Climate-Smart Agriculture-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Climate-Smart Agriculture-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Climate-Smart Agriculture industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Climate-Smart Agriculture 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Climate-Smart Agriculture market
Market status and development trend of Climate-Smart Agriculture by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Climate-Smart Agriculture, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Climate-Smart Agriculture market as:
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Precision Farming
Livestock Monitoring
Fish Farming
Smart Greenhouse
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
GPS
Drones
Sensors
RFID
LED Grow Lights
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Deere & Company (U.S.)
Trimble, Inc. (U.S.)
Raven Industries, Inc. (U.S.)
AgJunction, Inc. (U.S.)
AGCO Corporation (U.S.)
The Climate Corporation (U.S.)
AG Leader Technology (U.S.)
Precision Planting, Inc. (U.S.)
SST Development Group, Inc. (U.S.)
Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
Semiosbio Technologies, Inc. (Canada)
DeLaval Corporation (Sweden)
GEA Group AG (Germany)
BouMatic, LLC. (U.S.)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Climate-Smart Agriculture-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Climate-Smart Agriculture industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Climate-Smart Agriculture 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Climate-Smart Agriculture market
Market status and development trend of Climate-Smart Agriculture by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Climate-Smart Agriculture, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Climate-Smart Agriculture market as:
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Precision Farming
Livestock Monitoring
Fish Farming
Smart Greenhouse
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
GPS
Drones
Sensors
RFID
LED Grow Lights
United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Deere & Company (U.S.)
Trimble, Inc. (U.S.)
Raven Industries, Inc. (U.S.)
AgJunction, Inc. (U.S.)
AGCO Corporation (U.S.)
The Climate Corporation (U.S.)
AG Leader Technology (U.S.)
Precision Planting, Inc. (U.S.)
SST Development Group, Inc. (U.S.)
Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
Semiosbio Technologies, Inc. (Canada)
DeLaval Corporation (Sweden)
GEA Group AG (Germany)
BouMatic, LLC. (U.S.)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
1.1 Definition of Climate-Smart Agriculture in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Climate-Smart Agriculture
1.2.1 Precision Farming
1.2.2 Livestock Monitoring
1.2.3 Fish Farming
1.2.4 Smart Greenhouse
1.3 Downstream Application of Climate-Smart Agriculture
1.3.1 GPS
1.3.2 Drones
1.3.3 Sensors
1.3.4 RFID
1.3.5 LED Grow Lights
1.4 Development History of Climate-Smart Agriculture
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Climate-Smart Agriculture 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Climate-Smart Agriculture Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Climate-Smart Agriculture Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Climate-Smart Agriculture Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Deere & Company (U.S.)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.1.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Deere & Company (U.S.)
7.2 Trimble, Inc. (U.S.)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.2.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Trimble, Inc. (U.S.)
7.3 Raven Industries, Inc. (U.S.)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.3.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Raven Industries, Inc. (U.S.)
7.4 AgJunction, Inc. (U.S.)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.4.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AgJunction, Inc. (U.S.)
7.5 AGCO Corporation (U.S.)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.5.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AGCO Corporation (U.S.)
7.6 The Climate Corporation (U.S.)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.6.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of The Climate Corporation (U.S.)
7.7 AG Leader Technology (U.S.)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.7.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AG Leader Technology (U.S.)
7.8 Precision Planting, Inc. (U.S.)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.8.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Precision Planting, Inc. (U.S.)
7.9 SST Development Group, Inc. (U.S.)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.9.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SST Development Group, Inc. (U.S.)
7.10 Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.10.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
7.11 Semiosbio Technologies, Inc. (Canada)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.11.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Semiosbio Technologies, Inc. (Canada)
7.12 DeLaval Corporation (Sweden)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.12.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DeLaval Corporation (Sweden)
7.13 GEA Group AG (Germany)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.13.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GEA Group AG (Germany)
7.14 BouMatic, LLC. (U.S.)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.14.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BouMatic, LLC. (U.S.)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
8.1 Industry Chain of Climate-Smart Agriculture
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Climate-Smart Agriculture in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Climate-Smart Agriculture
1.2.1 Precision Farming
1.2.2 Livestock Monitoring
1.2.3 Fish Farming
1.2.4 Smart Greenhouse
1.3 Downstream Application of Climate-Smart Agriculture
1.3.1 GPS
1.3.2 Drones
1.3.3 Sensors
1.3.4 RFID
1.3.5 LED Grow Lights
1.4 Development History of Climate-Smart Agriculture
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Climate-Smart Agriculture 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Climate-Smart Agriculture Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Climate-Smart Agriculture Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Climate-Smart Agriculture in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Climate-Smart Agriculture by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Climate-Smart Agriculture Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Climate-Smart Agriculture Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Deere & Company (U.S.)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.1.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Deere & Company (U.S.)
7.2 Trimble, Inc. (U.S.)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.2.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Trimble, Inc. (U.S.)
7.3 Raven Industries, Inc. (U.S.)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.3.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Raven Industries, Inc. (U.S.)
7.4 AgJunction, Inc. (U.S.)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.4.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AgJunction, Inc. (U.S.)
7.5 AGCO Corporation (U.S.)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.5.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AGCO Corporation (U.S.)
7.6 The Climate Corporation (U.S.)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.6.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of The Climate Corporation (U.S.)
7.7 AG Leader Technology (U.S.)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.7.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AG Leader Technology (U.S.)
7.8 Precision Planting, Inc. (U.S.)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.8.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Precision Planting, Inc. (U.S.)
7.9 SST Development Group, Inc. (U.S.)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.9.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SST Development Group, Inc. (U.S.)
7.10 Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.10.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
7.11 Semiosbio Technologies, Inc. (Canada)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.11.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Semiosbio Technologies, Inc. (Canada)
7.12 DeLaval Corporation (Sweden)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.12.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DeLaval Corporation (Sweden)
7.13 GEA Group AG (Germany)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.13.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GEA Group AG (Germany)
7.14 BouMatic, LLC. (U.S.)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Climate-Smart Agriculture Product
7.14.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BouMatic, LLC. (U.S.)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
8.1 Industry Chain of Climate-Smart Agriculture
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
