countries investing in offshore wind power, along with companies around the world which are making waves in the field of offshore wind power. The report is a comprehensive A to Z guide on the potential of offshore wind energy industry.
Wind energy has emerged as the most attractive solution to the world’s energy challenges. It is clean and fuel-free. Moreover, wind is indigenous and enough wind blows across the globe to cope with the ever increasing electricity demand. Moreover, wind power generation is increasingly competitive with conventional fossil fuel sources and already today is on a par with new coal or gas fired power stations.
The possibility of locating wind turbines in the sea bed has opened up a new frontier for wind power, especially in the countries of northern Europe, where the availability of relatively shallow coastal waters has combined with the need to find space for much larger projects than are possible on land.
The pioneer in offshore wind farming has been Denmark, which has installed the two largest wind parks in the sea – 160 MW at Horns Rev in the North Sea and 158 MW at Nysted in the Baltic. Two further large developments at the same sites are now progressing.
The UK has also taken on a leading role, with 214 MW already built in four locations, a further 1,000 MW+ with agreement to proceed across eight sites, and even larger individual projects (of up to 1,000 MW each) planned within three strategic offshore areas identified by the UK government.
Installing wind turbines in the sea has proved more expensive than anticipated, however, and a number of projects are currently on hold whilst their economics are re-assessed. One factor which is expected to improve the viability of offshore wind farms is the commercial deployment of the new generation of larger capacity turbines (over 5 MW). Another issue to be resolved is how the costs of building new grid connection cables out to sea will be shared between the developers and the electricity supply industry.
Aruvian's R'search brings you a complete in-depth focus on the global offshore wind energy industry in its report – Analyzing the Potential of Offshore Wind Energy. The report begins with an exploration of the importance of wind power in today’s energy-hungry world. The report looks at the basics of the offshore wind power industry, that is, how a wind turbine works, analyzing and understanding the technologies involved in harvesting offshore wind power, economical analysis of offshore wind power, and much more. Economics, issues and barriers, regulatory incentives, tax incentives, and other such factors related to offshore wind energy is also explored in-depth in this report. The report contains in-depth analysis of the US offshore wind energy industry in two parts – one looking at overall developments, while the other focuses specifically on the developments in offshore wind energy in the Outer Continental Shelf. Developments in offshore wind energy in various states such as Texas, Wisconsin, Michigan, etc., is also explored within the report.
A major section in the report is devoted to an analysis of the international and European regulations which are affecting the development of the offshore wind energy industry. A section on floating offshore wind energy developments is also looked at.
Aruvian’s offering includes a complete analysis of the major countries investing in offshore wind power, along with companies around the world which are making waves in the field of offshore wind power. The report is a comprehensive A to Z guide on the potential of offshore wind energy industry.
A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY
C. INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY
C.1 Overview
C.2 Potential Turbine Power
C.3 Distributing Wind Speed
C.4 Grid Management
C.5 Considering Capacity Factor
D. GLOBAL WIND POWER SCENARIO
D.1 Europe
D.2 North America
D.3 Asia
D.4 Latin America
D.5 Australasia
D.6 Africa
D.7 Offshore
E. PRESENT MARKET SCENARIO OF WIND POWER
F. GROWTH DRIVERS FOR WIND ENERGY
F.1 Supply Security
F.2 Environmental Potential
F.3 Economic Feasibility
F.4 Employment & Development of Rural Areas
F.5 Renewable Quotas
F.6 Technology
G. INTRODUCTION TO OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
G.1 Historical Background of Offshore Wind Power
G.2 Basic Offshore Wind Technology
G.3 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Economics
G.4 Role of the Oil & Gas Industry in the Implementation of Offshore Wind Energy
G.5 Offshore Wind Energy: Industry Profile
G.6 Future of Offshore Wind Power Policy
H. COSTS & BENEFITS OF OFFSHORE WIND INSTALLATION
I. OVERVIEW OF OFFSHORE WIND TECHNOLOGY
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Principal Components of an Offshore Wind Turbine
I.3 Wind as a Component of the Energy Mix
I.4 The Path to Deeper Water
I.5 Offshore Substructures
I.6 Foundations in Shallow Water
I.7 Transitional Technology
I.8 Floating Technology
I.9 Offshore Technology Challenges
I.9.1 Establishing a Design Base for Offshore Turbines
I.9.2 Offshore Design Codes and Processes
I.9.3 Reducing the Work Done at Sea
I.9.4 Low Cost Anchors and Moorings
I.9.5 Offshore Wind-Wave Measurements
I.9.5.1 Remote Measurement Systems
I.9.5.2 Hybrid Windspeed Database
I.9.5.3 Impact of Wind Farm Turbulence and Array
I.9.6 Weight Reductions in Offshore Turbines
I.9.7 Integrating Electric Grid & Systems
I.9.8 Problem with Mega Sized Turbines
J. COMPARING HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS & OFFSHORE WIND
K. ENVIRONMENTAL & REGULATORY ISSUES
K.1 Establishing a Regulatory Framework for Wind Energy
K.2 Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues
L. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
L.1 Introduction to Offshore Risks
L.2 Types of Environmental Risks
L.3 Impacts on the Environment
L.3.1 Impact by Other Industries
L.3.2 Impact by the Offshore Wind Farm Industry
L.4 Impact of Planning Processes Offshore
L.5 Future Issues
L.6 Impact of Such Issues
L.7 Lessons from Other Industries
M. IMPACT OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER FACILITIES ON FISH ECOSYSTEMS
M.1 Introduction
M.2 Abiotic Impacts
M.2.1 Destruction of Habitat
M.2.2 Increase in Turbidity and Siltation
M.3 Biotic Impacts
M.3.1 Changing Community Structure
M.3.2 Emergence of a New Habitat
M.3.3 Impact of Noise Pollution
M.3.4 Impact of Electromagnetic Fields
M.3.5 Introduction of Pollutants in the Habitat
N. IMPACT ON OTHER MARINE HABITATS
N.1 Impact on Marine Mammals
N.2 Impact on Birds
N.3 Impact on Benthos
N.4 Impact on Fish, Sharks & Rays
N.5 Impact on Landscape/Seascape
N.6 Mitigation Measures
O. ANALYZING THE POTENTIAL FOR FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
O.1 Introduction
O.2 Background Analysis
O.3 Analyzing the Technology Behind the Support Structure
O.3.1 Design Preferences
O.3.2 Candidate Vessels for Supporting Floating Platforms
O.4 Impact of Wave-Induced Motion on the Turbine
O.5 Conclusion
P. ANALYZING INTERNATIONAL & EUROPEAN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
P.1 Introduction
P.2 International Regulatory Framework
P.2.1 Delineation of International Seas
P.2.2 Economic/Functional Delineation of the Sea
P.2.3 Environmental Issues
P.3 European Legislation (Pertaining to the EU)
P.3.1 Economic/Functional Delineation
P.3.2 Environmental Issues
P.3.3 Promoting Renewable Energy
P.4 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Belgium
P.5 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Denmark
P.6 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Germany
P.7 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in France
P.8 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Ireland
P.9 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in The Netherlands
P.10 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Sweden
P.11 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in the United Kingdom
Q. ANALYZING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
Q.1 Introduction
Q.2 Historical Perspective & Origins of Offshore Wind Power in the US
Q.3 Pursuing Offshore Wind Energy – Opportunities
Q.4 Offshore Resource in the US
Q.5 Role of Water Depth in the US
Q.6 Present Offshore Turbine Technology
Q.7 Future Deepwater Wind Turbine Technology
Q.8 Estimated Cost of Energy
Q.9 Deepwater Economical Analysis of Energy
Q.10 Deepwater R&D Strategy
Q.11 Proposed Offshore Wind Developments in the United States
Q.12 Looking at Cape Wind & Need for a Federal Structure to Regulate Offshore Wind
Q.13 Congressional Reaction to the Need for Regulation of OCS Renewables
Q.14 Future of Offshore Wind Energy in the US
Q.15 Conclusion
R. ANALYZING THE POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY ON THE US OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF (OCS)
R.1 Introduction
R.2 Energy Activities on the OCS – Historical Perspective
R.2.1 Development of the US Territorial Claims
R.2.2 Federal Laws Governing the OCS
R.2.3 Understanding the Oil and Gas Leasing System
R.2.4 A Look at the Federalism and the Coastal Zone Management Act
R.3 Resource Potential
R.4 Resource Utilization Technologies
R.5 Wind Developments in the US OCS
R.6 Technology Requirements for the US
R.7 Integrating Other OCS Energy Technologies
R.8 Integrating with Onshore Energy Technologies/Systems
R.9 Environmental Considerations
R.9.1 Construction Phase Issues
R.9.2 Operation Phase Issues
R.9.3 Decommissioning Phase Issues
R.9.4 Siting Challenges
R.10 Analyzing the Economics
R.11 Conclusion
S. ANALYZING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE
S.1 Introduction
S.2 Analyzing the Concerted Action for the Deployment of Offshore Wind Energy (COD) Project
S.3 Dealing with Legal & Administrative Issues
S.3.1 Regulatory Framework
S.3.2 Synchronizing the Regulatory Framework
S.3.3 Reforming of Processes
S.3.4 Selecting Suitable Areas
S.4 Dealing with Grid Issues
S.4.1 Looking at Central & Western Europe
S.4.2 Looking at the British Isles
S.4.3 Looking at Scandinavia
S.4.4 Requirement of Grid Reinforcement
S.4.5 Role of Grid Codes
S.4.6 Role of Common Offshore Cables
S.4.7 Managing Grid Access, Pricing & Balancing
S.4.8 Role of the Trans European Power Exchange
S.5 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the United Kingdom
S.6 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Denmark
S.7 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Germany
S.8 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Belgium
S.9 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Finland
S.10 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Ireland
S.11 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in France
S.12 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in The Netherlands
S.13 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Spain
S.14 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Norway
S.15 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Sweden
T. CASE STUDIES
T.1 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in California
T.2 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Delaware
T.3 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Massachusetts
T.4 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Michigan
T.5 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in New Jersey
T.6 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Texas
T.7 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Wisconsin
T.8 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Japan
T.9 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Hong Kong
T.10 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in China
T.11 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Australia
T.12 Analyzing the Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark
T.13 Analyzing the Beatrice Windfarm Demonstrator Project, UK
T.14 Analyzing the Cape Wind, USA
T.15 Analyzing the Lillgrund, Sweden
T.16 Analyzing the Alpha Ventus, Germany
T.17 Analyzing the Kentish Flats, UK
U. MAJOR TURBINE MANUFACTURERS
U.1 BARD Engineering GmbH
U.2 Clipper Windpower
U.3 Enercon
U.4 GE Wind
U.5 Multibrid
U.6 Nordex
U.7 REpower Systems
U.8 Siemens
U.9 Vestas
V. LEADING INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTORS
V.1 Horizon Wind Energy
V.2 Cielo Wind Power
V.3 Shell Renewables
V.4 Enercon
V.5 FPL Energy
V.6 Renewable Energy Systems
V.7 Gamesa Eolica
V.8 GE Energy
V.9 PPM Energy
V.10 Suzlon Energy
V.11 RWE npower
V.12 UPC Wind
V.13 Vestas Wind Systems A/S
W. APPENDIX
X. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY
C. INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY
C.1 Overview
C.2 Potential Turbine Power
C.3 Distributing Wind Speed
C.4 Grid Management
C.5 Considering Capacity Factor
D. GLOBAL WIND POWER SCENARIO
D.1 Europe
D.2 North America
D.3 Asia
D.4 Latin America
D.5 Australasia
D.6 Africa
D.7 Offshore
E. PRESENT MARKET SCENARIO OF WIND POWER
F. GROWTH DRIVERS FOR WIND ENERGY
F.1 Supply Security
F.2 Environmental Potential
F.3 Economic Feasibility
F.4 Employment & Development of Rural Areas
F.5 Renewable Quotas
F.6 Technology
G. INTRODUCTION TO OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
G.1 Historical Background of Offshore Wind Power
G.2 Basic Offshore Wind Technology
G.3 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Economics
G.4 Role of the Oil & Gas Industry in the Implementation of Offshore Wind Energy
G.5 Offshore Wind Energy: Industry Profile
G.6 Future of Offshore Wind Power Policy
H. COSTS & BENEFITS OF OFFSHORE WIND INSTALLATION
I. OVERVIEW OF OFFSHORE WIND TECHNOLOGY
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Principal Components of an Offshore Wind Turbine
I.3 Wind as a Component of the Energy Mix
I.4 The Path to Deeper Water
I.5 Offshore Substructures
I.6 Foundations in Shallow Water
I.7 Transitional Technology
I.8 Floating Technology
I.9 Offshore Technology Challenges
I.9.1 Establishing a Design Base for Offshore Turbines
I.9.2 Offshore Design Codes and Processes
I.9.3 Reducing the Work Done at Sea
I.9.4 Low Cost Anchors and Moorings
I.9.5 Offshore Wind-Wave Measurements
I.9.5.1 Remote Measurement Systems
I.9.5.2 Hybrid Windspeed Database
I.9.5.3 Impact of Wind Farm Turbulence and Array
I.9.6 Weight Reductions in Offshore Turbines
I.9.7 Integrating Electric Grid & Systems
I.9.8 Problem with Mega Sized Turbines
J. COMPARING HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS & OFFSHORE WIND
K. ENVIRONMENTAL & REGULATORY ISSUES
K.1 Establishing a Regulatory Framework for Wind Energy
K.2 Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues
L. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
L.1 Introduction to Offshore Risks
L.2 Types of Environmental Risks
L.3 Impacts on the Environment
L.3.1 Impact by Other Industries
L.3.2 Impact by the Offshore Wind Farm Industry
L.4 Impact of Planning Processes Offshore
L.5 Future Issues
L.6 Impact of Such Issues
L.7 Lessons from Other Industries
M. IMPACT OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER FACILITIES ON FISH ECOSYSTEMS
M.1 Introduction
M.2 Abiotic Impacts
M.2.1 Destruction of Habitat
M.2.2 Increase in Turbidity and Siltation
M.3 Biotic Impacts
M.3.1 Changing Community Structure
M.3.2 Emergence of a New Habitat
M.3.3 Impact of Noise Pollution
M.3.4 Impact of Electromagnetic Fields
M.3.5 Introduction of Pollutants in the Habitat
N. IMPACT ON OTHER MARINE HABITATS
N.1 Impact on Marine Mammals
N.2 Impact on Birds
N.3 Impact on Benthos
N.4 Impact on Fish, Sharks & Rays
N.5 Impact on Landscape/Seascape
N.6 Mitigation Measures
O. ANALYZING THE POTENTIAL FOR FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
O.1 Introduction
O.2 Background Analysis
O.3 Analyzing the Technology Behind the Support Structure
O.3.1 Design Preferences
O.3.2 Candidate Vessels for Supporting Floating Platforms
O.4 Impact of Wave-Induced Motion on the Turbine
O.5 Conclusion
P. ANALYZING INTERNATIONAL & EUROPEAN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
P.1 Introduction
P.2 International Regulatory Framework
P.2.1 Delineation of International Seas
P.2.2 Economic/Functional Delineation of the Sea
P.2.3 Environmental Issues
P.3 European Legislation (Pertaining to the EU)
P.3.1 Economic/Functional Delineation
P.3.2 Environmental Issues
P.3.3 Promoting Renewable Energy
P.4 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Belgium
P.5 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Denmark
P.6 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Germany
P.7 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in France
P.8 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Ireland
P.9 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in The Netherlands
P.10 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in Sweden
P.11 Analyzing the Regulatory Framework in the United Kingdom
Q. ANALYZING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
Q.1 Introduction
Q.2 Historical Perspective & Origins of Offshore Wind Power in the US
Q.3 Pursuing Offshore Wind Energy – Opportunities
Q.4 Offshore Resource in the US
Q.5 Role of Water Depth in the US
Q.6 Present Offshore Turbine Technology
Q.7 Future Deepwater Wind Turbine Technology
Q.8 Estimated Cost of Energy
Q.9 Deepwater Economical Analysis of Energy
Q.10 Deepwater R&D Strategy
Q.11 Proposed Offshore Wind Developments in the United States
Q.12 Looking at Cape Wind & Need for a Federal Structure to Regulate Offshore Wind
Q.13 Congressional Reaction to the Need for Regulation of OCS Renewables
Q.14 Future of Offshore Wind Energy in the US
Q.15 Conclusion
R. ANALYZING THE POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY ON THE US OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF (OCS)
R.1 Introduction
R.2 Energy Activities on the OCS – Historical Perspective
R.2.1 Development of the US Territorial Claims
R.2.2 Federal Laws Governing the OCS
R.2.3 Understanding the Oil and Gas Leasing System
R.2.4 A Look at the Federalism and the Coastal Zone Management Act
R.3 Resource Potential
R.4 Resource Utilization Technologies
R.5 Wind Developments in the US OCS
R.6 Technology Requirements for the US
R.7 Integrating Other OCS Energy Technologies
R.8 Integrating with Onshore Energy Technologies/Systems
R.9 Environmental Considerations
R.9.1 Construction Phase Issues
R.9.2 Operation Phase Issues
R.9.3 Decommissioning Phase Issues
R.9.4 Siting Challenges
R.10 Analyzing the Economics
R.11 Conclusion
S. ANALYZING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE
S.1 Introduction
S.2 Analyzing the Concerted Action for the Deployment of Offshore Wind Energy (COD) Project
S.3 Dealing with Legal & Administrative Issues
S.3.1 Regulatory Framework
S.3.2 Synchronizing the Regulatory Framework
S.3.3 Reforming of Processes
S.3.4 Selecting Suitable Areas
S.4 Dealing with Grid Issues
S.4.1 Looking at Central & Western Europe
S.4.2 Looking at the British Isles
S.4.3 Looking at Scandinavia
S.4.4 Requirement of Grid Reinforcement
S.4.5 Role of Grid Codes
S.4.6 Role of Common Offshore Cables
S.4.7 Managing Grid Access, Pricing & Balancing
S.4.8 Role of the Trans European Power Exchange
S.5 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the United Kingdom
S.6 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Denmark
S.7 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Germany
S.8 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Belgium
S.9 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Finland
S.10 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Ireland
S.11 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in France
S.12 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in The Netherlands
S.13 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Spain
S.14 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Norway
S.15 Analyzing Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Sweden
T. CASE STUDIES
T.1 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in California
T.2 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Delaware
T.3 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Massachusetts
T.4 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Michigan
T.5 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in New Jersey
T.6 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Texas
T.7 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Wisconsin
T.8 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Japan
T.9 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Hong Kong
T.10 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in China
T.11 Analyzing Offshore Wind Power in Australia
T.12 Analyzing the Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark
T.13 Analyzing the Beatrice Windfarm Demonstrator Project, UK
T.14 Analyzing the Cape Wind, USA
T.15 Analyzing the Lillgrund, Sweden
T.16 Analyzing the Alpha Ventus, Germany
T.17 Analyzing the Kentish Flats, UK
U. MAJOR TURBINE MANUFACTURERS
U.1 BARD Engineering GmbH
U.2 Clipper Windpower
U.3 Enercon
U.4 GE Wind
U.5 Multibrid
U.6 Nordex
U.7 REpower Systems
U.8 Siemens
U.9 Vestas
V. LEADING INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTORS
V.1 Horizon Wind Energy
V.2 Cielo Wind Power
V.3 Shell Renewables
V.4 Enercon
V.5 FPL Energy
V.6 Renewable Energy Systems
V.7 Gamesa Eolica
V.8 GE Energy
V.9 PPM Energy
V.10 Suzlon Energy
V.11 RWE npower
V.12 UPC Wind
V.13 Vestas Wind Systems A/S
W. APPENDIX
X. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
